La grande propriété étend sa domination de la montagne tarnaise au Gaillacois, englobant Castrais et Vaurais. Au cœur de la relation notables / paysans, les modes de faire-valoir suscitent des débats passionnés. Le métayage, mode dominant, partage idéal capital / travail pour ses partisans, est rejeté par les propriétaires soucieux de modernisation comme incompatible avec le progrès, que le maître-valetage, faire-valoir direct caractérisé par la présence d'un maître-valet fournisseur de main-d'œuvre, peut seul favoriser. Cependant, il ne s'impose pas et disparait, tandis que le métayage, qui repose sur le partage de la production, à mi-fruits ou au tiers en faveur du propriétaire, se maintient jusque dans les années 1960. Une porosité existe : fermage et métayage partagent les caractères les plus archaïques, corvées, redevances et les mêmes interdits. On accorde au maître-valet un pourcentage de certaines productions, afin de lutter contre son « indolence ». La stagnation de la production semble conforter l'incompatibilité métayage / progrès. Mais les résultats obtenus par certains propriétaires qui s'appuient sur les droits qu'il donne, contrôle des cultures et assolements, utilisation des corvées pour la bonification des terres, s'opposent à cette interprétation. L'investissement personnel semble essentiel. La présence des notables de la terre influence la vie politique : par le biais des comices, ils tentent, en récompensant travail, sobriété et maintien de nombreux enfants dans l'agriculture, d'immobiliser une société rurale traditionnelle. Au plan électoral, leur influence, indéniable, est contrebalancée par la structure de la population paysanne. / The great estate area spread his domination from the Tarnese mountains to the Gaillac region, including the Castres and Lavaur ones. The different farming modes inspire passionate debates and are at the heart of the relationships between the worthies and the peasants. The main-mode-sharecropping -an ideal share capital / work for his supporters is rejected by owners concerned with modernization as conflicting with progress, whereas the farm-servant system appears the best one direct farming, characterized by the presence of a farm-servant master who is to provide labour. However, it does not last long and vanishes when the criticized sharecropping system, based on the fifty-fifty share or the one-third one of the production for the owner, last until the 1960's. A porosity exists: tenant farming and sharecropping share most archaic characters, chores, fees and even bans. A percentage on some crops is granted to the servants' masters so as to fight his « indolence ». The stagnation of production seems to comfort the incompatibility sharecropping / progress. But the results that some owners get thanks to the given by sharecropping, crops control, land cleaning, the use of chores for improvement of the soil, are opposed at this interpretation. Personal investment appears as essential. The presence of land worthies influence the political life : through agricultural organizations, they tries to reward work, sobriety and maintenance of numerous children in agriculture, to bring the traditional rural to standstill. On the polling plan, their undeniable influence is counterbalanced by the structure of peasant population.

This dissertation explores one white working-class family’s hopes, fears, illusions, and tensions related to social mobility. I tell stories from my experiences as a first-generation college student, including: ethnographic fieldwork; interviews with my family, community members, and former teachers; and narratives from other working-class academics to provide an in-depth, evocative, and relational look at mobility. I explore the roots of vulnerability in my family and how I was socialized into understanding belonging and worthiness in particular ways, and how this socialization influences my feelings of belonging and worthiness in the academy. The goal of this research is bridging – past and present selves, working-class and academic cultures, work and family – for me and my family and other first-generation students and their families.

M.A. / A stress inoculation training programme suitable for blue collar workers was developed using Meichenbaum's (1977) training guide-lines. The stress inoculation training programme set out to develop coping skills based on a script including scenes dealing with : supervisor-worker conflict, meeting production deadlines, interactions with para-state officials, problems based on migrant lifestyles, safety issues and the stress experienced by management ...

Magister Artium - MA / South Africa became a globally recognised democratic country in need of a development agenda after its first democratic elections were held in 1994. Democratising South Africa, however, requires rigorous attempts to open up spaces for and by the previously silenced and marginalised segments of society to become active and participatory citizens. Within the framework of New Literacy Studies and a “sociolinguistics of mobility” (Blommaert 2010), this study explored the link between selected discourses and literacy resources used by three groups of Coloured women in the working class township of Wesbank in Cape Town, South Africa. The study was framed as ethnographic, qualitative research and Appraisal Theory (a branch of Systemic Functional Linguistics) was applied to analyse the identified discourses. Based on the research findings, I also identified what literacy resources these women used for the purposes of empowering one another and the broader space of Wesbank. In addition, I proceeded to label several “transportable literacies” that my research participants from this hybrid community – where everyone “…is a migrant from elsewhere” (Dyers 2008) - appeared to be sharing in order to co-create the spaces which they use in Wesbank.

The diploma work deals with the view of Prof. Dr. Albín Bráf on social politics. Albín Bráf, who wrote many works that treat social politics, was a distinguished Czech economist and politician living on the break of the 19th and 20th century. The aim of the work is to find out what were Bráf's theoretical opinions about social politics and whether he asserted any governmental intervention in this area. The work is divided into two chapters. The first one contains the biography of Bráf. The second chapter describes his view of social politics and is further subdivided into particular sections that deal with issues that Bráf was concerned with (e. g. the insurance of workers, the legislation for the protection of workers, the problematics of wages and alms). This work draws from the Bráf's works concerned with social politics chiefly and uses the method of analysis of original sources and the comparation of Bráf's view with actual Czech conception and understanding of social politics .

This master thesis in History of Science and Ideas explores ideas held by Swedishimmigrants to the United States during the period 1859-1909: their opinions about the newlife in America compared to the life they had before in Sweden. Previous researchindicates that Swedish immigrants in general had a positive view on the possibility tosupport themselves by working in America, contrasted to the limited possibilities to do soin Sweden. Furthermore, they were attracted to America since workers there wereconsidered as equals to persons from upper social classes. Yet, Swedes also had to adaptto the new culture, for example by learning English. The immigrants did not likeeverything about America but most of them wanted to stay there for the rest of their life.The results in this study points to the same conclusions but the source material usedletterswritten by (mainly) workers- makes it possible to take the analysis a bit further, insome respects.

This master thesis in History of Science and Ideas explores ideas held by Swedishimmigrants to the United States during the period 1859-1909: their opinions about the newlife in America compared to the life they had before in Sweden. Previous researchindicates that Swedish immigrants in general had a positive view on the possibility tosupport themselves by working in America, contrasted to the limited possibilities to do soin Sweden. Furthermore, they were attracted to America since workers there wereconsidered as equals to persons from upper social classes. Yet, Swedes also had to adaptto the new culture, for example by learning English. The immigrants did not likeeverything about America but most of them wanted to stay there for the rest of their life.The results in this study points to the same conclusions but the source material usedletterswritten by (mainly) workers- makes it possible to take the analysis a bit further, insome respects.

This survey follows the development of working-class poetry from Whitman to contemporary poets. It begins by considering how the need for working-class poetry emerged. Whitman’s “Song of Myself” sought to democratize poetry both my challenging previous poetic formal conventions and broadening the scope of included subjects. Williams also challenged formal expectations, but both were limited by their historical and socioeconomic position. To combat this, I include the twentieth-century poets Ignatow and Levine who began in the working class so they could speak truths that had not been published before. Ignatow includes the phrase “dream of completion” which encapsulates various feelings of the working class. This dream could include moments of temporary leisure, but also feeling completed by societal acceptance or understanding. Finally, I include the contemporary poets Laux, Addonizio, and Espada. They complicate the “dream of completion” narrative with issues surrounding gender and race, and do not seek to find resolution.

Between Cross and Hammer. Reception of Social Thought in the Catholic Church during the First Half of the 20th Century ABSTRACT The thesis examines the construction, development, transfer, and adaptation of Catholic social thought in the first half of the 20th century. Social Catholicism is understood not only as a concept defined by the social teachings of the Church in the form of encyclicals, but primarily as a collective social practice present in society in various forms. From this perspective the thesis contributes to the debate around the secularization discourse and the role of religion in modern society. The analysis of the Social Catholic movement is done in two different national contexts: Belgium and Czechoslovakia. Comparative method finds its place dominantly in the second part of the study, which puts together the network of Social Catholic organizations and different actors in both countries. The focus on the discourse and social practices of Social Catholicism and Catholics' involvement among the working class tries to reinforce connections and links within ecclesiastical, social, and cultural history. Jakub ŠTOFANÍK

(in English) A thesis deals with the secularization of a Prague, especially Smichow working class in the second half of the 19th century. The working class is usually considered the most secular stratum and the aim of the thesis is to verify the proposition locally and to examine why the process of secularization occurred in the working class so powerfully. The working class is drafted as a social stratum in which the process acts as well as the stratum actively practices it. The process of secularization is then divided into three categories; religion - spirituality - church and the process is conceptualized as "de-catholization" as well as the spiritual transformation. In the process of the transformation, traditional religion (Catholicism), its institutions (church) and religiosity lose their socio-cultural power and are replaced by modern ideologies, state (bureaucratic and rational) structures and implicit spirituality, resp., "un- religious faith". In the process of secularization, there is particularly stressed the role of urbanization, industrialization, socialism, church and its social teaching. In the thesis, there are combined theoretical approaches of the sociology of religion (the sacred canopy) and religious studies (dimensions of the Sacred) and are applied to the secondary and...