In der Studie wurde die Drahtmarkierung als Operationshilfsmethode vor der VATSvideo- assistierten Thorakoskopie bei der Abklärung von solitären pulmonalen Rundherden untersucht. Mit dieser Methode konnte der Lungenherd exakt markiert und transthorakal fixiert werden. Intraoperativ wurde der am Draht hängende Herd mit dosierter Kraft nach außen gezogen, endoskopisch verifiziert und komplikationslos entfernt. Bei der Drahtmarkierung wurden drei verschiedene Drähte benutzt, der größte Teil der Markierungen wurde mit dem Somatex-Lokalisationsset 18 G (84) Spiraldraht durchgeführt. Bei 3 Patienten wurde ein minimaler Pneumothorax, bei 5 Patienten eine geringe Einblutung und bei 2 Patienten ein großer Pneumothorax (>1 cm) und bei 3 Patienten beide Komplikationen festgestellt. Bei keinem Patienten war eine Dislokalisation des Drahtes aufgetreten. Chirurgen und Radiologen teilen die Meinung, dass der Spiraldraht patientenkomfortabel, treffsicher anwendbar und zukunftsträchtig ist. Die kombinierte Anwendung von Herdfixation mittels Spiraldraht und videothorakoskopischer Entfernung von Lungenherden ist für pleuraferne und daher oberflächlich nicht sichtbare Lungenherde empfehlenswert. / With the increasing use of multi-slice computed tomography (MSCT) pulmonary nodules are more often detected. The propose of our study was to evaluate use of the computed tomography guided spiral-wire localization before video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS). 54 patients with pulmonary nodules underwent ct-guided application of a spiralwire lung localization-set (Somatom, Berlin, Germany). The average age was 58 years, the mean distance between the nodule and the visceral pleura was 7,9 mm and the mean diameter was 13,1 mm. Following this procedure, the patients underwent a VATS resection. In all patients the placement of the spiral-wire was succesful without any dislocation. The major complications were: Asymtomatic pneumothorax, local bleeding and in 3 patients a combination of local bleeding and a minor pneumothorax. In conclusion wire localization of peripheral pulmonary nodules is a safe and effective procedure to assist VATS resection.

A utilização do eletrodo tubular no processo de soldagem a arco submerso leva a um aumento na produtividade com um custo relativamente baixo, pois não requer investimentos complementares em equipamentos. A mudança do eletrodo sólido para o tubular acarreta variações microestruturais no metal de solda que influenciam as propriedades mecânicas, tais como dureza, tração e tenacidade ao impacto. Este trabalho tem como objetivo principal estudar a tenacidade à fratura dinâmica do metal de solda, mostrando que o uso do eletrodo tubular diminui a propagação de trincas ao impacto, além de melhorar as propriedades de dureza e tração. Para a confecção da junta soldada foi utilizado o aço ASTM-A516 com espessura de 37,5 mm; para o metal de solda, o eletrodo sólido AWS EM12K, com diâmetro de 4,0 mm, e fluxo AWS F6A4 e o eletrodo tubular AWS E71T-5, com diâmetro de 4,0 mm, fabricado em caráter experimental, untamente com os fluxos AWS F6A4 e AWS F7A8 (Fluxo Neutro). Os ensaios de impacto, dureza e tração foram realizados em corpos de prova com e sem alívio de tensão, e o ensaio Charpy instrumentado em corpos de prova entalhados e em corpos de prova entalhados e com trinca por fadiga, nas temperaturas de 25, 200, 400 e 600OC. O metal de solda utilizando eletrodo sólido foi o que mostrou menor percentual de ferrita acicular (54%), enquanto que o utilizando eletrodo tubular e fluxo AWS F6A4 foi o que mostrou maior percentual de ferrita acicular (89%). Os ensaios de dureza mostraram uma influência do microconstituinte ferrita acicular: maior dureza para o maior percentual de ferrita acicular. Os limites de resistência e de escoamento também sofreram o efeito deste microconstituinte, apresentando maiores valores quando os percentuais de ferrita acicular foram maiores. Para a análise da tenacidade para o início de propagação da trinca foram utilizados os métodos da variação da taxa da flexibilidade elástica, o método da energia da carga máxima revisada e o método da energia da carga máxima. Foram calculados os valores de JId e de KJd (K derivado de J). Os únicos valores validados, de acordo com a norma, foram os de JId calculados pelo método da variação da taxa da flexibilidade elástica. Os resultados encontrados, utilizando este método, mostraram, à 600OC, a influência da ferrita acicular, sendo que o metal de solda com maior percentual deste microconstituinte forneceu maior valor de tenacidade. Os valores de JId utilizando o método da variação da taxa da flexibilidade elástica para os corpos de prova com trinca por fadiga ficaram próximos aos resultados encontrados quando o ensaio foi realizado em corpos de prova somente entalhados. Os resultados mostraram que a substituição do eletrodo sólido pelo tubular levou à maior tenacidade e a propriedades mecânicas superiores. / The cored wire application in the submerged arc welding process leads to a increase productivity with relative low cost, because it doesn’t require complementary investments in equipments. Changing from solid to cored wire promotes microstructural modification in the weld metal that enhances mechanical properties, such as hardness, stretching and impact toughness. The principal aim of this work is to study the dynamic fracture toughness of the weld metal. The use of cored wire reduces the impact crack propagation, as well as hardness and strength properties. The welded plate was composed of ASTM-A516 steel with 37.5 mm thickness and for making the weld metal was utilized AWS EM12K wire, with 4.0 mm diameter, and AWS F6A4 flux, and AWS E71T-5 cored wire, with 4.0 mm diameter, making in experimental mode, with AWS F6A4 and AWS F7A8 (Neutral Flux) fluxes. Impact, hardness and tensile tests were carried out in specimens with and without stress relief. The instrumented Charpy tests were carried out at notch and notch plus fatigue crack specimens, at 25, 200, 400 and 600OC temperatures. The solid wire weld metal produced 53.9% of acicular ferrite, while the cored wire weld metal and AWS F6A4 flux produced 88.8% of acicular ferrite. The hardness values were influenced by acicular ferrite and showed higher hardness for acicular ferrite higher values. Tensile strength and yield stress data suffered the same effect of this micro constituent also, they had bigger amount when the acicular ferrite percentiles were bigger. For toughness analysis to crack propagation start were utilized the compliance changing rate method, the energy revised method, and the maximum load energy method. JId and KJd (K derived of J) values were calculated according to the standards. The results met for this method had acicular ferrite influence at 600OC, where the weld metal with the biggest micro constituent had bigger toughness value. The JId values utilized the compliance changing rate method for the precracked specimen got values near to the notched specimen. The change solid wire by the cored wire had better toughness, and it gets better the other mechanical properties.

Neste trabalho estudamos os efeitos polarônicos sobre um gás de elétrons quase bidimensional presente em heteroestruturas semicondutoras (heterojunções e poços quânticos de GaAs-AlGaAs) sob a ação de um campo magnético uniforme aplicado na direção perpendicular a interface, através de teoria de perturbação de segunda ordem. Calculamos a massa ciclotrônica considerando a interação elétron-fonon LO e os efeitos de blindagem e não parabolicidade da banda de condução do GaAs. Os resultados obtidos são comparados com recentes dados experimentais de ressonância ciclotronica e apresentam ótima concordância. Estudamos também a energia de ligação do estado fundamental de uma impureza hidrogenóide localizada no interior de um fio quântico retangular de GaAs envolvido por AlGaAs, como função das dimensões do fio para varias alturas das barreiras de variacional, usando várias formas para a função de onda tentativa do sistema. Consideramos também a contribuição polarônica a energia de ligação. Comparamos nossos resultados com recentes cálculos da energia de ligação, efetuados por outros autores. / In this work we study the polaronic effects on the two dimensional electron gas present in semiconductor heteroestructures (GaAs-AlGaAs heterojunctions and quantum wells) when a uniform magnetic field is applied perpendicular to the interface, using second order perturbation theory. By taking into account the effect of nonparabolicity and screening of the electron-fonon LO interaction the calculated effective mass is compared to the recent experimental date. Good agreement is found with available date. The binding energies of a hydrogenic impurity located in quantum well wires of GaAs surrounded by AlGaAs are calculated as a functions of the size of the wire for several values of the heights of the potential barriers and diferent positions of the impurity inside the wire. We follow a variational approach choosing several trial wave functions for the ground state. The polaronic contribution to the binding energy is considered. We compare our results with those previously obtained by other authors.

<div>Due to recent advances in sensor technology and the exponential increase in computation power of electronic control units (ECUs) along with their increasing affordability, active safety and vehicle automation have become major trends in the commercial vehicle industry. New regulations for increased safety are also a major driver behind the industry's increased interest in that topic. As a result, being a crucial part of vehicle automation, steering systems had to be adapted to enable Active Steering. Consequently, commercial vehicle steering designers introduced the concept of torque and angle overlay using an electric motor in series with the conventional hydraulic steering system. However, despite the fact that these systems are becoming more prevalent in the market, they still suffer from inefficiencies intrinsic to the conventional hydraulic steering system still being used. These inefficiencies are a result of</div><div>flow metering losses due to the use of control valves to regulate the pump flow output, as well as inside the steering gear with the use control valves to build assistance pressure.</div><div><br></div><div><div>In this research project, we investigate the potential use of the proven pump Displacement Control (DC) technology in steering on-highway commercial vehicles. DC pumps have been shown to signicantly improve system efficiency as they allow the removal of control valves typically used to regulate </div><div>ow [1]. Instead, the displacement of the pump can be directly controlled to vary the pump's flow rate and direction,</div><div>and thus eliminating throttling losses. The DC technology has been successfully used in a steer-by-wire conguration for an articulated frame steering vehicle and has been shown to signicantly improve efficiency and productivity, as well as result in a reduction in fuel consumption [2].</div></div><div><br></div><div><div>In this work, we propose a steer-by-wire system, using DC pump technology, for on-highway commercial vehicles, and present the dierent possible congurations in which it can be implemented. Moreover, the benets and drawbacks of the steer-by-wire system are researched and identied. Subsequently, the system is designed and validated in simulation, on laboratory test setup, as well as on a test vehicle to prove its feasibility.</div></div><div><br></div><div><div>Chief among the drawbacks of the steer-by-wire system is potential failures that can lead to the complete loss of the steering function of the vehicle. As a result, different possible fail-safe mechanisms are researched from which the most suitable ones are proposed to allow the steer-by-wire system to fail safely. Moreover, two of the proposed fail-safe mechanism are implemented onto the test vehicle to prove and validate their feasibility.</div></div><div><br></div><div><div>Furthermore, an alternative way of using displacement controlled pumps for active steering is be proposed. For this concept, we investigate the possibility of actively controlling the driver's steering effort by varying the pump displacement while maintaining the mechanical link between the steering wheel and the road wheels. If successful, this method will allow for a more efficient way of providing steering assistance as it does away with the conventional control valves used to build pressure and regulate pump flow, and thus eliminating throttling losses. This method has also the advantage of having an intrinsic fail-safe mechanism with manual steering being always possible should the hydraulic or electric systems fail.</div></div>

La problématique entourant la mise en oeuvre, la conception et le conditionnement de micro-capteurs au sein d'une application embarquée représente un enjeu industriel majeur, consiste en un vaste ensemble de défis techniques et touche à de nombreux champs de recherche scientifiques comme d'applications commerciales. Ce mémoire de thèse compile de manière pédagogique et détaillée la conception, la réalisation et l'évaluation expérimentale d'un capteur MEMS constitué d'un simple micro-filament destiné à la mesure, mutuellement, de la température, de la pression et de l'humidité d'une ambiance gazeuse, en utilisant un même et mutuel étage de conditionnement du signal – ce qui en tant que tel constitue une méthode d'intégration particulièrement originale qui est arbitrairement référencée comme "intégration totale". Aussi, le principe physique sous jacent à ce triplet de mesurage est la diffusion par conduction de la chaleur, produite par effet Joule dans l'élément sensible, à travers l'échantillon gazeux l'environnant. Ainsi, le principe de fonctionnement consiste en ce que, la réponse transitoire d'un tel ensemble permet d'une part de mettre en évidence, simultanément et de manière diagonalisable, à une température donnée, l'influence de la pression et de l'humidité sur la conductivité thermique et la capacité calorifique du couple sonde/échantillon. D'autre part, l'élément sensible est spécifiquement prévu pour que dans les conditions initiales du régime transitoire de l'échauffement, sa résistance électrique ne soit sensible qu'à la seule température ambiante, indépendamment des deux mesurandes. / Integration of micro sensors within an embedded system is a challenging task in terms of commercial application and deals with many fields of research. This report compiles a novel methodology of multi-sensor integration, from the design to the experimental evaluation. The reported MEMS gas sensor is made from a resistive micro-wire. It is designed to the sensing of temperature, pressure and humidity of a gaseous sample, at the same time, in using only a single sensing part as well as a single conditioning principle – which is by itself a new feature arbitrarily called "total integration". The physical principle involved here is heat-diffusion, where heat is produced by Joule effect within the resistive sensing part, sinking through the gaseous sample. The key is that the transient response of such a sensor enables the reading of both the sample thermal conductivity and heat capacity, depending on both humidity and pressure at a given temperature, the later being only depending upon the initial response of the sensor transient response.

As recentes descobertas na camada pré-sal da costa brasileira geraram uma série de oportunidades e desafios tecnológicos que deverão ser enfrentados para se garantir o sucesso da exploração e produção de petróleo offshore em águas profundas e ultra-profundas. A alta presença de gás carbônico (CO2) e de gás sulfídrico (H2S) encontrada nas jazidas produzem potenciais efeitos de corrosão e fragilização nos componentes de aço utilizados em sistemas submarinos de produção de petróleo, dentre eles os dutos flexíveis. Esses dutos são submetidos à elevadas cargas geradas devido à lâmina da água profunda, sendo os arames da armadura de tração extremamente solicitados por sustentar os carregamentos. Tradicionalmente, arames da armadura de tração de dutos que irão operar em ambientes contendo H2S (sour) apresentam limite de resistência à tração máximo de 850 MPa, enquanto para ambientes onde esse gás não está presente (sweet), os limites de resistência são consideravelmente maiores podendo chegar a 1400 MPa. Amostras de arames da armadura de tração com limite de resistência à tração de 1400 MPa foram revestidas com alumínio através do processo de aspersão térmica a arco elétrico e a eficiência do revestimento em ambiente corrosivo contendo CO2 e H2S foi avaliada. Essa avaliação envolveu ensaios mecânicos e de caracterização, como medições da rugosidade superficial, análise da porosidade do revestimento, ensaios de dobramento, avaliação da susceptibilidade ao trincamento induzido por hidrogênio e sulfeto, ensaios de fadiga ao ar e corrosão-fadiga. Foi observado que o grau de porosidade do revestimento variou entre 5 e 10% e que a rugosidade superficial do substrato aumentou devido ao jateamento prévio ao processo de revestimento. Esse fato mostrou ser uma das causas principais para a deterioração da vida em fadiga ao ar dos arames revestidos quando comparados com arames sem revestimento, sendo comprovado através de análise por Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura. Entretanto, para ensaios de corrosão-fadiga em ambiente contendo CO2 e H2S, o desempenho de arames revestidos mostrou-se notadamente superior, onde o acabamento superficial do substrato teve importância secundária. Através de ensaios de dobramento, foi possível verificar a alta capacidade do revestimento em suportar extensa deformação plástica. Através dos ensaios estáticos para se avaliar a susceptibilidade ao trincamento por hidrogênio e sulfeto foi possível verificar uma considerável corrosão da superfície de arames não revestidos devido ao ambiente agressivo. Ademais, uma trinca induzida por hidrogênio foi identificada em uma das amostras de arame sem revestimento, enquanto as amostras revestidas não apresentaram sinal de degradação nem trincamento. / Recent discoveries in Brazil pre-salt layer generated a series of technological opportunities and challenges that must be met to ensure the success of offshore oil exploration and production in deep and ultra-deepwater. The presence of high levels of carbon dioxide (CO2) and eventually hydrogen sulfide (H2S) found in the deposits, produce potential corrosion effects and embrittlement of steel components of subsea systems used in petroleum production, including flexible pipes. These equipments are subjected to high loads generated by deep water condition where tensile armor wires are extremely required for sustaining the loads. Traditionally, armor wires that will operate in environments containing H2S (sour) have maximum tensile strength of 850 MPa, while for environments where this gas is not present (sweet), the tensile strength is considerably larger reaching up to 1400 MPa. Armor wire samples with tensile strength of 1400 MPa were coated with pure aluminum by thermal arc spray process and the effectiveness of the coating in corrosive environment containing CO2 and H2S was evaluated. This evaluation included mechanical and characterization tests, such as surface roughness measurements, coating porosity analysis, bending tests, evaluation of susceptibility to cracking induced by hydrogen and sulfide and fatigue test in air and in corrosive environments. It was found that the coating porosity ranged between 5 and 10% and the substrate roughness increased due to grit blasting prior to the coating process. This fact proved to be one of the main causes for the deterioration of the fatigue life in air of the coated wires when compared with uncoated wires, being proven through analysis by Scanning Electron Microscopy. However, for corrosion fatigue tests in an environment containing CO2 and H2S, the performance of coated wires was found to be markedly higher, where the integrity of the substrate surface had secondary importance. Through bending tests, it was found the high capacity of the coating to support extensive plastic deformation. Static tests to evaluate the susceptibility to cracking by hydrogen and sulfides showed that uncoated armor wire surface corroded considerably due to the aggressive environment. In addition, a crack induced by hydrogen was identified in one of uncoated wire samples, while the coated samples showed no sign of degradation or cracking.

Analisa as perdas técnicas por aquecimento e das condições das instalações elétricas residenciais na cidade de São Paulo. Aborda o aspecto das perdas técnicas das próprias instalações elétricas internas aos domicílios com seus fenômenos físicos e seus reflexos sobre os aspectos de segurança envolvidos, os impactos econômicos decorrentes da contabilização monetária das perdas. Apoia-se em estudos de características de instalações elétricas residenciais existentes, de tabalhos relativos às perdas técnicas de energia elétrica em instalações residenciais e de testes em laboratório de elementos constituintes das instalações para elaboração de análises de viabilidade econômica e de compreensão de interesses envolvidos com setores específicos de projeto, de instalação e de certificação de instalações elétricas residenciais. São, também, mostrados os resultados iniciais de ensaios em linhas elétricas pré-fabricadas nos laboratórios da Seção Técnica de Altas Correntes do IEE-USP. / This work analyses heat losses and household electrical installations conditions in the city of São Paulo. Deals the internal building heat losses with its inherent phenomena and its reflex on safety and, also, evaluates economical impacts due to of monetary accounting of the losses. Based on existent electrical installations characteristics and losses studies and laboratory tests, to carry out analyses on the interests on economical investment and trends on specifics design, installation and accreditation services. Also, are shown primary data obtained for tests carried out on bus bar trunking system at the IEE-USP High Current Laboratories.

Este trabalho apresenta o estudo, a implementação e a caracterização de transdutores compostos por uma estrutura formada por grades de Bragg (FBG, Fiber Bragg Gratings) e grades de período longo (LPG, Long Period Gratings) em fibra óptica com cobertura metálica autoaquecida para medição da condutividade térmica e da difusividade térmica de materiais baseado no método do fio quente (HWM, Hot-Wire Method) convencional. O autoaquecimento da fibra óptica do dispositivo desenvolvido neste trabalho é provocado pela luz de espectro infravermelho injetada por um laser de bombeamento, que é espalhada por uma LPG e absorvida por um filme fino metálico depositado na superfície da fibra. Os transdutores apresentados são compactos, simples, robustos e imunes a interferências eletromagnéticas. O arranjo experimental utilizando o dispositivo híbrido LPG-FBG foi capaz de medir as condutividades térmicas do ar atmosférico e da água comum com precisões de 27% e 14%, respectivamente. Foram identificados vários fatores que afetam a precisão e a exatidão das medidas realizadas, sendo propostas diversas formas de correções de modo a melhorar o desempenho do arranjo. Foi demonstrada com sucesso a viabilidade da aplicação original do arranjo experimental utilizando o dispositivo híbrido LPG-FBG em fibra óptica autoaquecida para a medição de propriedades térmicas de fluidos (ar e água). / This work presents the study, implementation, and characterization of transducers composed of a structure formed by Fiber Bragg Gratings (FBG) and Long Period Gratings (LPG) in optical fiber with self-heating coverage for measurement of thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity of materials based on the Hot-Wire Method (HWM). The self-heating fiber optic device developed in this work is caused by the light of infrared spectrum injected by a pumping laser, which is spread by an LPG and absorbed by a thin metallic film deposited on the surface of the fiber. The transducers are compact, simple, robust and immune to electromagnetic interference. The experimental arrangement using the optical fiber sensor based on LPG-FBG hybrid structure was able to measure the thermal conductivity of atmospheric air and water with accuracies of 27% and 14%, respectively. Several factors were identified that affect the precision and the accuracy of the measures carried out, whereby various forms of corrections are being proposed to improve overall performance. The viability of the original application of the experimental arrangement using the LPG-FBG hybrid device in self-heating optical fiber for the measurement of thermal properties of fluids (air and water) has been successfully demonstrated.

Bridges often use pile foundations behind MSE walls to help resist lateral loading from seismic and thermal expansion and contraction loads. Overdesign of pile spacing and sizes occur owing to a lack of design code guidance for piles behind an MSE wall. However, space constraints necessitate the installation of piles near the wall. Full scale lateral load tests were conducted on piles behind an MSE wall. This study involves the testing of four HP12X74 H-piles and four HSS12X12X5/16 square piles. The H-piles were tested with ribbed strip soil reinforcement at a wall height of 15 feet, and the square piles were tested with welded wire reinforcement at a wall height of 20 feet. The H-piles were spaced from the back face of the MSE wall at pile diameters 4.5, 3.2, 2.5, and 2.2. The square piles were spaced at pile diameters 5.7, 4.2, 3.1, and 2.1. Testing was based on a displacement control method where load increments were applied every 0.25 inches up to three inches of pile deflection. It was concluded that piles placed closer than 3.9 pile diameters have a reduction in their lateral resistance. P-multipliers were back-calculated in LPILE from the load-deflection curves obtained from the tests. The p-multipliers were found to be 1.0, 0.85, 0.60, and 0.73 for the H-piles spaced at 4.5, 3.2, 2.5, and 2.2 pile diameters, respectively. The p-multipliers for the square piles were found to be 1.0, 0.77, 0.63, and 0.57 for piles spaced at 5.7, 4.2, 3.1, and 2.1 pile diameters, respectively. An equation was developed to estimate p-multipliers versus pile distance behind the wall. These p-multipliers account for reduced soil resistance, and decrease linearly with distance for piles placed closer than 3.9 pile diameters. Measurements were also taken of the force induced in the soil reinforcement. A statistical analysis was performed to develop an equation that could predict the maximum induced reinforcement load. The main parameters that went into this equation were the lateral pile load, transverse distance from the reinforcement to the pile center normalized by the pile diameter, spacing from the pile center to the wall normalized by the pile diameter, vertical stress, and reinforcement length to height ratio where the height included the equivalent height of the surcharge. The multiple regression equations account for 76% of the variation in observed tensile force for the ribbed strip reinforcement, and 77% of the variation for the welded wire reinforcement. The tensile force was found to increase in the reinforcement as the pile spacing decreased, transverse spacing from the pile decreased, and as the lateral load increased.

<p>This report is a result of a thesis work done for Linköping University at Contraves Space AG in Zürich, Switzerland. The aim was to perform an analysis of 12 interface standards and construct a simple breadboard, which should function as a testsystem for the data communication interface MIL-STD-1553. </p><p>The conclusion of the extensive analysis is that SpaceWire, MIL-STD-1553 and CAN are the most interesting interfaces for future data communication in spacecrafts. In the breadboard part of the work, a test system was built and data gathered with help from a demonstration program that came with one of the components.</p>