Apesar da diminuição dos índices de violência na última década, o número de mortes por causas externas, não naturais, ainda é muito elevado na cidade de São Paulo. Os mais atingidos são jovens do sexo masculino moradores das periferias. Nesta pesquisa foram entrevistados adolescentes que cumpriam medida socioeducativa em meio aberto em duas casas de Liberdade Assistida, nas periferias sul e norte da cidade. O objetivo foi verificar como os jovens em questão percebem o fenômeno da morte na adolescência, que causas e que soluções atribuem a ele. A abordagem foi qualitativa, tanto para a coleta quanto para o tratamento do material obtido. Em seus relatos, os colaboradores denunciam a exposição constante a situações de violência, risco de morte e perda de pessoas queridas em conflitos com a polícia ou assassinadas por vingança. Apontam como uma das principais causas da morte de jovens a falta de valor dado à vida. Como solução, recomendam a ampliação do número de vagas de emprego, a eliminação das armas de fogo, do tráfico de drogas, e a urbanização das favelas; ressaltam, assim, a importância da inclusão social e da valorização da vida. Este é um tema que demanda pesquisas para embasar políticas públicas que visem a minimizar o desperdício de vidas de adolescentes e estabelecer uma cultura de paz através da inclusão social. / Although the decreasing rates of violence in the last decade, the number of deaths by external, not natural, causes is still elevated in São Paulo. The most affected are male teenagers and young adults living at the edges of the city. In this research teenagers that were placed into socio-educational measure in freedom at two facilities for Accompany Freedom of southern and northern edges of the city were interviewed. The target was to verify how they observe the phenomenon of death during adolescence, its origins and causes, and solutions for it. The approach was qualitative, for both collecting and analyzing data. In their narrations, the interviewed teenagers denunciate constant exposure to violence situations, risk of death, and loss of their beloved ones during conflicts with police or murdered as vengeance. They point the lack of value of life as one of the main causes for those deaths. As solution, they recommend increasing the number of available jobs, eliminating fire guns, illegal drug trade, and restructuring shantytowns (favelas); thus, they remark the significance of social inclusion and worth of life. This subject demands more researches to ground public policies that aim minimizing the waste of teenager\'s lives, and establishing a culture of peace through social inclusion.

Bakgrund: Palliativ vård är en vårdform som skall förbättra eller upprätthålla livskvalitet för döende patienter och dess närstående. I stora delar av världen finns ingen tillgång till specialiserad palliativ vård, men kraven ökar för att det skall erkännas som en mänsklig rättighet. Närstående till döende patienter på vårdavdelningar inom akutsjukvård upplever inte att de får tillräckligt med stöd och uppmärksamhet. Vården bör kännetecknas av en professionell vårdrelation och från sjuksköterskans perspektiv skall vårdrelationen präglas av kunskap, öppenhet och reflektion. Syfte: Att beskriva sjuksköterskors upplevelser av att vårda döende patienter på en   vårdavdelning inom somatisk akutsjukvård. Metod: En litteraturöversikt baserad på tio vetenskapliga originalartiklar. Av dessa artiklar var nio kvalitativa och en mixad. Resultat: Sammanställningen för materialet resulterade i fyra huvudteman och två underteman; Sjuksköterskans uppfattning om en god palliativ vård, Döden i sjuksköterskans dagliga arbete med två underteman När tiden inte räcker till och När döden närmar sig. Sjuksköterskors upplevelser av att skapa en god vårdmiljö och Kommunikationens betydelse för palliativ vård. Diskussion: Det sammanställda resultatet och dess tillvägagångssätt diskuterades i en resultat- och metoddiskussion. Resultatet problematiserades i relation till bakgrund, utökad litteratur och vetenskapliga studier samt utifrån Virginia Hendersons omvårdnadsteori. / Background: Palliative care is a type of care that should improve or maintain quality of life for dying patients and their relatives. In many parts of the world specialized palliative care is not available but there is an increasing demand that it should be recognized as a human right. Relatives of dying patients at wards in emergency hospitals do not experience that they receive enough support and attention. The care should be characterized by a professional care relation and from the nurses’ perspective the care relation should contain knowledge, openness and reflection. Aim: To describe nurses’ experiences of caring for dying patients at a somatic ward in emergency hospitals. Method: A literature review based on ten scientific articles. Nine articles were qualitative and one article mixed method. Results: The compilation of the material resulted in four main themes and two subthemes; Nurse’s perception of good palliative care, Death in nurses daily work with two subthemes When there is not enough time and When death comes closer. Nurses’ experiences of creating a good caring environment and The meaning of communication for palliative care. Discussion: The compiled result and the way it was achieved were discussed in a result- and method discussion. The result was problematized in relation to background, additional literature and scientific studies and Virginia Hendersons nursing theory.

Flertalet sjuksköterskor upplever svårigheter i att vårda döende patienter. Olika känslor uppkommer och varierar beroende på tidigare erfarenhet inom området. För att patienten ska dö med värdighet krävs det att livskvaliteten upprätthålls ända fram till dödstillfället. Problem i omvårdnaden synliggörs när sjuksköterskan upplever att egen erfarenhet, kunskap och förståelse inte är tillräcklig. Det kan resultera i kommunikationssvårigheter, osäkerhet och en otillräcklig helhetssyn av patienten. Syftet med studien är att undersöka hur sjuksköterskor utan erfarenhet inom palliativ vård upplever vårdandet av patienter i livets slutskede. Metoden som användes var allmän litteraturbaserad metod. Nio vårdvetenskapliga studier ingår i resultatet och tre teman kunde urskiljas: Erfarenhet av döden i vårdande kontext, kommunikation och sjuksköterskans upplevelse av döden. Ur dessa teman framkom sju subteman: att bli känslomässigt påverkad, erfarenhet av vårdande i livets slut, att kommunicera med patient och anhöriga, att kommunicera med kollegor, när kommunikationen är en utmaning, den goda döden, den dåliga döden. Resultatet påvisar vikten av kommunikation, erfarenhet, ärlighet och öppenhet i vårdandet av patienten i livets slutskede. Utifrån resultatet diskuteras utvalda upplevelser som vårdandet i livets slutskede medför. Detta gäller sjuksköterskans känslor, erfarenhet, förmåga att kommunicera samt sjuksköterskestudenter och handledares perspektiv. Genom reflektion kan ökad förståelse och därmed ökad kunskap uppnås. Sammantaget är det många faktorer som behövs för att vårdandet i livets slutskede ska vara av god kvalitet.

This essay is a corpus based study, aimed at determining which euphemisms for death American and British English have in common as well as which might be more specific for either of these two varieties of the English language. The study also shows the frequency in use for all of the chosen euphemisms and briefly mentions when they first were used. Six euphemisms concerning death and dying were selected out of numerous available expressions: deceased, pass away, perish, demise, the departed and fade away. In addition, the word die was also included in the investigation with the purpose of determining if euphemisms are more common. Cobuild Direct Corpus serves as the main source of the investigation and comparisons are made between the National Public Radio broadcasts and US books corpora for the American variety of the English language and the BBC World Service radio broadcasts and the UK books corpora for the British counterpart. In addition, the British English transcribed informal speech corpus was included to display the frequency in use in British spoken English. The analysis concludes that the use of euphemisms for death is not very common, which implies that people in our day of age are not as afraid of death as what is claimed to have been the case during earlier years.

This work is focused on death and dying in ancienit Greece and Rome nad at times today. The purpose of this work was comparinf differences between theese two different times of our history and pointing to differences in burial rites and perception of the death. Comparing two different eras of our history I found out, that death was percieved differently eventhoug there were few common elements. Burial rites of antic people are in thein modified version accomplished nowadays too.

The goal of this thesis, "Psychological and social aspects of healthcare personnel's work with a dying patient", is to examine the socially unattractive issue of dying. Despite the fact that dying is a natural process, we often treat it with contempt and concern. We inspect this topic through a prism of healthcare personnel view, who is in contact with dying and death on a daily basis. In the theoretical part, we have first described the concept of death from historical point of view and afterwards we have narrowed it down to psychological-medical view of dying. Next, we have introduced the area of lenitive care for a dying patient, which is closely related to the topic of euthanasia. Of course, in relation to euthanasia, we then talked about medical ethics. This way we have circled around the relationship between a medic and his patient, the specifics of their communication, and finally we have described the psychological stress of healthcare personnel, possible coping strategies and eventual defensive mechanisms. Bibliography also features current research, both domestic and foreign. In the empirical part, we have attempted to map and describe psychosocial aspects relevant to working with a dying patient, with emphasis on identifying stress factors and strategies for healthcare personnel to cope...

This research focused on experiences of dying patients and hospice nurses in a hospice unit. The research objectives were to (i) acquire more extensive knowledge about how dying patients and hospice nurses experience life and death and (ii) describe patients who were cared for during a 10-year period in an inpatient hospice ward. Data were gathered via interviews with 19 nurses and 11 patients. An interpretive description method was used to analyze interview results. Data were also gathered from institutional care records that included gender, age, marital status, diagnosis, referral source, and length of stay (666 women and 555 men). Descriptive statistics were used to describe basic features of the study's data and to compare differences between women and men. The main finding from interviewing the nurses was that they were struggling to acknowledge and unveil the person within the weakening body. In doing so, they used various strategies such as (i) striving to understand patients’ experiences of body function loss; (ii) encouraging patients to uphold body functions and daily habits; (iii) acknowledging and balancing patients’ need for body control; and (iv) providing tender care for the body. After 2 years of work in hospice care, nurses described that facing the dying and death of many patients had an impact on daily work and private life. The close relationship with the dying patient led to existential issues concerning the meaning of life and death, which were conceptualized into this theme: death as an agent of change. Eleven years later, the presence of death took a less dominant place in the nurses’ lives, and the theme became: death as a companion in life. In the long-term, nurses emphasized that their relationships with dying patients fostered their professional and personal growth. The findings from interviewing the patients revealed that when death became a reality, life took on new meaning, and they acquired new values that were important to preserve or protect; this triggered need for feeling secure within this situation. These revelations were manifest in three sub-themes: (i) when possible death becomes a reality; (ii) living with death as a reality, and (iii) a need for a feeling of security. And this main theme was conceptualized: making sense of life close to death. Results regarding patients in hospice ward care over a 10-year period revealed significant differences between women and men. More women than men were single, had cancer with relatively short trajectories, and were referred from the oncology department. More men than women were diagnosed with types of cancer with somewhat longer trajectories. Despite longer trajectories, length of stay was shorter for men than for women. The most frequent referral source was the hospital. But compared to women, men (particularly younger men) were more often referred from home-based hospice care. The findings expand knowledge about dying and its various configurations; consequently, care and support needs will vary. For the dying person, it is important to know that care is provided according to the person’s preferences and given when needed.

La question de la fin de vie et du processus de deuil qui s’ensuit pour le proche du défunt reste toujours d’actualité tant elle comporte d’énigmes. Comment pouvons-nous penser que le travail du deuil puisse être facilité ? La présente recherche a pour objectif d’étudier, en appui sur les travaux et les théories de D. W. Winnicott, comment le soin peut être transitionnel dans la relation et dans l’espace intersubjectif créé par la triade composée du soignant, du patient et du «proche-tiers». A partir d’un échantillon de 30 patients, les entretiens semi-directifs de 21 soignants et de 8 proches ont été analysés. Cette analyse nous permet de montrer de quelle manière le soin est transitionnel dans l’accompagnement. Elle nous montre également quels bénéfices peut avoir l’accompagnement en fin de vie, d’une part pour le patient dans l’ici et maintenant de sa fin de vie, d’autre part, pour le soignant dans l’ici et maintenant de l’accompagnement proposé mais aussi dans «l’après-coup» pour les autres accompagnements qu’il pourra proposer. Enfin, un troisième bénéfice certain est pour le «proche-tiers» dans l’ici et maintenant de l’accompagnement de son proche malade mais également par la suite dans la conduite du deuil. / Questions revolving around end of life and the grieving process that follows for loved ones are as relevant as they are puzzling. Is it unrealistic to think that mourning can be facilitated? This research aims to examine and build upon the work and theories of D. W. Winnicott. This research delves into how care may be transitional in the relationship and in the intersubjective space created by a triad of care: medical caregiver(s), patient and loved ones. From a sample of 30 patients, semi-structured interviews with 21 medical caregivers and 8 relatives were analyzed. This analysis shows how the care is transitional in the accompaniment. This research reveals the benefits of creating a transitional space during end of life care. First and foremost, it assists the patient in the here and the now of end of life; it, then, aids the caregivers. Medical caregivers and loved ones alike benefited from accompanying the patients in death both during the palliative care stages as well as afterwards as they worked through the grieving process.

This thesis explores the access of care for the terminally ill in hospitals from 1945 until present. Issue include humane access to medics and nurses for terminally ill patients, and focus on the changes in care over time. The focus of exploration is palliative care in hospitals, awareness of palliative care, and the education of medics and nurses in this domain. Studies of postwar information is an integral part of this thesis's empirical research. This thesis deals with death as a taboo of modern society, and aspects of experiences of the terminally ill in last phase of life. The postwar period has emphasized spirituality, but the quality of care in the hospitals has worsened over time. After 1948, in the period of real socialism, there has been a measured deficit of psychological and spiritual support, less involvement from sanitary personnel, but a measured increase from the support of families. The present has put emphases on expertise, but there is less family cohesion and space for family care. The growing bureaucracy of sanitary care, and in general, more serious cases, has led to the work becoming harder.

Almost everybody at some point in life experiences the event of a dying of a close person. It presents the perspective of the end of existence, which is often difficult to relate to. That is understandable, because a living person typically doesn't want to imagine their own death - nonetheless, it seems to be important to be able to accept death and dying as a closing period of life. Theoretical section of the thesis characterizes phenomena of death and dying and their psychological context, as well as e.g. mourning. Next, palliative care is described as a field, which sees death and dying or care for the dying and their close persons respectively as its main area of focus. Lastly, the theoretical section analyzes wellbeing and coping strategies in relation to death and dying as extraordinary situations, in which all sorts of effects and processes occur that influence these psychological characteristics. Empirical section focuses on connecting wellbeing and coping strategies to the process of dying of a close person in young adults. Members of this age group usually already have several distinct experiences with dying and death of a close person, them being relatives or other close persons. Results of the study showed a wide scale of used coping strategies, as well as the fact that circumstances...