The past two decades have led to dramatic changes in Russian foreign policy, shifting it from post- communist democratization to the path of aggressive revisionism and confrontation with the West. These changes are, to greater degree, regarded with Russian President Vladimir Putin's strategic vision on Russia's future. Since 2007, Russian revisionist foreign actions progressively led to confrontation with the West, which culminated in March 2014 amid Russian annexation of Crimea. The work discusses a number of aspects the Russia-West confrontation such as economic sanctions, nuclear proliferation, proxy wars and current rapidly evolving military escalation at the Ukrainian borders. This also includes Russia's security demands presented to the United States and NATO on 17 December 2021. Simultaneously, this work attempts to connect the role of Western sanctions in worsening of domestic issues inside of Russia such as declining demography, poverty and corruption. In addition, the thesis indicates unnecessary securitization of the Russia- West and Russia-NATO relationships. At the same time, the thesis attempts to show a number of the structural level threats that should be securitized by Russia. These challenges are growing Pan- Turkism and risks of strategic partnership with China, which may pose a...

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No / The Russo-Chechen conflict has been the bloodiest war in Europe since the Second World War. It continues to drag on, despite the fact that it hits the headlines only when there is some 'terrorist spectacular'. Providing a comprehensive overview of the war and the issues connected with it, the author examines the origins of the conflict historically and traces how both sides were dragged inexorably into war in the early 1990s. The book discusses the two wars (1994-96 and 1999 to date), the intervening truce and shows how a downward spiral of violence has led to a mutually-damaging impasse from which neither side has been able to remove itself. It applies theories of conflict, especially theories of terrorism and counter-terrorism and concludes by proposing some alternative resolutions that might lead to a just and lasting peace in the region.

This research paper provides a comparative analysis between the current Military Doctrines ofthe Russian Federation and the Brezhnev Doctrine from the Cold War era. By examining thesetwo historical and geopolitical contexts, the study aims to shed light on the theoretical continuityor discontinuity in Russia’s military strategy and its relationship to global geopolitics. Throughidentifying and analyzing similarities and differences between these doctrines, the papercontributes to a deeper understanding of Russian foreign policy continuity and change over time,as well as its ongoing efforts to secure national interests and territorial integrity. The studyutilizes a qualitative text analysis approach to explore how Soviet and Russian foreign policy hasbeen shaped by various factors such as national interests, security challenges, and ideologicalconsiderations. By applying the theoretical perspectives of realism and constructivism, theresearch delves into the complexities of Russia’s military strategy and its significance in today’sgeopolitical landscape.

Russian Federation has reconsidered its foreign policy on the European Union and is now focusing more on Eurasian integration. This step aroused various reactions in the world, especially after the creation of the Eurasian Economic Union in January 2015. This work deals with the intention of the Union, examines the steps which preceded this event and the possible influence of the eurasianism on Eurasian integration. At the same time, based on the statements of both parties -- European and Eurasian -- the work analyzes potential point of possible cooperation between the European Union and the newly formed regional integration Eurasian Economic Union.

The aim of this dissertation is to study the evolution of the Russian anti-utopian literary genre in the new post-Soviet environment in the wake of the defunct Soviet socialist utopia. The genre has gained a renewed importance during the 2000s, and has been used variously as a means of dealing satirically with the Soviet past, of understanding the present, and of pondering possible courses into the future for the Russian Federation. A guiding question in this study is: What makes us recognize a novel as anti-utopian at a time when the idea of utopia may appear obsolete, when the hegemony of nation states has been challenged for several decades, and when art has been drawn towards the aesthetics of hybridity? The main part of the dissertation is comprised of detailed analyses of three novels: The Slynx (Kys', 2001) by Tatyana Tolstaya; Homo Zapiens/Babylon (Generation ‘P’, 1999) by Viktor Pelevin; and Ice Trilogy (Ledianaia Trilogiia, 2002−2005) by Vladimir Sorokin. The further development of the genre is subsequently discussed on the basis of seven novels published in the past decade. A main argument in the dissertation is that the genre has been modified in ways which can be seen as a response to social and political changes on a global scale. The waning power of the nation state, in particular, and its broken monopoly as the bearer of social projects marks a new context, which is not shared by the classic works of the genre. Analysis of this evolution in post-Soviet anti-utopian novels draws on sociological as well as literary studies. The dissertation shows how the analysed novels use the possibilities of the genre to problematize various forms of societal discourse, and how these discourses work as mutations of utopia. Prominent among these are historical discourses, which reflect the increasing importance of historical narratives in public political debates in the Russian Federation.

本篇論文寫作的主軸，是藉由觀察與分析2003年國家杜馬選舉，以及2004年俄羅斯總統大選，並輔以杜弗傑選舉法則(Duverger’s electoral laws)和薩托里(Giovanni Sartori)的政黨體系理論，來檢視目前俄羅斯政黨政治發展的近況。 首先，筆者針對眾家學者對於政黨的角色、功能等定義予以陳述，之後再探討政黨體系與選舉制度之間的關係。在分析政黨體系之類型時，筆者從杜弗傑和薩托里等兩位學者的政黨理論來進行論述，之後再詳細地對於杜弗傑選舉法則的效果加以探討。另一方面，筆者也簡單敘述俄羅斯政黨政治的起源與發展過程，並嘗試交待俄羅斯政黨政治的發展脈絡，最後再針對俄羅斯獨特的混合選舉制度加以介紹，並淺析該制度對於政黨體系發展的影響。 再者，筆者介紹俄羅斯聯邦國家杜馬選舉。首先，針對俄羅斯國家杜馬之地位、功能與權責等方面作一簡單介紹。之後，再對於1993、1995、1999年等三次歷屆國家杜馬選舉結果予以陳述分析，以期使讀者能更瞭解歷年俄羅斯國家杜馬選舉對於政黨政治的影響脈絡。接下來，將直接進入介紹本章的主角，即2003年國家杜馬選舉。在陳述2003年國家杜馬選舉結果之後，筆者開始分析國家杜馬選舉結果之影響，例如對俄羅斯民主化發展、政黨體系的發展等。 最後，藉由研究2004年總統大選之過程與結果，筆者分析該次選舉對於現今俄羅斯聯邦政黨體系與民主化發展的影響。在第四章的前半部，筆者先針對俄羅斯聯邦總統制的起源、總統在憲法上的地位、權責、產生與罷免相關方面的辦法作簡易敘述。之後再針對1991、1996、2000年等三次總統選舉作歷史回顧，並期望在瞭解這三次選舉所衍生的脈絡之後，能更方便於分析2004年俄羅斯總統大選。在文章的後半段，筆者介紹與分析2004年俄羅斯總統選舉的過程、結果與其影響。同時，針對俄羅斯聯邦總統選舉辦法之修正，提出具體的意見。 / Basically, the theme of this thesis focuses on the political party formation and election observation in the Russian Federation. In order to examine Russia’s political party system, the author observes and analyzes Russia’s Duma election in 2003, and the presidential election in 2004, in terms of Maurice Duverger’s electoral laws and Giovanni Sartori’s theory on party system. First of all, the author discusses the roles and functions of political parties, and then explores the interactions between party system and electoral design. By introducing the mixed electoral design, the author examines it’s unique impact on Russia’s political party system. Secondly, four State Duma elections, which were held in 1993, 1995, 1999 and 2003 respectively, are analyzed in the context of Russia’s political party formation. After discussing the jurisdiction, function, and the previous electoral results of the State Duma, the author explores the major impact of the 2003 Duma election on the development of Russia’s political party system and democratization . Finally, the author also explores the constraints of presidential elections on Russia’s party system. With a detailed discussion about the origin and authority of Russian presidency and a historical review on the 1991, 1996 and 2000 Russian presidential elections, the author analyzes the result of the 2004 Russian presidential election and its implications for Russia’s political development in years to come.

The aim of this thesis is to indicate positive and negative impacts of tourism on the environment and to emphasize the importance of sustainable tourism development. The thesis analyses prerequisite of the Russian Federation for the development of alternative forms of sustainable tourism. In the theoretic part are characterized geographical, sociodemografical and environmental conditions as well as current situation of tourism and sustainable tourism in the Russian Federation. The main gain of the thesis is the identification of threats and opportunities in the development of sustainable tourism in the Russian Federation.

Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2017-01-12T17:50:07Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Luiz Fernando Mocelin Sperancete.pdf: 1912400 bytes, checksum: bd77f6a56f2773ce6b0c97f2867f7449 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-01-12T17:50:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Luiz Fernando Mocelin Sperancete.pdf: 1912400 bytes, checksum: bd77f6a56f2773ce6b0c97f2867f7449 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-12-19 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / This work has as objective contribute to the study of the Russian Federation during the long period in which Vladimir Putin is in the Kremlin’s command (2000-2016), and analyze the main aspects of the correction of direction that the Russian leader has been promoting on the political, economic and social course of the country. To this end, references are made to the selected theoretical aspects from “political realism”, having as key-authors Hans Morgenthau, Kenneth Waltz and Nicolau Maquiavel, and to the aspects of historical and social of the Russian’s national identity formation after the 1917’s October Revolution / Este trabalho tem como objetivo contribuir para o estudo da Federação Russa durante o longo período em que Vladimir Putin está no comando do Kremlin (2000-2016), e analisar os principais aspectos da correção de rumos que o líder russo vem promovendo no curso político, econômico e social do país. Para tanto, faz-se referência aos aspectos teóricos selecionados do “realismo político”, tendo como autores-chave Hans Morgenthau, Kenneth Waltz e Nicolau Maquiavel, e aos aspectos histórico e sociais da formação da identidade nacional russa após a Revolução de Outubro de 1917