Uma das principais peregrinações da Idade Média, as viagens a Santiago de Compostela foram responsáveis pela criação de rotas que permitissem um deslocamento mais confortável àqueles que seguiam rumo às relíquias do apóstolo. No intuito de atender as privações que estes viajantes apresentavam no decorrer do percurso, estabeleceu-se uma rede de assistência que provesse a eles suas necessidades físicas e espirituais, influência dos ensinamentos bíblicos em relação à caridade, além do incentivo à visitação de santuários menores que se encontravam nas rotas. Hospitalidade iniciada nos mosteiros, logo permitiu o surgimento de ordens religiosas e militares que se destinaram a auxiliar os peregrinos. Reis e nobres também tiveram um papel fundamental na edificação de instalações hospitaleiras, a fim de auxiliar os caminhantes de Deus. Neste sentido, este trabalho propõe uma reflexão acerca da importância que foi dada à assistência aos peregrinos jacobeus durante os séculos XII e XIII, período em que as peregrinações a Compostela encontravam-se em apogeu. A partir de um guia para peregrinos e documentos que demonstram a preocupação monárquica e nobiliárquica em relação a eles, procuraremos analisar como o auxilio ao peregrino foi observado e abordado naquela época e, ainda, o papel de reis e nobres na constituição das instituições de assistência. / One of the major pilgrimages of the Middle Ages, the travels to Santiago de Compostela were responsible for the creation of routes that would allow a most comfortable ride to those who followed towards the apostle´s relics. In order to meet the hardships that these travelers had on the route course, it was established a support network that could provide them their physical and spiritual needs, influence of biblical teachings regarding charity, besides encouraging visitation of smaller shrines that were on the routes. Hospitality started in monasteries soon allowed the emergence of religious and military orders which were intended to assist the pilgrims . Kings and nobles also had a key role in building hospitable facilities in order to assist the walkers of God. Thus this work proposes a reflection about the importance given to the assistance to the Jacobean pilgrims during the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, a period when the pilgrimages to Compostela were at peak. From a guide for pilgrims and documents showing the monarchy and nobility concern about them, we will try to analyze how the aid to the pilgrim was observed and discussed at that time and also the role of kings and nobles in the constitution of welfare institutions.

Este trabalho trata da Idade Média nos livros didáticos brasileiros, compreende o estudo da crise do século XIV nas coleções escolares. O estudo, de cunho documental, foi desenvolvido utilizando-se como fonte os livros didáticos em circulação nas escolas públicas de Ensino Médio ao longo do período de vigência das duas primeiras versões do Programa Nacional do Livro para o Ensino Médio (PNLEM). A averiguação se deu tendo como norte a busca de explicações para o seguinte problema: que relações existem entre os esquemas explicativos apresentados nos livros didáticos e as interpretações formuladas pela historiografia acadêmica da primeira metade do século XX? O corpus documental foi extraído das 14 (quatorze) obras que integram a relação das fontes utilizadas e foi trabalhado por meio da análise do conteúdo. As análises foram desenvolvidas a partir de algumas questões norteadoras. De modo geral, discutiram-se os limites da apropriação de que a historiografia escolar tem feito das teses inauguradas pela historiografia acadêmica da primeira metade do século XX. Nesse estudo, verificou-se que a questão em torno do diálogo entre a historiografia escolar e a acadêmica deve ser relativizada. Considerou-se que, em certa medida e no que tange a determinados aspectos da relação, o diálogo existe, pois há correspondentes, porém, é um diálogo restrito, submetido a regras específicas que a escrita escolar impõe. Na tentativa de reafirmar um padrão unilateral de verdade, as obras escolares acabam por sugerir alterações que tendem a não expressar fielmente os pressupostos, as proposições e os elementos oriundos das teses que as inspiraram. Valendo-se de fios, até certo ponto frágeis, as obras se ocupam em coser esquemas originários de teses diversas, na tentativa de desenvolvimento de uma explicação que, embora própria, se mostra pouco hábil em superar as limitações da tradição presente na escrita dos livros didáticos. / This research deals with the Middle Ages in Brazilian textbooks, it includes the study of the \"fourteenth-century crisis\" in school collections. Through documentary evidence, the study made use of source textbooks in circulation in public schools during high school throughout the period of the first two versions of the National Book Program for Secondary Education (PNLEM). The investigation aimed at searching for a plausible answer to the following problem: what are the existent relationships between the explanatory schemes presented in textbooks and the interpretations made by the academic historiography of the twentieth century first half? The documentary corpus was extracted from the fourteen (14) works that are part of the list of sources used and it was worked through analysis of its contents; analyses were developed from some guiding questions. Overall, it discusses the limits of ownership that school historiography has done from the theses inaugurated by academic historiography of the twentieth century first half. The study verified that the question about the dialogue between the school and the academic historiography should be relative. It was felt that to some extent and with respect to certain aspects of the relationship, there is a dialogue, as there are equivalent elements. However, it is a restricted dialogue, subject to special rules imposed by school writing. In an attempt to reassert a unilateral standard of truth, the school works eventually suggest changes, which tend not to express faithfully the assumptions, propositions and the elements derived from theories that inspired them. The school textbooks end up making use of fragile threads to some point and occupy themselves in \"sewing\" schemes originated in related systems to various theories in an attempt to develop a scheme that although original, proven little capable at overcoming the tradition limitations present in the textbooks writing.

Die Studie beschäftigt sich mit der Entstehung und Entwicklung der Burgen und Herrensitze in der Uckermark vom späten 12. bis zum 15. Jahrhundert. Archäologische Befunde und Funde deuten darauf hin, dass besonders zu Beginn des mittelalterlichen Landesausbaus frühdeutsche Anlagen auf den vorhandenen slawischen Burgen errichtet worden sind. Im Verlauf des 13. und frühen 14. Jahrhunderts kam eine Vielzahl von Neugründungen hinzu. Besonders die landesherrlichen und hochadligen Burgen in Grenzregionen sowie an wichtigen Pässen erfuhren im 14. und 15. Jahrhundert vielfältige Um- und Ausbauten. Im Inland führte dagegen die einsetzende Wüstungsperiode zum Untergang vieler Adelssitze. Sie verfielen oder wurden von neuzeitlichen Schloss- oder Rittergutskomplexen überprägt. Hauptgegenstand der Studie sind die herrschaftlichen Anlagen selbst, als Ruine, integriert in spätere Gebäude oder als archäologisches Bodendenkmal. Erstmalig erfolgte für die Uckermark eine flächendeckende Bestandsaufnahme von archäologisch-bauhistorischer Seite, ergänzt durch historische sowie historisch-geographische Quellen. Dabei wurden ca. 250 Orte ermittelt, für welche die Existenz einer mittelalterlichen Burg oder eines Adelssitzes belegt bzw. zu vermuten ist. Nur wenige sind heute noch anhand ihrer oberirdischen Bausubstanz eindeutig als mittelalterliche Befestigung zu identifizieren. Auf viele verweisen im Gelände lediglich fragmentarische Steinbaureste, Erdwälle, Gräben oder kleine Hügel. Ein Großteil ist aufgrund des vollständigen Verfalls oder der Überprägung durch spätere Gebäude bisher überhaupt nicht lokalisiert. Vor dem Hintergrund des aktuellen Forschungsstandes werden erste typologische Vergleiche der Anlagen hinsichtlich ihrer Lage, Größe, Datierung, ihres Ausbaugrades sowie ihrer historischen Funktion vorgenommen. Untersucht werden außerdem die Beziehung zu den slawischen Burgwällen und die Siedlungskontinuität vom mittelalterlichen Adelssitz zum neuzeitlichen Schloss- oder Rittergutskomplex. / The aim of this study is to examine the formation and development of the castle complexes and nobility residences in the Uckermark from the late 12th to the end of the 15th century. Archaeological finds indicate that especially at the beginning of the medieval eastward expansion they were erected on Slavic strongholds. During the 13th and the early 14th century a lot of new castles and mansions were built. Especially the fortresses in the frontier districts and at important passes were being extended during the 14th and 15th century. In the inland regions the process of desertion led to the abandonment of many of the nobility residences. They began to fall into disrepair and were partially replaced by modern age domain and palace complexes. The main subjects of this study are the medieval buildings in form of ruins, integrated in later buildings and as archaeological site, respectively. This is the first ever complete regional inventory of the medieval castles and nobility residences of the Uckermark. It is mainly based on archaeological and architectural data, and made complete with historical and geographical facts. Almost 250 towns and villages were traced where the existence of a medieval castle or a residence is verified or presumed. Nowadays, only few of the former residences and fortresses can clearly be identified as such on the basis of the remains of above ground buildings and fortifications or by surface features like stone walls, earthworks or moats. Most of them are completely buried under earth, or replaced by manor houses and palace complexes of a later period. Surveying the present state of castle-studies in Brandenburg, the castles and nobility residences where compared with regard to their extent, morphology and ground-plan, internal building chronology and changing of their historical functions. Moreover, the connection with older Slavic strongholds and the continuity from medieval strongholds to modern age castle complexes or manor houses are investigated.

The thesis summarizes and subsequently describes and evaluates contemporary knowledge, development and structure of early medieval settlement in the northwestern part of the Czech Republic. Emphasis is placed on the spatial relation of settlements and burial grounds to local selected features of the natural environment, which is evaluated on the basis of graphical representation and statistical processing in individual periods of czech early Middle Ages. The spatial context and the distribution of the settlement in the landscape are also evaluated. Spatial settlement properties are processed into catalogs and are handled in GIS and statistical tools. The resulting model is rather of a general nature because it is the first comprehensive treatment of the early medieval settlement in this part of Bohemia and is thus discussed from a methodological point of view.

O objetivo desta pesquisa é analisar a imagem do casamento ao longo dos séculos XI e XII, a partir dos novos ideais reformadores da Igreja. A intenção é fazer um estudo comparativo das representações da literatura e dos novos ideais religiosos de casamento, que estavam sendo propostos pela Igreja aproximadamente no mesmo período, a partir de quatro documentos diferentes: o Decretum de Burchard de Worms, o Concordia discondantium canonum de Graciano, os três primeiros Concílios de Latrão e os decretais de Alexandre III, presentes no Líber Extra.. Como fontes literárias serão utilizadas as obras Eric et Enide, Cligès, Lancelot ou Le Chevalier de la Charrette, e Ivain ou Le Chevalier au Lion, todas de Chrétien de Troyes, autor do século XII. Houve transformações na constituição da doutrina do casamento nesse período? Se houve, é possível percebê-las também na literatura? Através destas comparações seria possível identificar como a sociedade era afetada por tais transformações? Estas são as perguntas que orientarão o estudo. / The goal of this research is to analyse the image of marriage throughout the 11th and 12th having the reforming ideals of the Church as the basis. The intention is to make a comparitive study of the literary representations and the new religious ideals for marriage proposed by the Church at the same period. Four documents will be used: the Decretum by Burchard de Worms, the Concordia discordantium canonum by Gratian, the first three Lateran Councils and the decretal letters of Alexandre III, found in the Liber Extra. The literary sources will be Eric et Enide, Cliges, Lancelot, and Ivain, all written by Chretien de Troyes, a 12th century author. Were there transformations in the marriage doctrine in this period? If there were, is it possible to see them in the literature? Could we identify how the society was affected by such transformations through a comparative study? These are some of the questions that will guide the present study.

黃健羒著. / 手稿本, 複本據手稿本影印. / 論文(神學學部神道學碩士)--香港中文大學硏究院. / 參考文獻: leaves 143-151. / Huang Jianfen zhu. / 論文撮要 --- p.ii / 謝詞 --- p.iv / 經文引述按語 --- p.v / 附表目錄 --- p.iii / Chapter 第一章 --- 導論 --- p.1 / Chapter 第二章 --- 教牧書信作者問題 --- p.9 / Chapter 二、一節 --- 作者問題的重要性 --- p.10 / Chapter 二、二節 --- 推斷作者是否保羅的途徑 --- p.14 / Chapter 二、三節 --- 總論 --- p.23 / Chapter 第三章 --- 使徒性教會的本質 --- p.26 / Chapter 三、一節 --- 初期教會信經 --- p.29 / Chapter 三、二節 --- 使徒傳統 --- p.34 / Chapter 三、三節 --- 承繼使徒傳統的準則 --- p.43 / Chapter 第四章 --- 受按立之牧職 --- p.52 / Chapter 四、一節 --- 初期教會之情況 --- p.53 / Chapter 四、二節 --- 牧職之涵義 --- p.58 / Chapter 四、三節 --- 按立之涵義 --- p.66 / Chapter 四、四節 --- 長老、監督及執事 --- p.76 / Chapter 第五章 --- 受按立牧職之重要功能─教導 --- p.86 / Chapter 五、一節 --- 教牧書新重視教導 --- p.89 / Chapter 五、二節 --- 藉教導保持使徒性 --- p.97 / Chapter 五、三節 --- 如何在今日教會中推行教導 --- p.108 / Chapter 第六章 --- 結論 --- p.116 / 畧字表 --- p.122 / 註釋 --- p.124 / 書目 --- p.143

Cette étude entend poser le problème des violences dans le monde universitaire parisien du XIVe siècle jusqu’au milieu du XVe siècle. Le monde universitaire est compris comme l’ensemble des maîtres, des étudiants et des serviteurs attachés juridiquement au studium. Il s’agit d’analyser l’évolution du phénomène en tenant compte du contexte politique troublé lié à la guerre de Cent Ans, à la guerre civile et au Schisme. Cette thèse aspire à mettre en évidence que les violences étaient un phénomène significatif identitaire pour les gens de l’Université. L’étude des sources historiques variées allant des documents normatifs et des traités didactiques aux données judiciaires et aux chroniques, permet de révéler un large spectre des pratiques violentes touchant le monde du studium parisien. / This study intends to rase the problem of violence in Parisian university world from the XIVth to the middle of the XVth c. The university world in this work is understood as a totality of masters, students and servants who were legally linked to the studium. We propose to examine the evolution of the phenomenon taking account of the troubled character of the political context which was due to the Hundred Years War, the civil war and also to the Schism. This study aims at highlighting the phenomenon of violence as significant to the identity of the university population. The analysis of varied historical sources ranging from the normative documents and didactic treaties to judicial data and chronicles, allows to reveal a large range of violent practices concerning the world of the studium of Paris.

This dissertation examines how clerics in the Lombard and Carolingian Kingdom of Italy prosecuted disputes with each other. It argues for and explores two core features of the clerical legal culture of the kingdom. The first regards the judicial institutions that clerics exploited. While the late eleventh and twelfth centuries would see the elaboration of a coherent system of ecclesiastical justice centered on the papal court, distinct from secular judicial institutions, the situation in the early Middle Ages was radically different. Early medieval Italian clerics made recourse to a wide variety of judicial forums, including both "secular" ones such as the public courts and properly "ecclesiastical" ones such as church synods. The dissertation explores these judicial pathways--some of them well-trodden and enduring ones, others more ad hoc--and the ways clerics navigated between them. Second, this study demonstrates that many early medieval Italian clerics displayed considerable skill and sophistication in crafting and delivering legal arguments against each other. Those arguments frequently hinged on substantive appeal to canon law. This finding presents a challenge to a prevailing view in legal-historical scholarship which downplays or ignores practical legal expertise in the early Middle Ages and often dismisses the period itself as an "age without jurists." This dissertation instead argues for an early medieval clerical legal culture that scholars must take seriously as a prehistory to the well-known legal and judicial developments of the eleventh and twelfth centuries. This is the first study to explore in depth the diversity of judicial pathways exploited by clerics in early medieval Italy and the legal arguments they constructed. Proceeding on the basis of case studies, it traces the threads of ecclesiastical legal culture through several genres of sources: in addition to diplomatic sources such as judicial notices, papal bulls, imperial diplomas, and private charters, it also examines the evidence to be found in works of poetry, hagiography, and historiography, and in legal compilations. Among the ecclesiastical disputes that receive extended discussion are those between the bishops of Arezzo and Siena, between the patriarchs of Aquileia and Grado, between the abbots of Nonantola and neighboring bishops, and those within the diocese of Lucca.

The present study revises the chronology for the twelfth-century "artifex" Nicholaus, demonstrating that his career began just after c.1122 in Piacenza and ended in Verona c. 1164, not c. 1150 as often proposed. The first sculpted entranceway with the Nicholaus imprimatur was executed at the Sagra di San Michele. It is documented that Nicholaus was put in charge of supervising the construction and decoration of the new cathedral in Ferrara in 1135, including the western entranceway with his self-laudatory signature inscription. His activity here ended around 1150, at which time the interior of the cathedral was functional. In the early 1140s, members of the Nicholaus atelier and possibly the "artifex" himself crossed the Alps to execute certain sculptures at the imperial burial church at Königslutter. The signed Verona Cathedral entranceway was executed in the 1150s. Work at San Zeno began after 1164: the elegiac tone of two signature inscriptions here seems to indicate that Nicholaus died around this time. To determine the date of the Nicholaus Verona projects, given the lack of firm documentary evidence for their dating, because their subject matter could be associated with a known historical incident or situation and those dates fit with my stylistic evaluation as to the sculpture's date, I used the dates for these occurrences as the "termini post quem" for the project. Luigi Simeoni had proposed that the formation of the commune of Verona in 1135 is celebrated by the scene on the lunette at San Zeno depicting the patron saint of Verona signing blessing in the midst of the troops. This supported a date of 1138 for this work. However, my research into the relationship between Verona and various emperors led me to conclude that the image on the lunette at San Zeno actually memorializes the formation in 1164 of the Veronese League opposing Emperor Frederick Barbarossa. A second subject here, The Hunt of Theodoric, seems to have been chosen to insult Barbarossa, previously well received in Verona. The San Zeno frontispiece with Nicholaus's sculptures, the famous bronze doors, and the Wheel of Fortune window was assembled c.1200.

On Violence and Tyranny examines historiography as a vehicle for the production of a theory of tyrannicide in the aftermath of the murder of Pedro I de Castilla (1369). The thesis of this work is that by considering the royal chronicle as a vehicle and locus for political theorization, we can appreciate the formulation of a theory of tyrannicide as a medium for dynastic legitimation that is not reducible to political propaganda. Rather, it becomes a meditation about monarchy itself, the limits of power, and the underlying causes and consequences of political violence. The chronicle of the king Pedro's rule conceives an economy of violence coded in terms of saber (political wisdom), justice and the law, as a means to face the ideological, political, and social challenges that civil war and regicide pose to a community. I will focus on two fragments of the chronicle, a pair of letters attributed to a wise Moor that the chronicler chose to include in a second stage of his composition and that establish extra textual connections to other political genres such as the specula principum and political prophecy. Through them, I will explore how a theory of tyrannicide allows the chronicler to confront three major problems that regicide poses. First, how to explicate the dynastic break that king Pedro’s murder brought about, and minimize the discontinuity that the advent of a new, and illegitimate, dynasty (the Trastámaras) represented for a historical tradition that deeply valued the continuity of history. Second, how a theory of tyrannicide served to repair the broken ties provoked by the civil war. And third, how to represent that founding violence, the violence against a sovereign, to render it legitimate, but not available for anyone else to exploit.