Due to socio-political transformation, South Africa has been subjected to dramatic changes that influenced employment relationships, employment contracts between employees and employers arid the psychological contract of employees. Due to all these socio-political changes different groups of employees experience differences in their psychological contracts and have certain expectations that their organisation should fulfil. The general objective of this research is to determine the psychological contract of designated and non-designated groups of a banking institution in the North West Province. A cross-sectional survey design was used to collect the data and reach the objectives of this study. Stratified random sample (n = 131) was taken from permanently appointed designated and non-designated employees of different branches in a South African banking institution in the North West Province. A structured, self-completion questionnaire was used to collect the data. The Psycones Questionnaire and discrimination and affirmative action questions were selected from different existing questionnaires and were used to compile the questionnaire. Descriptive statistics (e.g. means, standard deviations, skewness and kurtosis) were used to analyse the data. Pearson product-moment correlation coefficients were used to assess the relationships between the variables. Multiple regression analyses were used to investigate the effects of the variables in this study, multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) was performed to assess the differences in the experience of affirmative action policies of demographic groups. Item-level analysis is performed by using analysis of variance (ANOVA). The results indicated that designated and non-designated groups of employees do not experience a difference in their breach or violation of their psychological contracts when affirmative action policies are correctly implemented and communicated. Based on the findings of this study organisations are advised to ensure that affirmative action policies are implemented correctly and communicated to all groups of employees, and then designated and non-designated employees would not differ in their experience of violation in their psychological contracts. Limitations in the research are identified and recommendations were made. / Thesis (M.Com. (Industrial Psychology))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2010.

Due to socio-political transformation, South Africa has been subjected to dramatic changes that influenced employment relationships, employment contracts between employees and employers arid the psychological contract of employees. Due to all these socio-political changes different groups of employees experience differences in their psychological contracts and have certain expectations that their organisation should fulfil. The general objective of this research is to determine the psychological contract of designated and non-designated groups of a banking institution in the North West Province. A cross-sectional survey design was used to collect the data and reach the objectives of this study. Stratified random sample (n = 131) was taken from permanently appointed designated and non-designated employees of different branches in a South African banking institution in the North West Province. A structured, self-completion questionnaire was used to collect the data. The Psycones Questionnaire and discrimination and affirmative action questions were selected from different existing questionnaires and were used to compile the questionnaire. Descriptive statistics (e.g. means, standard deviations, skewness and kurtosis) were used to analyse the data. Pearson product-moment correlation coefficients were used to assess the relationships between the variables. Multiple regression analyses were used to investigate the effects of the variables in this study, multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) was performed to assess the differences in the experience of affirmative action policies of demographic groups. Item-level analysis is performed by using analysis of variance (ANOVA). The results indicated that designated and non-designated groups of employees do not experience a difference in their breach or violation of their psychological contracts when affirmative action policies are correctly implemented and communicated. Based on the findings of this study organisations are advised to ensure that affirmative action policies are implemented correctly and communicated to all groups of employees, and then designated and non-designated employees would not differ in their experience of violation in their psychological contracts. Limitations in the research are identified and recommendations were made. / Thesis (M.Com. (Industrial Psychology))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2010.

Thesis (doctoral)--Universität Heidelberg, 1973. / Includes bibliographical references (xi-xxv).

This thesis examines the regulation of the direct-to-consumer genetic testing industry through analysis of the industry's use of wrap contracts (clickwrap and browsewrap), A significant portion of the thesis consists of a comparative document review of the publicly available wrap contracts of DTCGT companies provided tests for health purposes. It also considers other regulatory responses to date. Due to the lack of industry specific regulation it argues that the use of wrap contracts can be viewed as a means of industry self-regulation and a form of private legislation. This means that governance is skewed heavily in favour of companies and it creates an imbalance in the respective rights and obligations of the parties - company and consumer - which is likely to result in consumer detriment. It is argued that certain types of terms commonly include in DTCGT contracts, including: unilateral variation clauses; some exclusion clauses; choice of law clauses; indemnity; and consent clauses are likely to be deemed unfair and unenforceable under UK law. It recommends that in the short-term the Competition and Markets Authority should undertake a compliance review of DTCGT contracts in order to improving contracts for consumers. In the long term, companies should also be complying with data protection law, as well as legislation on medical devices and the provisions of the Human Tissue Act and there may be a need for industry specific legislation.

La réflexion sur la réglementation des contrats électroniques internationaux a pris, ces dernières années, une ampleur sans précédent.L’usage accru des communications électroniques à l’échelle internationale participe de manière remarquable à améliorer l’efficacité des activités économiques et sociales, à renforcer les relations entre Etats et à offrir de nouvelles possibilités de débouchés à des parties et à des marchés auparavant isolés.Pour cette raison, l’adoption de règles uniformes propres à éliminer les obstacles et valoriser les contrats électroniques internationaux serait susceptible de renforcer la certitude juridique et la prévisibilité commerciale des contrats internationaux et pourrait aider les États à avoir accès aux itinéraires commerciaux modernes.Le contrat électronique international constitue une nouvelle sphère qui mérite une recherche analytique afin de lui octroyer une sécurité juridique indispensable à son développement.Ce travail de recherche vise, donc, à élaborer une analyse systématique critique de la réglementation en vigueur qui régit le contrat électronique international et à examiner alors les textes existants aujourd’hui au regard des attentes de l’époque.Il vise à trouver les moyens juridiques susceptibles de garantir plus de sécurité au contrat électronique international. / Reflecting on the regulation of international electronic contracts has taken in recent years, an unprecedented scale.The increased use of electronic communications internationally participates remarkably improve the efficiency of economic and social activities, to strengthen relations between States and to offer new market opportunities to the parties and to previously isolated markets .For this reason, the adoption of uniform rules that will remove barriers and enhance international electronic contracts could strengthen legal certainty and commercial predictability for international contracts and may help States gain access to modern trade routes.International electronic contract constitutes a new sphere that deserves an analytical research to award him legal certainty necessary for its development.This research aims, therefore, to develop a systematic analysis of critical current regulations governing international electronic contract and then examine the existing texts today in light of expectations of the time.It aims to find the legal means to ensure greater security at international electronic contract.

A presente tese de doutorado procura mostrar que a coligação contratual, entendida como sendo a possibilidade de interferências recíprocas entre contratos, dá-se por força da conjunção do ordenamento jurídico com os fatos, não bastando a simples integração econômica entre negócios subjacentes para caracterizar a coligação do ponto de vista jurídico. A primeira das fontes da coligação contratual é a vontade das partes, através de cláusulas contratuais. As partes, por meio de acordos privados podem fazer com que efeitos decorrentes de um contrato produzam efeitos em outro. A segunda fonte é a lei. Muitas vezes o legislador quer que dois ou mais contratos se conectem de modo a que produzam alguns efeitos entre si. Nestes casos afasta-se a vontade das partes e prevalece a determinação do legislador. Por último, a coligação contratual pode ser uma aplicação do princípio da boa-fé. A confiança despertada, nas relações onde haja uma elevada integração econômica deve ser protegida. / This thesis aims to show that the contractualbinding, understood as the possibility of mutual interference between contracts, occurs by virtue of the conjunction of the law to the facts, not just by the simple economic integration between the underlying businesses, to characterize such binding from a legal point of view. The first source of contractual binding is the intention of the parties through contractual clauses. The parties, through private agreements may cause effects arising from a contract to interfere in another one. The second source is the law. Often the legislator or two or more contracts to connect so that together produce some effects. In these cases deviates from the will of the parties and supersedes the determination of the legislation. Finally, the contract binding can be an application of the principle of good faith. The confidence awakened in relationships where there is a high economic integration must be protected.

A presente tese de doutorado procura mostrar que a coligação contratual, entendida como sendo a possibilidade de interferências recíprocas entre contratos, dá-se por força da conjunção do ordenamento jurídico com os fatos, não bastando a simples integração econômica entre negócios subjacentes para caracterizar a coligação do ponto de vista jurídico. A primeira das fontes da coligação contratual é a vontade das partes, através de cláusulas contratuais. As partes, por meio de acordos privados podem fazer com que efeitos decorrentes de um contrato produzam efeitos em outro. A segunda fonte é a lei. Muitas vezes o legislador quer que dois ou mais contratos se conectem de modo a que produzam alguns efeitos entre si. Nestes casos afasta-se a vontade das partes e prevalece a determinação do legislador. Por último, a coligação contratual pode ser uma aplicação do princípio da boa-fé. A confiança despertada, nas relações onde haja uma elevada integração econômica deve ser protegida. / This thesis aims to show that the contractualbinding, understood as the possibility of mutual interference between contracts, occurs by virtue of the conjunction of the law to the facts, not just by the simple economic integration between the underlying businesses, to characterize such binding from a legal point of view. The first source of contractual binding is the intention of the parties through contractual clauses. The parties, through private agreements may cause effects arising from a contract to interfere in another one. The second source is the law. Often the legislator or two or more contracts to connect so that together produce some effects. In these cases deviates from the will of the parties and supersedes the determination of the legislation. Finally, the contract binding can be an application of the principle of good faith. The confidence awakened in relationships where there is a high economic integration must be protected.

S’inscrivant dans un contexte juridique et économique propice, cette thèse propose une utilisationrenouvelée de la cession de contrat adaptée au rapport de travail. Les finalités de ce mécanismejustifient l’opportunité de sa réception et de sa réalisation augurant son développement. Constatantque ni le législateur, ni le juge, ne font référence au dispositif, un effort de définition est accompli.La cession du contrat de travail est l’opération consistant à changer d’employeur avec l’accord dusalarié sans rupture. Repensées sous le prisme de la cession de contrat, les opérations se situant àla frontière du transfert d’entreprise sont clarifiées et réalisées de manière cohérente.Le particularisme du rapport de travail suppose que soit mis en place un système légal garantissantle consentement du salarié. Instaurant une continuité contractuelle, la mise en œuvre de cetinstrument confirme son utilité. / Within a propitious legal and economic environment, this PhD thesis sheds the light of a suitableand renewed use of the assignment of contract. The purposes of the mechanism foster itsdevelopment. The lack of definition by lawmakers and judges tends to render such workmandatory. The assignment of contract shall be the operation changing of employer by mutualagreement with the employee without any termination. All operations closed to transfer ofundertaking are therefore clarified. The specificity of employment relationship involves a legalregime ensuring the consent of employee. Establishing a contractual continuum, its usefulness isjustified by its implementation.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第21725号 / 工博第4542号 / 新制||工||1708(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院工学研究科都市社会工学専攻 / (主査)教授 小林 潔司, 教授 大津 宏康, 教授 山田 忠史 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering) / Kyoto University / DFAM

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