Introdução: Interações sociais podem afetar diretamente ritmos biológicos, independente de seu papel na organização do zeitgeber fótico. A força do zeitgeber social refere-se ao padrão rítmico das interações sociais e pode ser quantificada através da escala de ritmo social. Objetivos: Principais: 1. Adequar o instrumento de avaliação do ritmo social ao contexto de pesquisa. 2. Estudar o ritmo social em humanos. Secundários: 1. Estabecer uma versão abreviada da Escala de Ritmo Social com vistas à aplicação em pesquisa. 2. Estabelecer uma versão da Escala de Ritmo Social de 17 itens para o português angolano, para estudos transculturais. 3. Investigar a correlação entre ritmo social, fase do sono e sintomas psiquiátricos menores em trabalhadores saudáveis. Métodos: Na primeira parte do trabalho a Escala de Ritmo Social (ERS-17) foi submetida a um processo de adequação a dois contextos de pesquisa diferentes. Na segunda parte, a escala foi utilizada em um estudo clínico para avaliar a correlação entre sintomatologia psiquiátrica menor e a variável ritmo social em uma amostra saudável. Tomando como padrão-ouro a ERS-17, foram comparados escores de regularidade e quantidade de atividades de 167 sujeitos saudáveis, 25 portadores de epilepsia mioclônica juvenil e 16 portadores de transtorno depressivo, para o estabelecimento da Versão Breve. No estudo transcultural, a versão brasileira da Escala de Ritmo Social foi submetida à avaliação de 10 estudantes universitários angolanos, que analisaram o grau de clareza de cada uma das 15 sentenças do instrumento por meio da Escala Analógico-Visual de 10 cm e propuseram modificações na escala. Foi realizada revisão dos resultados para a elaboração da versão final, bem como prova de leitura e relatório final. No estudo clínico, transversal, foram avaliados 143 trabalhadores saudáveis do HCPA. Sintomas psiquiátricos menores foram avaliados pelo Self-Repport Questionnaire (SRQ-20), e ritmo social foi avaliado pela ERS-17. Exposição à luz e variáveis do sono foram avaliadas pelo Munich Choronotype Questionnaire (MCTQ). Resultados: Foi estabelecida uma versão breve de 6 itens com boa concordância com relação ao padrão-ouro k=0,51; p<0,001 e significativa correlação entre ambas: (r=0,87; p<0,001). No estudo transcultural foi estabelecida uma versão angolana que manteve uma equivalência de itens com relação à versão em português brasileiro e grau satisfatório de clareza e equivalência semântica. No estudo clínico, Quantidade de atividades correlacionou com escolaridade e tempo médio do sono e, inversamente, com (Ponto Médio do Sono) MSF e SRQ-20. Regularidade correlacionou com idade, SRQ-20 e número de dias trabalhados. SRQ-20 correlacionou inversamente com regularidade e quantidade de atividades. Conclusões: No estabelecimento da versão breve, concluiu-se que a simplificação da escala diminui a porcentagem de itens não preenchidos, o custo em material impresso e facilita a padronização. O estudo transcultural demonstrou que apesar de ser o Português o idioma oficial nos dois países, há diferenças culturais significativas que podem influenciar os resultados caso sejam ignoradas. O estudo clínico demonstrou que variáveis de ritmo social tiveram correlação inversa com sintomas psiquiátricos menores, que foram mais explicados por baixos níveis de atividade do que por baixos níveis de regularidade. / Background: Social rhythms can directly affect biological rhythms, independent of its role in organizing the photic zeitgeber. The strength of the social zeitgeber refers to the rhythmic pattern of social interactions and can be measured by Social Rhythm Metric. Objectives: Main Objectives: 1. To match the assessment tool of social rhythm to the research context. 2. To Study the social rhythm in humans. Secondary Objectives: 1. Establish an abbreviated version of the Social Rhythm Metric-17 for use in research. 2. Establish a version of the SRM-17 for the Angolan Portuguese, for cross-cultural studies. 3. To investigate the correlation between social rhythm, sleep phase and minor psychiatric symptoms in healthy workers. Methods: In the first part of this work, the Social Rhythm Metric (SRM-17) was submitted to a process of adaptation to two different research contexts. In the second part, the scale was used in a clinical study to evaluate the correlation between minor psychiatric symptomatology and the variable social rhythm in a healthy sample. Taking as gold standard SRM-17, were compared scores of regularity and amount of activities of 167 healthy subjects, 25 patients with juvenile myoclonic epilepsy and 16 patients with major depressive disorder, for establishing the Brief Version. In the cross-cultural study, the Brazilian version of the of SRM-17 was submitted to evaluation of 10 college students Angolans, who analyzed the clarity of each of the 15 sentences of the instrument through the Visual Analog Scale-10 cm and proposed modifications. Review of the results was performed for the final version, as well as proof reading and final report. In the clinical study, cross-sectional, were evaluated 143 healthy workers from HCPA. Minor psychiatric symptoms were assessed by the Self-Repport Questionnaire (SRQ-20) and social rhythm was assessed by SRM-17. Light exposure and Sleep variables wereassessed by MCTQ. Results: Was established brief version of 6 items with good agreement with respect to the gold standard (k = 0.51, p <0.001) and significant correlation between the two: (r = 0.87, p <0.001). In the transcultural study was established an angolan version that kept an equivalence of items with respect to Brazilian Portuguese version of SRM-17 and satisfactory degree of clarity and semantic equivalence. In the clinical study, number of activities correlated with schooling and average sleep time and inversely, with Midpoint of sleep (MSF) and SRQ score. Regularity correlated with age, SRQ score and number of days worked. SRQ score correlated inversely with regularity and amount of activities. Conclusions: When establishing of the short version, it was concluded that the simplification of the scale decreases the percentage of unanswered questions, the print cost, and facilitates the standardization. The transcultural study showed that, in spite of the common language in both countries, there are significant cultural differences which can inffluence the results when ignored. The clinical study showed that social rhythm variables were inversely correlated with minor psychiatric symptoms, which were explained more by lower activity levels than low levels of regularity.

Introdução: Interações sociais podem afetar diretamente ritmos biológicos, independente de seu papel na organização do zeitgeber fótico. A força do zeitgeber social refere-se ao padrão rítmico das interações sociais e pode ser quantificada através da escala de ritmo social. Objetivos: Principais: 1. Adequar o instrumento de avaliação do ritmo social ao contexto de pesquisa. 2. Estudar o ritmo social em humanos. Secundários: 1. Estabecer uma versão abreviada da Escala de Ritmo Social com vistas à aplicação em pesquisa. 2. Estabelecer uma versão da Escala de Ritmo Social de 17 itens para o português angolano, para estudos transculturais. 3. Investigar a correlação entre ritmo social, fase do sono e sintomas psiquiátricos menores em trabalhadores saudáveis. Métodos: Na primeira parte do trabalho a Escala de Ritmo Social (ERS-17) foi submetida a um processo de adequação a dois contextos de pesquisa diferentes. Na segunda parte, a escala foi utilizada em um estudo clínico para avaliar a correlação entre sintomatologia psiquiátrica menor e a variável ritmo social em uma amostra saudável. Tomando como padrão-ouro a ERS-17, foram comparados escores de regularidade e quantidade de atividades de 167 sujeitos saudáveis, 25 portadores de epilepsia mioclônica juvenil e 16 portadores de transtorno depressivo, para o estabelecimento da Versão Breve. No estudo transcultural, a versão brasileira da Escala de Ritmo Social foi submetida à avaliação de 10 estudantes universitários angolanos, que analisaram o grau de clareza de cada uma das 15 sentenças do instrumento por meio da Escala Analógico-Visual de 10 cm e propuseram modificações na escala. Foi realizada revisão dos resultados para a elaboração da versão final, bem como prova de leitura e relatório final. No estudo clínico, transversal, foram avaliados 143 trabalhadores saudáveis do HCPA. Sintomas psiquiátricos menores foram avaliados pelo Self-Repport Questionnaire (SRQ-20), e ritmo social foi avaliado pela ERS-17. Exposição à luz e variáveis do sono foram avaliadas pelo Munich Choronotype Questionnaire (MCTQ). Resultados: Foi estabelecida uma versão breve de 6 itens com boa concordância com relação ao padrão-ouro k=0,51; p<0,001 e significativa correlação entre ambas: (r=0,87; p<0,001). No estudo transcultural foi estabelecida uma versão angolana que manteve uma equivalência de itens com relação à versão em português brasileiro e grau satisfatório de clareza e equivalência semântica. No estudo clínico, Quantidade de atividades correlacionou com escolaridade e tempo médio do sono e, inversamente, com (Ponto Médio do Sono) MSF e SRQ-20. Regularidade correlacionou com idade, SRQ-20 e número de dias trabalhados. SRQ-20 correlacionou inversamente com regularidade e quantidade de atividades. Conclusões: No estabelecimento da versão breve, concluiu-se que a simplificação da escala diminui a porcentagem de itens não preenchidos, o custo em material impresso e facilita a padronização. O estudo transcultural demonstrou que apesar de ser o Português o idioma oficial nos dois países, há diferenças culturais significativas que podem influenciar os resultados caso sejam ignoradas. O estudo clínico demonstrou que variáveis de ritmo social tiveram correlação inversa com sintomas psiquiátricos menores, que foram mais explicados por baixos níveis de atividade do que por baixos níveis de regularidade. / Background: Social rhythms can directly affect biological rhythms, independent of its role in organizing the photic zeitgeber. The strength of the social zeitgeber refers to the rhythmic pattern of social interactions and can be measured by Social Rhythm Metric. Objectives: Main Objectives: 1. To match the assessment tool of social rhythm to the research context. 2. To Study the social rhythm in humans. Secondary Objectives: 1. Establish an abbreviated version of the Social Rhythm Metric-17 for use in research. 2. Establish a version of the SRM-17 for the Angolan Portuguese, for cross-cultural studies. 3. To investigate the correlation between social rhythm, sleep phase and minor psychiatric symptoms in healthy workers. Methods: In the first part of this work, the Social Rhythm Metric (SRM-17) was submitted to a process of adaptation to two different research contexts. In the second part, the scale was used in a clinical study to evaluate the correlation between minor psychiatric symptomatology and the variable social rhythm in a healthy sample. Taking as gold standard SRM-17, were compared scores of regularity and amount of activities of 167 healthy subjects, 25 patients with juvenile myoclonic epilepsy and 16 patients with major depressive disorder, for establishing the Brief Version. In the cross-cultural study, the Brazilian version of the of SRM-17 was submitted to evaluation of 10 college students Angolans, who analyzed the clarity of each of the 15 sentences of the instrument through the Visual Analog Scale-10 cm and proposed modifications. Review of the results was performed for the final version, as well as proof reading and final report. In the clinical study, cross-sectional, were evaluated 143 healthy workers from HCPA. Minor psychiatric symptoms were assessed by the Self-Repport Questionnaire (SRQ-20) and social rhythm was assessed by SRM-17. Light exposure and Sleep variables wereassessed by MCTQ. Results: Was established brief version of 6 items with good agreement with respect to the gold standard (k = 0.51, p <0.001) and significant correlation between the two: (r = 0.87, p <0.001). In the transcultural study was established an angolan version that kept an equivalence of items with respect to Brazilian Portuguese version of SRM-17 and satisfactory degree of clarity and semantic equivalence. In the clinical study, number of activities correlated with schooling and average sleep time and inversely, with Midpoint of sleep (MSF) and SRQ score. Regularity correlated with age, SRQ score and number of days worked. SRQ score correlated inversely with regularity and amount of activities. Conclusions: When establishing of the short version, it was concluded that the simplification of the scale decreases the percentage of unanswered questions, the print cost, and facilitates the standardization. The transcultural study showed that, in spite of the common language in both countries, there are significant cultural differences which can inffluence the results when ignored. The clinical study showed that social rhythm variables were inversely correlated with minor psychiatric symptoms, which were explained more by lower activity levels than low levels of regularity.

Muitos trabalhos sobre comportamento consideram que os ritmos observados são simplesmente uma resposta aos estímulos ambientais. No entanto, desde o século XVIII, sabe-se que a temporização é real e muitos organismos exibem ritmos endógenos que são arrastados por zeitgebers ou \"doadores de tempo\". Para a grande maioria dos seres vivos, o principal zeitgeber é o ciclo claro/escuro (CE). No entanto, para os organismos das zonas entremarés, o ciclo das marés é tão importante quanto o ciclo de luz. A maré e seus componentes agindo como zeitgeber têm sido estudados com invertebrados e pouca atenção tem sido dada aos peixes que vivem nas zonas entremarés. Uma das espécies mais comuns destes ambientes é o Bathygobius soporator, conhecido como amborê, e o presente trabalho teve como objetivo verificar a presença de ritmicidade em sua atividade locomotora, avaliando as contribuições endógenas e exógenas dos ciclos de luminosidade, da variação da coluna d\'água e da turbulência da água sobre este ritmo. Para isso, os amborês foram mantidos em aquários individuais onde as condições abióticas puderam ser controladas de acordo com os experimentos em andamento. A atividade locomotora foi registrada com câmeras de segurança e fontes de luz infravermelha acopladas a um vídeo \"time-lapse\" que fez o registro de um quadro a cada trinta segundos. As distâncias percorridas a cada trinta segundos foram categorizadas em quatro classes discretas, e esses valores foram agrupados a cada trinta minutos, compondo 48 pontos a cada 24 horas. A análise das séries temporais foi feita através do programa \"El Temps\" que gerou actogramas e periodogramas de Lomb-Scargle, que permitem identificar ritmos com períodos significativos. Diante dos resultados obtidos, pôde-se concluir que o ciclo CE e de variação na coluna d\'água são zeitgebers, enquanto a turbulência é um agente mascarador para a ritmicidade locomotora dos amborês. Concluiu-se, também, que os relógios biológicos nos amborês não são rígidos e possuem acoplamento extremamente frágil, gerando uma alta plasticidade na expressão dos ritmos endógenos e exógenos, o que está de acordo com o modo de vida dos amborês observados no ambiente natural. / Many organisms\' rhythms are considered to be simple reactions to the cyclical changes in the environment. However, the endogenous rhythms entrained by zeitgebers are well known and have been described for many organisms since the 18th century. Although the light/dark cycle (LD) is the main zeitgeber for most living beings, the tidal cycles are as important for the intertidal organisms. It has been studied as a zeitgeber mainly for invertebrates, and little attention has been given to the intertidal fish. Bathygobius soporator, also known as frillfin goby, is one of the most abundant species in the tropical intertidal zone, and this project was designed to verify the rhythmicity in its locomotor activity, and measure how the LD cycle, the cyclical change in water level, and the turbulence cycle affect the endogenous and/or exogenous aspects of this rhythm. The gobies were kept in individual aquariums where all abiotic conditions were controlled according to the requirements of each experiment. The locomotor activity was recorded with security cameras and infrared light bulbs connected to a time-lapse video recorder that taped one frame every thirty seconds. The distance moved by each fish every thirty seconds was categorized into four discrete classes. The values assigned to these classes of movements were added into thirty minutes blocks, thus giving 48 numbers for every 24 hours. The collected data was analyzed by the \"El Temps\" software that provided actograms and Lomb-Scargle periodograms which allowed the detection of rhythms and significant periods. The results led us to conclude that LD cycle and the cyclical change in water level are zeitgebers to locomotor activity of B. soporator, and that the turbulence is a masking agent. We could also affirm that the frillfin gobies\' biological clocks are weak and have a very fragile coupling, giving the fish a malleable expression of their endogenous and exogenous rhythms. This concurs with the natural history of B. soporator.

京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(薬科学) / 甲第23142号 / 薬科博第141号 / 新制||薬科||15(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院薬学研究科医薬創成情報科学専攻 / (主査)教授 土居 雅夫, 教授 中山 和久, 教授 竹島 浩 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Pharmaceutical Sciences / Kyoto University / DFAM

Prosody is the flow of speech created by controlling elements such as pitch, rate, loudness, and stress (Tiffany and Carrell, 1977). Prosody is vital to intelligibility of speech and also communicates meaning. Despite the importance of prosody, however, few tests for the adequacy of prosodic ability in young children have been published (Koike and Asp, 1981a). To remedy this paucity of tools, Koike and Asp published the Tennessee Test of Rhythm and Intonation Patterns (T-TRIP). The clinical usefulness of the T-TRIP has been limited by a lack of normative data against which to compare individual children's performance. The purpose of this study was to collect normative data on the T-TRIP scores of normal four and six-year-olds. The question this study asked was: What are the means and standard deviations of T-TRIP scores from the samples of four and six-year-olds? A secondary question was: Are differences between the means of the two age groups statistically significant?

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of a program of rhythmic training upon the ability to perform music at sight. In addition to examining the overall sight-reading improvement, rhythm reading improvement was also investigated. The program of rhythmic training utilized the Temporal Acuity Products (TAP) system as the rhythm training aid. From these findings it was concluded that the program of rhythmic training did not affect the ability to perform music at sight. A transfer of rhythm reading to sight-reading did no take place. Results of the retention test indicated an improvement in the experimental group's scores over an extended period of time. This improvement revealed that when subjects were tested after two months, the program of rhythmic training did have an effect on sight-reading ability. It was also concluded that there might be a hierarchy of skills in which rhythmic training is only one aspect. Furthermore, there could be a combination of skills which must improve simultaneously in order to effect overall sight-reading ability.

No description available.

No description available.

The purpose of a rhythm activity program in the Thomas A. Edison School is to achieve the following: 1. The building within each child a better coordination of mind and body. 2. The satisfying of each child with a knowledge that he has the ability of achievement. 3. A healthful, happy, and social relationship between the sexes. 4. For the pupil the realization of the pure joy and exhilaration of living. 5. Poise and self confidence within the child. 6. The carrying over of this program into other closely related classes such as, playground, art, auditorium, and music. 7. An ambition within each pupil to make his community life more desirable.

The central claims of this study are that Maria Schneider relies on normative rhythmic structures from the jazz tradition, and that her expressive deviations from those norms are comprehensible to experienced listeners in real time. The study proposes a non-recursive model of hypermeter wherein the measure is formed through entrainment, the four-bar sub-unit is formed through recognizable qualia at the measure level, and the eight-bar level is formed through the expectation for sub-units to group into pairs. I introduce the “structural phrase” as a unit that, while normatively hypermetrical, is distinct from the issue of hypermeter in its formal aspects and its ability to diverge from hypermetrical organization. Structural phrases mediate our sense of place in the music, and they most often begin with an audibly clear attentional peak that I call the “structural phrase onset.” I posit that experienced listeners understand how structural phrases operate in Schneider’s compositional style through awareness of the relative frequency of each structural phrase type. Based on data gathered from a corpus of twenty-four pieces, comprised of 1,105 structural phrases, I find that 61% of Schneider’s structural phrases are normative. Further, the influence of the normative structural phrase supersedes its literal appearance on the surface of an acoustic signal, serving as the conceptual background for nine dialogic deviations: 31% of structural phrases are deviational yet operate in direct dialogue with the norm. Only three deviation types, accounting for 8% of structural phrases, are entirely independent of the normative organization. Structural phrases function as shallow-level formal units that group into deeper levels. This study categorizes Schneider’s formal approach as a hybrid between two practices: (1) traditional big band arranging, in its emphasis on improvised solos and idiosyncratic features such as the “ensemble feature” section; and (2) sonata form, in its motivic-thematic emphasis, freely unfolding sectional organization, and broadly three-part design. I refer to the three parts at the deepest structural level as “three-Spaces,” including Exposition, Solo, and Recapitulation Spaces. These Spaces are comprised of seven types of sections at a lower structural level: introduction, expositional, transition, soloistic, ensemble feature, recapitulative, and coda sections. Three “formal division criteria” specify how these sections audibly signal divisions between the deeper-level Spaces. An in-depth analysis of Hang Gliding explores how rhythm at multiple structural levels interacts with other parameters such as pitch, orchestration, and dynamics, to shape a composition’s dramatic arc.