Contracts capture an agreement between two parties to exchange a resource in the future (ex-ante), however the future is not certain. Only after the event has happened, might the two parties compare the resources they have received to what they expected (ex-post). Entering into a contract with unknowns gives rise to incomplete contracts theory, the focus of which includes the study of human behavior. Relational contracting is currently being studied as a method of reducing the transaction costs and incompleteness of contracts. Using case studies, this research aimed to reach a conclusion regarding why certain contractual projects run over budget. Overruns are often related to a variation agreement that is incomplete and open to interpretation. Understanding what the issues are and how to mitigate contractual risks was thus a key focus of this research. The research examined two industries - construction and IT. From the case studies, 16 interviews were conducted and 12 contracts reviewed. The least concern for all the parties was disputes, as the parties find solutions to address issues not considered when drafting contracts. Industry specific experience and knowledge is needed to mitigate some unknown contractual risks, however. Relational contracting was also very evident in resolving issues outside of a contract. Further studies into ancillary contracts will reveal more insight into behavioural and relational contracting. / Dissertation(MBA)--Gordon Institute of Business Science, University of Pretoria,2018. / Gordon Institute of Business Science (GIBS) / MBA / Unrestricted

This research stems from the need by organisations to retain their key talent in the context of the change in the psychological contract manifesting in the emergence of boundaryless careers. Employees have ceased to be loyal to one organisation and this has marginalised employers as they still need to retain their key talent as a source of competitive advantage. Most organisations have segmented their workforce to develop talent pools of high potential employees to meet the organisation’s current and future critical skills needs. Hence, this study investigates the impact of inclusion in the talent pool on the psychological contract. Various instruments in the literature study were used to measure the psychological contract of employees in the talent pools in comparison to those not in talent pools. These include the transactional and relational psychological contract instrument by Millward and Hopkins (1998), organisational citizenship behaviour by Coyle-Shapiro (2002), trust by Robinson and Rousseau (1994) and turnover intention by Blomme et al. (2010). The study presents findings from 195 employees from three different organisations, about 50% of whom were in talent pools. The study shows that both groups of employees in and outside talent pools consider their psychological contract with their employers as less transactional. Although being part of the talent pool has a positive impact on the relational psychological contract and organisational commitment, it does not necessarily translate into trust and the intention to stay with organisations. Employees in talent pools are not different to those not in talent pools with regard to trust and the turnover intention. The report offers insights aimed at managers to understand the psychological contracts of their employees within the talent pools to avoid unnecessary violations and to explore new value propositions that are aligned to those contracts. Copyright / Dissertation (MBA)--University of Pretoria, 2010. / Gordon Institute of Business Science (GIBS) / unrestricted

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Thesis (M.S.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering, 2004. / MIT Instute Archives copy: reproduced from microfiche held by MIT Barker Engineering Library. / "June, 1962." / Includes bibliographical references (leaf 46). / by Gay Loran Carley. / M.S.

The aim of the thesis was to describe and compare relations arising from carriage of persons or articles, namely liability of contracting parties according to individual contractual types. Another goal was to compare individual principles of liability. Kinds of liability of the contracting parties ensuring carriage services by the contract type are as follows: (1) carrier - carriage of the person (a) timeliness of carriage, (b) damage to health, (c) damage to baggage carried with the passenger, (d) damage to the article which the passenger had with him during carriage (e) damage to baggage carried separately from the passenger; (2) carrier - carriage of goods a) loss of consignment, b) destruction of consignment, c) damage to consignment, d) depreciation of consignment, e) exceeding delivery time; (3) operator; (a) incapacity of the means of transport; (b) damage caused by operation of the means of transport; (4) lessor - incapacity of the means of transport; (5) storage provider - storage and custody of articles; (6) freight forwarder - provision of carriage; (7) mandatory - informing the mandator about true fulfillment of his order. Reasons to be relieved of liability apply to all contracting parties providing carriage services. Reasons to be relieved of liability may be unprivileged (common...

Mikrotjänstarkitektur är den senaste trenden inom mjukvaruutveckling som gör det möjligt att bygga komplexa system från mindre tjänster utformade för att vara självförsörjande och fokuserade på en specifik affärsfunktionalitet. Dessa kan utvecklas, testas, driftsättas och skalas oberoende av varandra, vilket gör att team kan vara mer autonoma och leverera värde till kunder snabbare. Bolagsverket är i processen att övergå till en arkitektur baserad på mikrotjänster men dess långa historia av omfattande end-to-end-tester som är komplexa att sätta upp, långsamma att köra och kräver mycket resurser gör det svårt att testa att integrationerna fortsätter att fungera efter att ändringar har införts. Contract testing underlättar denna verifiering. Studien implementerar Consumer-Driven förhållningssättet till tekniken med ramverken Pact och Spring Cloud Contract med syftet att undersöka hur integrationen mellan två tjänster som kommunicerar via ett REST API kan testas isolerat, samtidigt som man säkerställer att de kommer att fortsätta att interagera som förväntas när den faktiska integrationen testas. De kvantitativa och kvalitativa resultaten från fem semistrukturerade intervjuer visar att Bolagsverket i genomsnitt skulle kunna minska tiden det tar att leverera en funktion med 24 %, öka frekvensen av distribution med 42 % och minska infrastrukturkostnader med 52 %. Det här skulle göra det möjligt att ersätta end-to-end tester tidigt i utvecklingscykeln med kontraktstester och att ha en enda testmiljö med fullständiga integrationer innan driftsättning till produktion. Tekniken har emellertid vissa inneboende kostnader och garanterar i sig inte alla fördelar med en mikrotjänstarkitektur / Microservices architecture are the latest trend in software development enabling to build complex systems from smaller services designed to be self-sufficient and focused on a specific business functionality. These can be developed, tested, deployed, and scaled independently, allowing teams to be more autonomous and deliver value to customers faster. The Swedish Companies Registration Office, Bolagsverket, is in the process of transitioning toward a microservices architecture but its long history of extensive reliance on end-to-end tests that are complex to set up, slow to run, and require plenty of resources makes it difficult to test that the integrations continue to work after changes are introduced. Contract testing facilitates such verification. The study implements the Consumer-Driven approach to this technique with the frameworks Pact and Spring Cloud Contract with the objective of investigating how the integration between two services communicating via a REST API can be tested in isolation, while ensuring that they will continue to interact as expected when the actual integration is tested. The quantitative and qualitative results from five semi-structured interviews show that, on average, the agency could decrease the time it takes to deliver a feature by 24%, increase the deployment frequency by 42%, and reduce infrastructural expenses by 52%. This would allow to replace end-toend tests early in the development cycle with contract tests, and to have a sole test environment with complete integrations before deploying to production. However, the technique has some inherent costs and on its own does not guarantee all the benefits of a microservices architecture

This study examines present beliefs and expectations amongst university students which define the higher educational setting in Sweden. These beliefs and expectations can be understood as a Teaching Contract, which refers to a Social Contract between students, instructors, and higher education in general. The Teaching Contract is a part of a larger Educational Contract, that occurs between higher education and society. Furthermore, the study examines how beliefs and expectations concerning special treatment amongst Swedish students can be understood as a manifestation of Academic Entitlement. The current study indicates that Swedish university students give expression to an individualistic paradox. The individualistic paradox consists of an intrinsic conflict, due to a wish that higher education should be available for a large and diverse student population while at the same time, a broadened student population limits the possibility for individual preferences to be met. The intrinsic conflict is assumed to exist within a given group of students, while consequently affecting the Teaching Contract in general. Accordingly, the current study suggests a development of the existing definition of the Teaching Contract by including a Student Contract. Additionally, Academic Entitlement is suggested to be understood as an interpersonal phenomenon that is situationally bound withing a given interaction at a given moment. / Föreliggande studie behandlar hur den svenska högskolans konkreta undervisningsverksamhet villkoras av högskolestudenters föreställningar och förväntningar. Föreställningarna och förväntningarna antas lägga grund för ett undervisningskontrakt; ett socialt kontrakt mellan studenter, lärare och utbildning som utgör en del av ett större utbildningskontrakt, vilket omfattar förhållandet mellan samhället och den högre utbildningen. Vidare behandlas hur samtida studenters föreställningar och förväntningar om individanpassning kan förstås som ett generellt problematiskt beteende i termer av akademiskt berättigande. Studiens huvudsakliga fynd tolkas vara att studenter ger uttryck för en individualistisk paradox, där studenter vill att högskolan ska vara tillgänglig för en heterogen sammansättning samtidigt som ökad tillgänglighet står i konflikt med möjligheter för tillgodoseende av individuella behov. Konflikten antas utspela sig inom studentgruppen, samtidigt som den får konsekvenser för det sammantagna undervisningskontraktet. Därmed föreslås en begreppsutveckling genom att inkludera ett studentkontrakt som en självständig komponent inom undervisningskontraktet. Vidare föreslås akademiskt berättigande vara en relationell företeelse, vars definition är bunden till en given interaktion vid en given tidpunkt mellan student och lärare.

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The purpose of this study is to determine the nature and characteristics of the contractual relathionship between boards of education and public school teachers. The purpose is also to determine by analysis of a group of contract forms the nature of the stipulations found in the average contract.

What do we owe to each other in civil society? And what do we owe to each other specifically in the aftermath of a large-scale moral transgression that implicates or impacts a large portion of the population? This dissertation, which takes place at the intersection of political and moral philosophy, begins with this question. I argue that in order to make sense of our social and political obligations under the circumstances of so-called transitional justice, we must first interrogate the moral grounding of those obligations — an activity that is all too easy to overlook or engage in non-reflectively. I argue that while a consequentialist approach to ethical value underlies our intuitions in transitional justice as presently practiced, a contractualist approach offers a promising alternative. On my account, a contract-based approach is especially well-suited to transitional moments, not only because it conveys the collaborative nature of the transitional project, but because it reifies the agency and autonomy of previously victimized individuals. Chapter I draws out the distinction between transitional justice as an array of formal mechanisms and practices (‘formal transitional justice’) and transitional justice as a collection of intuitions about response to grievous wrongdoing (‘ideal transitional justice’). Our ideas about transitional justice influence and shape the form it ultimately takes on the world stage, and those ideas are informed in large part by our moral intuitions. To that end, I introduce the notion of ‘transitional ethics’ as a complement to transitional justice. In Chapter II, I make the case that a thorough exploration of transitional ethics requires us to investigate the suitability of various ethical approaches for the transitional moment. While virtue ethical and deontological approaches fail to resonate robustly with the unique demands of the transitional moment, consequentialist and contractualist approaches succeed. Indeed, the former is already implicitly present in most scholarly theorizing about transitional justice, but the latter deserves increased attention. It is with this consideration that the remainder of the dissertation is concerned. Chapter III considers the impact of a contractualist transitional ethic on victim experiences, and makes the case that the contractualist emphasis on relationships lends itself particularly well to the reification of their moral worth and dignity. Chapter IV turns towards perpetrators, particularly to cases of ‘complex’ perpetrators who themselves may also be victims in some sense or another. Chapter V engages with the final puzzle: how can we hold wrongdoers retributively accountable (if indeed such a thing is desirable) when we orient our approach to transitional justice around the recognition of personal dignity? I argue that the recognition of personal dignity, which contractualism emphasizes, is not incompatible with accountability. Rather, conceiving of perpetrators as signatories to the social contract protects their fundamental rights while emphasizing their civil responsibilities.