A number of reforms described as the New Public Management (NPM) have been introduced in the UK. Key elements of this are the introduction of markets, an increase in the production of performance information and changes to organisational structures. This research evaluates the impact of these reforms on accountability. In order to do this a model of effective accountability is developed from the existing literature. The criteria of effective accountability are the provision of information by the steward, clarity of assignment of responsibilities, the ability of the principal to control the steward and the ability of the principal to apply rewards or impose sanctions An overview of the NPM and accountability is provided in the first paper. Three papers examine the impact of increased performance information on accountability, through an analysis of documents and plans. The conclusion is that the information provided does not meet the needs of the relevant stakeholders. Three further papers assess the impact of changes in organisational structure and find that clarity and democratic accountability are marginally enhanced. The final paper analyses the impact of a consumer approach to accountability in education. It concludes that resistance to this, from officials and politicians, diluted the possible benefits of increased clarity and sanctions for parents. The eight pieces of research show that although accountability overall has not been significantly enhanced, the impact of reforms has varied between the different elements of effective accountability. The giving of an account and clarity of account have been strengthened by the reforms, but there is more limited evidence on the other two criteria. These latter two areas in particular are important issues for further research on accountability. This research has contributed significantly to our understanding of the impact of reforms on accountability. This has been achieved through original empirical research as well as theoretical developments concerning the importance of information and the quality of data required by different stakeholders.

In this study perceived ethical leadership was examined as a moderator of the relationship between the dark triad personality traits of narcissism, Machiavellianism, psychopathy and counterproductive work behavior (CWB) using a sample of 208 employees recruited through Amazon Mechanical Turk. These participants completed measures of personality (Short Dark Triad; Jones & Paulhus, 2014), counterproductive workplace behavior (Counterproductive Work Behavior Checklist; Spector et al., 2006), and employee perception of their direct supervisor’s ethical leadership (Brown, Treviño, & Harrison, 2005). Participants were compensated $0.65 for completing the survey. Correlation and moderation analyses (Hayes, 2012) were used to analyze data. Significant correlations suggest that individuals scoring high on Machiavellianism and psychopathy also reported engaging in more CWB. The relationship between Narcissism and counterproductive workplace behavior approached significance in the predicted direction. Machiavellianism and psychopathy were not negatively related to the employee’s perception of their supervisor’s ethical leadership. Narcissism was significantly positively related to an employee’s perception of their supervisor’s ethical leadership. Finally, ethical leadership did not moderate the relationship between Machiavellianism or psychopathy and CWB. Ethical leadership did not moderate the relationship between Narcissism and CWB, but results were approaching significance in the predicted direction. These results suggest that employees who are manipulative and lack empathy were more likely to engage in harmful behaviors in the workplace such as abuse, production deviance, sabotage, theft, and withdrawal. Further, employees who were more narcissistic and have a grandiose view of themselves were more likely to view their leaders as ethical. Overall, the results of this study indicate that perceived ethical leadership does not affect the frequency in which employees high in narcissism, Machiavellianism, and psychopathy reported engaging in counterproductive work behaviors.

Summaries in English and Afrikaans / The aim of this thesis is to search for an "ethical" interpretation of equality. Although the current South African approach of "substantive" equality is better than mere "formal" equality, I fear that even substantive equality will again deny or reduce difference. An "ethical" interpretation of equality is a way of interpretation that radically acknowledges difference and otherness. I argue for an ethical interpretation of equality as an alternative to substantive and formal equality. The intersection between public space, equality and justice is essential to such an ethical interpretation. An ethical interpretation of equality requires that present South African visions of public space must be reconstructed and transformed continuously. This means that an ethical interpretation of equality rejects finality and closure in respect of public space. The visions of public space and perspectives of equality that I support are alert to difference and otherness. My understanding of justice is that it is never fully achieved in the present. Justice functions as a future orientated ideal. The "ethical" in an ethical interpretation of equality reflects an awareness of the limits of any present system to encompass equality and justice completely. Visions of public space, perspectives on equality and landscapes of justice (the features of the ethical intersection) form the main sections of the thesis. I discuss the South African Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) as a manifestation of the ethical intersection between public space, equality and justice. The TRC was an outstanding example of reconstruction and transformation of public space. It was a public space where each and every individual was treated equally while concrete contexts, specific circumstances and difference were taken into account. The TRC as event was inspired by the ideal of justice. The value of the TRC as a manifestation of the ethical intersection is the profound effect it may have on our interpretation of equality by demonstrating the limits of the substantive approach. / Die doel van hierdie proefskrif is om ondersoek in te stel na 'n "etiese" interpretasie van gelykheid. Alhoewel die huidige Suid-Afrikaanse benadering van "substantiewe" gelykheid beter is as blote formele gelykheid, vrees ek dat selfs substantiewe gelykheid weereens verskil sal ontken of gering skat. 'n "Etiese" interpretasie van gelykheid is 'n manier van interpretasie wat radikaal kennis neem van verskil en andersheid. Ek argumenteer vir 'n etiese interpretasie van gelykheid as 'n alternatief tot substantiewe en formele gelykheid. Die interseksie tuseen publieke spasie, gelykheid en geregtigheid is noodsaaklik vir so 'n etiese interpretasie. 'n Etiese interpretasie van gelykheid vereis dat huidige Suid-Afrikaanse visies van publieke spasie aanhoudend gerekonstrueer en getransformeer moet word. Dit beteken dat 'n etiese interpretasie van gelykheid finaliteit en geslotenheid met betrekking tot publieke spasie verwerp. Die visies van publieke spasie en perspektiewe op gelykheid wat ek ondersteun is gevoelig vir verskil en andersheid. Ek verstaan geregtigheid as nooit volkome bereikbaar in die teenswoordige nie. Geregtigheid tree op as 'n toekomsgerigte ideaal. Die "etiese" in 'n etiese interpretasie van gelykheid weerspieel 'n bewustheid van die onvermoe van enige teenswoordige sisteem om gelykheid en geregtigheid volledig te omvat. Visies van publieke spasie, perspektiewe op gelykheid en landskappe van geregtigheid (die eienskappe van die etiese interseksie) vorm die hoofafdelings van die proefskrif. Ek bespreek die Suid-Afrikaanse Waarheids-en Versoeningskommissie (WVK) as 'n manifestasie van die etiese interseksie tussen publieke spasie, gelykheid en geregtigheid. Die WVK was 'n uitstaande voorbeeld van die rekonstruksie en transformasie van publieke spasie. Dit was 'n publieke spasie waar elke individu gelyk behandel is terwyl konkrete kontekste, spesifieke omstandighede en verskil in ag geneem is. Die WVK as 'n gebeurtenis is ge'lnspireer deur die ideaal van geregtigheid. Die waarde van die WVK as 'n manifestasie van die etiese interseksie is die diepgaande effek wat dit op ons interpretasie van gelykheid kan he deur die beperkings van die teenswoordige substantiewe benadering uit te wys. / Constitutional, International and Indigenous Law / LL.D.

Die inhoud van die studie verklank 'n paging om vanuit 'n meta­ bleties-andragogiese perspektief 'n greep op die onloenbare werk­ likheid van 'n voortdurend veranderende arbeids- en bestuursmi­ lieu te verkry, deur tot die radix van die problematiek rakende die arbeids- en bestuursetiese-ageinsgebeure deur te dring. Die bevindinge waartoe gekom is, dui pertinent daarop dat ar­ beids- en bestuursetiese-begeleiding as gevolg van verskeie de­ struktiewe invloede vanuit die tegnokratiese bestel teenswoordig nie meer so vanselfsprekend en toereikend geskied nie. Inteen­ deel, die eietydse bestuurder se begeleidingsopgawe word al moei­liker en al hoe meer gekompliseerd en in baie gevalle selfs on­moontlik. Hierdie toedrag van sake gee dan oak daartoe aanleiding dat die hedendaagse bestuurder in sy handel en wandel nie meer altyd be­ treffende "etiese kwessies" 'n onderskeid kan tref tussen wat "reg" en wat "verkeerd" is nie. Sodanige gebeure hou verreikende gevolge in vir die begeleideling (ondergeskikte) se toereikende arbeids- en bestuursetiese-volwassewording, aangesien die bestuurder ten spyte van sy begeleideling se ageinsnood aan etiese-begeleiding, nie daartoe instaat is om 'n nastrewenswaar­ digevoorbeeld van arbeids- en bestuursetiese-volwassenheid te kan stel nie. Arbeids- en bestuursetiese-volwassenheid kan derhalwe slegs be reik word aan die hand van die praktykwording van die normbeeld van arbeids- en bestuursetiese-volwassenheid. In organisasieverband geskied sodanige praktykwording deur die vestiging en insti­tusionalisering van 'n etiese kultuur met 'n etiese gedragskode wat as meet- en rigsnoer dien ten opsigte van etiese en morele kwessies. Deur middel van hierdie etiese gedragskode kan die kriteria vir 'n normbeeld van arbeids- en bestuursetiese-volwassenheid dan as norme binne die etiese kultuur van 'n bepaalde organisasie gevestig word. / The contents of this study represents an attempt to obtain a metabletic-andragogical perspective-grasp on the indisputable reality of an ever-changing labour- and management-milieu by penetrating to the radix of the problematic nature, regarding the labour- and managerial-ethical-agein occurrence. The resultant findings that were arrived at pertinently indicate that labour- and managerial-ethical-guidance is obviously at present not being sufficiently achieved as a result of various de­structive influences from within the technocratic dispensation. On the contrary, the present-day manager's guidance-role has become so much more difficult and complicated and in many cases even impossible. This state of affairs also gives rise to the fact that the modern-day manager cannot always distinguish the difference between what is "right" and "wrong" regarding "ethical issues" in his daily life. Such an occurrence has particularly far-reaching implications for the protege's (subordinate's) adequate labour­ and managerial-ethical-adulthood, since the manager, in spite of his protege's agein-need for ethical-guidance, is incapable of setting an example of labour- and managerial-ethical-adulthood worthy of emulation. Labour- and managerial-ethical-adulthood could therefore only be attained by putting into practice the norm-image of labour- and managerial-ethical-adulthood. In organisational-context such implementation occurs through the establishment and institutionalisation of an ethical-culture with an ethical code of conduct as criteria for evaluating ethical and moral issues. These cri­teria for a norm-image of labour- and managerial-ethical-adult hood could be established as norms within the ethical climate of a particular organisation by means of such an ethical code of conduct / Philosophy, Practical and Systematic Theology / D.Ed. (Philosophy of Education)

Based on fourteen months of ethnographic fieldwork in población ‘La Victoria’, a working-class neighbourhood in the city of Santiago, this research describes the everyday lives of its inhabitants (pobladores) in the context of contemporary neoliberal Chile. Although the pobladores’ movement had animated Chilean politics since the 1950s, also becoming the main actor in the struggle against the dictatorship, after the return to democracy in 1990 pobladores disappeared from the political arena. Most researchers have proposed that the political absence of pobladores must be understood as an effect of neoliberal modernization – a set of policies implemented during dictatorship and maintained by successive democratic governments after 1990. Their main argument is that a major cultural transformation in Chile has degraded social ties producing a consumeristic, individualistic and depoliticized society. Instead, I propose that pobladores from La Victoria have, despite the transformations, preserved a form of conviviality based on strong affective bonds with kin, friends and neighbours – alongside equally sentimental separations and divisions from others. I argue that, due to their pervasiveness and importance in pobladores’ lives, social relationships are the main agents in the articulation of pobladores’ ethical frameworks guiding their decisions and actions in life. Pobladores’ affective social relationships have allowed them not only to mitigate the side effects of the current neoliberal model, but also to accept, adapt and contest specific aspects of it. In this sense, life in the población has a heterogeneous grammar, a way in which social relations are articulated and disarticulated, activated and de-activated, connecting personal lives to collective processes. This grammar of strong affective ties, terrible betrayals and deep but changing separations and divisions is what I call the ‘politics of the everyday life’. This politics of everyday life lies behind apparently very different historical processes, such as the pobladores’ struggle against dictatorship in the 1980s and their post-1990 absence from the political arena. I contend that what characterizes the current context is not a lack of politics or a ‘depoliticization’ but a particular way in which certain pobladores, known as ‘políticos’ – those interested in collective action in order to produce change in the world – are articulated with or disarticulated from other pobladores in the politics of everyday life in the población.

FundaÃÃo de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Cearà / O trabalho consiste em fazer a reflexÃo Ãtico-polÃtica nas obras do escritor franco-argelino Albert Camus (1913-1960) a partir de seus textos jornalÃsticos, dramatÃrgicos e ensaios filosÃficos. Em primeiro lugar, hà a reflexÃo sobre Ãtica, engajamento e a responsabilidade do escritor e a recusa do silÃncio como forma de rompimento com a resignaÃÃo e a passividade, evocando a responsabilidade Ãtica dos intelectuais no enfrentamento das questÃes decisivas, utilizando os Discursos da SuÃcia (1957). Em seguida, o trabalho trata dos temas da recusa do assassinato legitimado como crÃtica aos totalitarismos diante do diagnÃstico de seu tempo, com a crÃtica tambÃm ao progresso cientÃfico-bÃlico, que colocou a CiÃncia a serviÃo da morte como nunca antes na HistÃria, como forma de enfrentamento do medo que se encarnou no sÃculo XX, utilizando os Editoriais jornalÃsticos do jornal Combat (Combate) intitulados Nem VÃtimas, Nem Verdugos (1948). Hà em seguida a reflexÃo Ãtico-polÃtica do engajamento a partir da peÃa de teatro Os Justos (1949), escrita no perÃodo do pÃs-guerra, abordando a questÃo do assassinato do ponto de vista do engajamento terrorista revolucionÃrio, utilizando tambÃm as reflexÃes presentes no ensaio O Homem Revoltado (1951).

Orientador: Iscia Lopes-Cendes / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciencias Medicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-12T18:07:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Bittar_MariaFernandaRibeiro_D.pdf: 985156 bytes, checksum: a785ab239977f1eabf0b737095854940 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Resumo: É aceita em todos os domínios a relevância da pesquisa com seres humanos. Para guiar eticamente a realização dessas pesquisas, de consideração internacional, temos a última revisão da Declaração de Helsinque (2008). No Brasil temos a Resolução 196/96 do Conselho Nacional de Saúde (CNS) e outras resoluções complementares do mesmo conselho, todas possuem a intenção e a responsabilidade de proteger os sujeitos de pesquisa. Nesse intuito, no Brasil, é exigida a revisão e aprovação da pesquisa por um Comite de Ética em Pesquisa (CEP) que deve analisar diversos aspectos científicos, éticos, legal e social da pesquisa. Dentre todos, este trabalho aborda os aspectos éticos, principalmente o Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido (TCLE), definido como a autorização voluntária de um indivíduo, para sua inclusão em uma pesquisa. No "Encontro de Comitês de Ética de São Paulo", realizado anualmente desde 2003 em São Paulo, os problemas referentes ao TCLE foram considerados como sendo o maior motivo de pendências dos projetos de pesquisas avaliados. O objetivo do presente estudo foi estabelecer um protocolo de avaliação, acompanhamento e suporte ao pesquisador com o intuito de melhorar a qualidade do termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido utilizado nos projetos de pesquisa acompanhados pelo CEP-UNICAMP. O estudo foi desenvolvido em 3 tópicos relacionados ao mesmo tema: 1- Caracterização dos Projetos encaminhados ao CEP da FCM-UNICAMP. 2- Projetos com pendências no TCLE: oferecimento de suporte ao pesquisador para responder às pendências do CEP em relação ao TCLE. 3- Auditoria: testar um trabalho de auditoria em aspectos éticos dos projetos de pesquisa aprovados pelo mesmo CEP. Cada item teve sujeitos, materiais e instrumentos distintos, adequados aos propósitos e as características da cada um. O modelo de pesquisa seguido foi a integração metodológica. Na observação de 1639 projetos, 675 receberam pendência ou recomendações relativas ao método do trabalho (25%), ao TCLE (39%) ou a ambos, método e TCLE (36%). No TCLE em geral as pendências dividem-se em duas categorias: linguagem e falta de informações, como objetivo, procedimentos, justificativas para a realização e formas de assistência. Aos aspectos éticos ocorre a ausência de esclarecimento da voluntariedade de participação, sobre a utilização e o armazenamento de material biológico, telefones de contato do pesquisador e do CEP, identificação do pesquisador, garantia de sigilo e mesmo a falta do TCLE. Os TCLEs encaminhados para auxílio apresentam elevada dificuldade de entendimento, necessitando em média 16,52 anos de escolaridade e índice de legibilidade médio de 19,47 considerado de alta dificuldade de leitura. Quanto a linguagem, além da dificuldade com palavras complexas, sujeitos de baixa escolaridade têm pouco interesse ou atenção aos termos técnicos mesmo quando fazem parte dos procedimentos a serem realizados. Quando questionados, três sujeitos relataram que se o pesquisador está solicitando deve ser relevante e eles não entendem nada do assunto. Na auditoria, do total de 27 projetos observou-se que três não continham TCLE para todos os participantes da pesquisa, três não utilizavam o termo aprovado pelo CEP- UNICAMP , e 18 estavam inadequadamente preenchidos. Os achados demonstram a continuidade do elevado índice de pendência, a necessidade de orientação ao pesquisador quanto ao seu processo e documentação e também a relevância do acompanhamento pelo CEP dos projetos aprovados. A formação ética e a educação continuada dos profissionais envolvidos em pesquisas com seres humanos são passos importantes no caminho para a formação de pesquisadores com atitudes éticas frente aos avanços científicos, a provisoriedade dos padrões morais e o constante surgimento de novas questões éticas / Abstract: The importance of research with human subjects is universally accepted. To ethically guide this kind of research there is the last revision of the Declaration of Helsinki, an international document, and the Resolution 196/96 in Brazil, from the National Health Council. Their main objective is to protect subjects undergoing research. In Brazil, it is mandatory to submit all research protocols for approval of legal, ethical, scientific and social aspect of the project by a Ethics Committee/ Institutional Review Board (REC/IRB). This thesis deals with the ethical aspects, specially the informed consent, defined as the voluntary authorization by a subject to participate in a research. In the "REC/IRB Meeting in São Paulo state", the informed consent was considered the major reason for non-approval of projects. The main goal of our project was to establish a protocol providing evaluation, guidance and support to the investigator aiming to improve the quality of the informed consents submitted to evaluation at the IRB/EC-UNICAMP. The project was divided in three main areas all related to the informed consent: 1 - Characterization of research protocols sent to the IRB/EC-UNICAMP; 2 - Action at non-approved informed consents: guidance and support to investigator to meet the requirements as per IRB/EC. 3 - Audit: ethical aspects of research protocols approved by the IRB/EC. Each one of those areas had a different set of subjects, materials and instruments in accordance with its goals and characteristics. We followed methodological integration. In the observation of 1,639 projects, 675 received recommendations regarding the methodology (25%), the informed consent (39%) or both (36%). In the informed consent the problems fell into two categories: language and lack of information, such as objective, procedures, justifications for the protocol and forms of assistance. Regarding the ethical aspects there were lack of clarification that participation was voluntary, on the use and storage of biological material, contact information for the investigator and the IRB, investigator identification, confidentiality and even the lack of informed consent. All consent forms referred for aid exhibited a high level of difficulty for understanding, requiring an average of 16.52 years of schooling and average rate of readability of 19.47, which is considered a high level of difficulty in reading. In addition to difficulty with complex words, we observed that subjects with low education have little interest or focus on technical terms even when they are part of the procedures to be performed. In the audit part of the project we observed that three projects did not include informed consent for all research subjects, three did not use the informed consent approved by the IRB-UNICAMP and eighteen were inadequately completed. Our findings demonstrated a high level of non-compliance with IRB/EC requirements regarding the informed consent, the investigator's need for guidance in the documentation process and the importance of IRB/EC follow-up on approved projects is evident. Providing continuous ethical education for the professionals involved in research with human subjects is an important step towards investigators with ethical attitudes when confronted with scientific developments, shifting moral patterns and new ethical questions / Doutorado / Ciencias Biomedicas / Doutor em Ciências Médicas

M.A. / This study was set on making a survey of the current status of business ethics as academic field in Africa, as no comprehensive survey has yet been made. It is this need that prompted the main research problem namely: What is the current status of business ethics as an academic field in Africa? Which I translated into two sub-questions of which the first was a descriptive question: How has business ethics been institutionalised? And the other reflective in nature, What are the strengths and weaknesses of business ethics as an Academic field in Africa? In setting up the research aims, I wanted to determine: what African business ethics researchers, lecturers and facilitators of professional associations think business ethics is the extent and content of business courses in Africa, where they were taught, whether they were taught as sub-sections of other courses or as independent subjects, how many were taught on undergraduate level and how many on post-graduate level and whether students were getting academic credit for those courses. Looking at research I wanted to determine the amount and content of articles, books and unpublished dissertations on business ethics in Africa. I also wanted to determine the extent of the institutionalisation of business ethics, whether there were African journals dealing mainly with business ethics, how many centres, institutes and networks were dealing with what aspects business ethics in Africa and finally how many conference and seminars were addressing what issues of business ethics in Africa. After having established this, I finally wanted to determine whether business ethics was an academic field or discipline in Africa The results yielded the following information: A lot of misunderstanding still exists on the nature of business ethics: most of the researchers, lecturers and facilitators of professional business ethics associations focus mainly if not exclusively on the normative level of inquiry. This trend was reflected in their definitions, courses, research and central focus of the professional associations. There are 67 business ethics courses (55 undergraduate, 12 post-graduate) being taught at 30 departments in 4 African countries, namely Egypt, Kenya, Uganda and South Africa. Most courses focus on descriptive and normative ethics. I was able to locate and analyse 136 of the 167 articles, books and unpublished dissertations on business ethics in Africa. The content of the articles focus heavily on descriptive and normativeethical issues. The survey revealed 7 centres dealing with business ethics in Africa. They are located in Kenya, Nigeria, South Africa and Uganda. Their main focus leans heavily towards normativeethical solutions. I found 4 institutes dealing with business ethics in one way or another. Not one of the institutes focus exclusively on business ethics. They are located in Egypt, South Africa and Uganda. As with the centres, the focus is heavily on normative-ethical solutions. Apart from the recently established Business Ethics Network of Africa (BEN-Africa) there are no other networks dealing with business ethics in Africa. Six recorded conferences / seminars were held in Kenya, South Africa and Uganda. The main focus seems to be on normative ethical issues. Business ethics is still an academic field in Africa but it has the potential for developing into an academic discipline with the associated independent courses, research, journals and professional associations.

M.Phil. (Labour Relations) / The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of Aids in the workplace from a legal point of view and to isolate some of the most important areas where legal regulation could become problematical. In general it was found that the best way to deal with Aids is to try and prevent it by eliminating ignorance as far as .possible and to bring the disease into the open by means of the early distribution of facts through proper education and counselling and especially the formulation and implementation of a sympathetic Aids policy. This should prevent litigation on the basis of the unfair labour practice concept in the industrial court to a large extent. The legal position regarding problem areas such as confidentiality, testing, the value and regulation of screening, the freedom to employ, dismissal, termination and safety was analysed both in terms of existing South African law and also by comparison with developments internationally. It was found that a high premium is placed on security of employment and that Aids victims should not be discriminated against, but treated objectively like other cases of serious illness.

This study is a qualitative investigation into the areas of corporate social investment and public relations. The study examines the significance of corporate social investment within the field of public relations with specific reference to selected KwaZulu Natal corporations. The study looks at the corporate social investment and public relations departments of five corporations in the KwaZulu Natal region. The corporations that were interviewed were selected based on their location, and the number of years of experience in the field. The five companies, namely, The South African Sugar Association, NBS Boland Bank, Hillside Aluminium (Alusaf), McCarthy Retail and Richards Bay Minerals received immense coverage on their corporate social investment initiatives, in the Mail and Guardian’s April 1998 issue, ‘Investing in the future, special focus on social investment.’ The report presents an in-depth literature review, which examines the history of both corporate social investment and public relations. It thereafter examines the current practices of public relations and corporate social investment from a South African perspective. The prevalent approach to corporate social investment is also addressed. Apart from the study of the five corporations, the report also comments on other dedicated corporate social investment programmes. The programmes of each of the five companies are contrasted with current and relevant documentation from the 1999 Business and Marketing Intelligence report. Graphs and tables complement this information. The findings reveal that there is little public relations involvement in corporate social investment initiatives because corporate social investment practitioners do not see the need for the involvement of public relations practitioners in all areas of their corporate social investment initiatives. The results of the interviews gives the reader a broad perspective of corporate social investment and public relations within each company. The findings suggest that the role of public relations needs to be re-examined in the new millennium.