Tesis doct.--Zaragoza, 1976.

Diss.--Theologische Fakultät--Freiburg--Universität, 1997. / Bibliogr. p. XVII-LIV. Index.

From its establishment by royal decree in 1610 until its abolition in 1821, the Inquisition tribunal of Cartagena de Indias sought to stamp out heresy and maintain Catholic orthodoxy among the inhabitants of the territory of New Granada. This thesis examines the activities of the tribunal during the first half of the seventeenth century, specifically as they relate to its persecution of the crypto-Jews under its jurisdiction. While the surviving evidence demonstrates a significant crypto-Jewish presence in Cartagena in the 1600s, and even though the authority of this tribunal extended far beyond its immediate surroundings, very few crypto-Jews were ever prosecuted by this court during this time. This thesis explores the social, economic and political dynamics explaining a change in policy that led to a rise in the number of Inquisition trials against the crypto-Jewish population in the first half of the seventeenth century. This thesis argues that Spanish imperial politics coupled with socio-economic factors inherent in the colonial system, explains why inquisitorial persecution increased in this period.

L’étude de l’Inquisition dans le district de Valence reposait essentiellement sur l’analyse menée par l’historien Ricardo García Cárcel en 1976. Nous avons voulu par l’étude exhaustive de différents documents : abécédaires inquisitoriaux, procès, mais aussi documents comptables, documents notariés, établir une nouvelle liste des condamnés entre 1478, date de l’implantation du Saint-Office à Valence et 1530, période où le filon judéo-convers se tarit, laissant place à des nouvelles stratégies et à la persécution de nouveaux groupes dissidents. À Valence, les années 1520-1530 marquent le déclin de la région au profit d’une Castille conquérante, dominatrice en Espagne et dans le monde. Le nouveau registre que nous avons établi, riche de 3 094 condamnés en grande majorité judéo-convers (93,39 %), nous a servi de fondement pour dresser les contours de ce que fut la répression dans cette région et comprendre le rôle d’une Inquisition qui, entre urgences financières du monarque et uniformisation religieuse et culturelle, bouleversa l’équilibre d’une communauté judéo-converse, de plus en plus intégrée à la société vieille-chrétienne à laquelle elle appartenait depuis sa conversion. À travers l’analyse des comptes du receveur des biens confisqués, limitée aux familles judéo-converses de trois des villes principales du royaume, Gandía, Xàtiva et Segorbe, nous avons voulu déterminer le niveau social de cette communauté et savoir quel fut l’impact de cette répression dans une région qui perdait ses prérogatives et son pouvoir au profit de la nouvelle monarchie des Habsbourg. / The study of the Spanish Inquisition in Valencia has up until now depended primarily on the 1976 analysis by historian Ricardo García Cárcel. Through exhaustive investigation of different documents in archives in Madrid and Valencia – lists of convicted persons, trials, but also accounting and notarial records –, our aim was to establish a new list of Inquisition victims between 1478, when the Holy Office was established in Valencia, and 1530, when the massive persecution of converts from Judaism began to be replaced by other strategies and repression of other dissident groups. The period of the 1520s and 1530s saw the decline of the Kingdom of Valencia in favour of the dominant Castille, then in the process of becoming a world power. The new list that we have drawn up includes the names of 3,094 victims, most of whom (93.39%) were conversos. It forms the basis for describing the characteristics of this repression and understanding the part played by the Inquisition which, between the growing financial needs of the king and the drive to standardise religion and culture, disrupted a community which, since its conversion, had become increasingly integrated into the ancient Christian society. Analysis of receivers’ ledgers of confiscated goods from converso families from three of the major cities of the kingdom— Gandia, Xativa and Segorbe—, offers insight into the socio-economic level of this community, as well as the impact of this repression in a region which was losing its prerogatives and its power to the new Habsburg monarchy.

Quels sont les liens entre le renforcement du pouvoir monarchique, d'évolution des méthodes de prédication et la persistance des identités religieuses minoritaires? Au XVIe siècle, les vieux chrétiens d'Espagne ont fait des efforts considérables pour convertir tous les infidèles à la foi catholique. Après avoir contraints les musulmans d'Espagne à se faire baptiser, ils tentèrent de les amener à adhérer « de cœur » à la foi catholique et à se comporter en bons chrétiens. Pour cela, ils eurent recours tant à la persécution qu'à la prédication. Si les historiens ont déjà bien étudié la persécution, notre connaissance des campagnes de prédication demeurait parcellaire. Cette thèse se propose d'y remédier en étudiant les méthodes d'évangélisation des Morisques valenciens entre 1492et 1570.Pour y parvenir, cette thèse étudie les manuels publiés pour soutenir l'effort missionnaire tout au long du siècle. Elle propose que les méthodes d'évangélisation des prédicateurs ont évolué d'une période privilégiant les arguments polémiques à une période mettant l'accent sur l'instruction catéchétique. Ce faisant, les méthodes employées ont mis davantage l'accent sur la responsabilité des Morisques dans le processus de leur propre conversion, plutôt que sur la responsabilité reposant sur le prédicateur de les convaincre d'adhérer au catholicisme. Nous avons ainsi constaté que le passage à ce que nous avons qualifié de « période catéchétique » correspond à l'augmentation en intensité des persécutions.En étudiant les campagnes de prédication dans le royaume de Valence, cette thèse reconstitue les situations où les manuels de polémique (les « antialcorans ») et les catéchismes étaient utilisés. Elle montre comment les méthodes des prédicateurs étaient déterminées par les cadres institutionnels établis. Le passage de la polémique au catéchisme a été guidé en partie par le contexte européen de la Réforme, qui incitait à bannir la polémique religieuse en langue vernaculaire et à catéchiser les populations, et en partie par les enjeux sécuritaires qui faisaient craindre toute révolte des Morisques. Les prédicateurs furent ainsi incités à faire preuve le plus souvent de discrétion. Par ailleurs, les campagnes ont considérablement été handicapées par la contradiction qu'il y avait à considérer les Morisques à la fois comme des musulmans qu'il fallait convaincre, des nouveaux convertis qu'il fallait instruire et des mauvais chrétiens qui devraient être châtiés.En conclusion, la thèse propose une redéfinition du concept d'intégration qui soit adaptée à la réalité de l'histoire morisque et suggère des explications pour comprendre comment les dynamiques disciplinaires de la Monarchie catholique espagnole ont favorisé le repli des Morisques sur leur ethnicité. / What links are there amongst the reinforcement of monarchical power, the evolution in methods of preaching, and the persistence of minority religious identities? In the XIVth century, the old Christians of Spain made considerable efforts to convert infidels to the catholic faith. After having pressured the Muslims of Spain into being baptized, they attempted to open their hearts to the catholic faith and to behave like good Christians. In order to do this, they had recourse as much to persecution as to preaching. While persecution has been well studied by historians, our understanding of preaching remains fragmented. This thesis seeks to remedy this by studying methods of evangelizing Valencian Moors between 1492 and 1570.In order to do so, this thesis studies the published manuals used in support of missionary efforts over the course of the century. It suggests that the evangelizing methods of preachers evolved out of a period privileging polemical argumentation over catechetical instruction. The methods used thus focussed primarily on encouraging Moors to take responsibility for their own conversion, rather than placing responsibility with the preacher to convince them to embrace Catholicism. We therefore observe that the transition to what we call the “catechetical period” corresponds to an increase in the intensity of persecution.In studying preaching campaigns in the kingdom of Valencia, this thesis reconstructs the contexts in which these polemical manuals (“antialcorans”) and Catechisms were utilized. It shows how preaching methods were shaped by their institutional contexts. The transition from polemics to Catechism was guided in part by the reaction to the Protestant Reforms that sought to banish religious polemics in the vernacular and to catechize populations, and in part by security concerns and fear that that the Moors would revolt. Preachers were thus encouraged to use their discretion. However, these campaigns were considerably crippled by the contradictions that lay in considering Moors at once as Muslims to be converted, new converts in need of instruction, and bad Christians to be punished.The thesis concludes by proposing a redefinition of the concept of integration, adapted to the reality of Moorish history and offers explanations in order understand how the disciplinary dynamics of the Spanish Catholic Monarchy encouraged Moors to fallback on their ethnicity.

Atualmente muitas pesquisas estão sendo realizadas, tendo como objetivo estudar o Tribunal do Santo Ofício na Península Ibérica e no Brasil. A proposta dessa dissertação é abordar a ação do tribunal inquisitorial contra os cristãos-novos, acusados de judaísmo em Portugal e no Brasil, por meio da análise de processos inquisitoriais de membros de uma família conversa, duramente atingida pela Inquisição, na segunda metade do século XVII. Após a conversão forçada dos judeus em Portugal, em 1497 e a implantação da Inquisição em 1536, os cristãos-novos (descendentes dos judeus convertidos) passaram a sofrer a mais cruel perseguição. Milhares de famílias foram denunciadas, presas, processadas e condenadas a algum tipo de penalidade. Nesta dissertação foram estudados os processos inquisitoriais de Gaspar da Costa de Mesquita e seus filhos. Essa família fazia parte, de acordo com o que os documentos indicam, de um importante círculo financeiro e intelectual português, com vários membros envolvidos no comércio, nas finanças e na vida intelectual de Lisboa. O patriarca era cristão-novo, banqueiro, casado pela segunda vez, teve sete filhos. Em 1682, foi preso nos cárceres da Inquisição de Lisboa, com o confisco e todos os seus bens. A filha, Michaela foi presa em 1683, na época com dezesseis anos de idade. Os filhos, José da Costa e Theotonio da Costa, buscaram refúgio na Vila de São Paulo, quando os primeiros parentes foram presos e acusados de judaísmo, em Portugal. Alguns anos depois, após denuncias feitas em Lisboa, foram expedidos mandados de prisão e em 9 de outubro de 1684, os dois irmãos foram presos em São Paulo e enviados para Lisboa, onde foram processados e saíram em auto de fé. A problemática cristã-nova ou marrana é essencialmente uma questão ibérica, pois, o Tribunal do Santo Ofício, na Espanha e em Portugal, deu especial atenção a este segmento da sociedade, tornando-o sua principal vítima. Tentando escapar dessa situação, muitos cristãosnovos vieram para o Brasil, em busca de refúgio e liberdade. A colônia passou a ser uma das opções para fugirem do alcance da Inquisição, instaurada no território português. O fluxo migratório, que teve início com a colonização, continuou mesmo quando haviam impedimentos legais, estabelecidos pelo rei. São Paulo, o local escolhido por José da Costa e Theotonio da Costa para se instalarem, era uma região de difícil acesso, longe dos principais centros de desenvolvimento da colônia e onde a vida era extremamente dura. Os conflitos entre jesuítas e os colonos eram constantes, principalmente, nos séculos XVI e XVII, em decorrência do sistema predominante no planalto, o bandeirismo. José da Costa e Theotonio da Costa viviam em São Paulo, como lavradores, possivelmente com pequenas porções de terra, como atestam suas declarações no processo. Mas, o deslocamento para São Paulo não foi suficiente para livrá-los das garras do Santo Ofício. A rede de informações da Inquisição contava com a presença de agentes inquisitoriais na Metrópole e na colônia, permitindo que muitas vezes se alcançassem em qualquer lugar do Reino os procurados por crimes contra a fé. / Currently, many researches deal with the Tribunal of the Holy Inquisition of the Iberian Peninsula and Brazil. This dissertation proposal approaches the action of the Tribunal of the Holy Inquisition against new-Christians, accused of practicing Judaism in Portugal, through Inquisition processes of a converted family, painfully reached by the Inquisition in the second half of the XVIIth century. After the forced conversion of the Jews in Portugal in 1497, and the Inquisition implantation in 1536, the new-Christians (descending from the converted Jews) started to suffer the cruelest persecution by the Roman Catholic Church. Thousands of families were denounced, imprisoned, persecuted and condemned to some kind of penalty. In this master dissertation we have studied the Inquisition processes of the Gaspar da Costa de Mesquita family. According to the analyzed documents, this family integrated a relevant financial and intellectual Portuguese group, with many members dealing with commerce, finances, and the intellectual life in Lisbon. The Head of this family was a new-Christian, bank owner, married for the second time, with seven children. In 1682, he was confined to the Lisbon Inquisition prison, having all his belongings confiscated by the Holy Church. His daughter Michaela was imprisoned in 1683 when she was a 16th years old girl. The sons José da Costa and Theotonio da Costa escaped prison and evaded to Sao Paulo Village. At the time, the first family members were taken to prison and accused of Judaism in Portugal. Some years later, after being denounced in Lisbon, they were sentenced to prison and in October 9th, 1684, both sons were imprisoned and extradited to Lisbon, where they were indicted and left in auto-de-fé. The new-Christian or marrano issue is essentially an Iberian problem, which the Holy Tribunal of the Inquisition in Spain and Portugal, gave special attention to this ethnic group in society, transforming it in its main victim. Trying to escape from this situation, many new Christians moved to Brazil hoping to be free and start a new life. The colony was an option to escape from the Holy Roman Church persecution, instituted in the Portuguese territory. The migratory trends, which started with the colonization, have continued even when legal restrictions were imputed by the king. São Paulo, the refuge village chosen by José da Costa and Theotonio da Costa was a difficult place to access, away from the main development centers at the colony and life was extremely painful. The conflicts between the Jesuits and the colonizers were common place, especially on the XVIth and XVIIth centuries, as consequence of the predominant system on the plateau, the bandeirismo. The brothers José da Costa and Theotonio da Costa worked in Sao Paulo as peasants, possibly with small pieces of land, as confirmed by the formal statements in their processes. Even as a region hard to reach, they were caught by the Inquisition hands of the Church. The Inquisition net of informers were based of agents, both in the metropolis and in the colony, together with the denounces atmosphere at the Iberian society, making feasible to reach people indicted by the Holy Church Inquisition outside the kingdom.

Atualmente muitas pesquisas estão sendo realizadas, tendo como objetivo estudar o Tribunal do Santo Ofício na Península Ibérica e no Brasil. A proposta dessa dissertação é abordar a ação do tribunal inquisitorial contra os cristãos-novos, acusados de judaísmo em Portugal e no Brasil, por meio da análise de processos inquisitoriais de membros de uma família conversa, duramente atingida pela Inquisição, na segunda metade do século XVII. Após a conversão forçada dos judeus em Portugal, em 1497 e a implantação da Inquisição em 1536, os cristãos-novos (descendentes dos judeus convertidos) passaram a sofrer a mais cruel perseguição. Milhares de famílias foram denunciadas, presas, processadas e condenadas a algum tipo de penalidade. Nesta dissertação foram estudados os processos inquisitoriais de Gaspar da Costa de Mesquita e seus filhos. Essa família fazia parte, de acordo com o que os documentos indicam, de um importante círculo financeiro e intelectual português, com vários membros envolvidos no comércio, nas finanças e na vida intelectual de Lisboa. O patriarca era cristão-novo, banqueiro, casado pela segunda vez, teve sete filhos. Em 1682, foi preso nos cárceres da Inquisição de Lisboa, com o confisco e todos os seus bens. A filha, Michaela foi presa em 1683, na época com dezesseis anos de idade. Os filhos, José da Costa e Theotonio da Costa, buscaram refúgio na Vila de São Paulo, quando os primeiros parentes foram presos e acusados de judaísmo, em Portugal. Alguns anos depois, após denuncias feitas em Lisboa, foram expedidos mandados de prisão e em 9 de outubro de 1684, os dois irmãos foram presos em São Paulo e enviados para Lisboa, onde foram processados e saíram em auto de fé. A problemática cristã-nova ou marrana é essencialmente uma questão ibérica, pois, o Tribunal do Santo Ofício, na Espanha e em Portugal, deu especial atenção a este segmento da sociedade, tornando-o sua principal vítima. Tentando escapar dessa situação, muitos cristãosnovos vieram para o Brasil, em busca de refúgio e liberdade. A colônia passou a ser uma das opções para fugirem do alcance da Inquisição, instaurada no território português. O fluxo migratório, que teve início com a colonização, continuou mesmo quando haviam impedimentos legais, estabelecidos pelo rei. São Paulo, o local escolhido por José da Costa e Theotonio da Costa para se instalarem, era uma região de difícil acesso, longe dos principais centros de desenvolvimento da colônia e onde a vida era extremamente dura. Os conflitos entre jesuítas e os colonos eram constantes, principalmente, nos séculos XVI e XVII, em decorrência do sistema predominante no planalto, o bandeirismo. José da Costa e Theotonio da Costa viviam em São Paulo, como lavradores, possivelmente com pequenas porções de terra, como atestam suas declarações no processo. Mas, o deslocamento para São Paulo não foi suficiente para livrá-los das garras do Santo Ofício. A rede de informações da Inquisição contava com a presença de agentes inquisitoriais na Metrópole e na colônia, permitindo que muitas vezes se alcançassem em qualquer lugar do Reino os procurados por crimes contra a fé. / Currently, many researches deal with the Tribunal of the Holy Inquisition of the Iberian Peninsula and Brazil. This dissertation proposal approaches the action of the Tribunal of the Holy Inquisition against new-Christians, accused of practicing Judaism in Portugal, through Inquisition processes of a converted family, painfully reached by the Inquisition in the second half of the XVIIth century. After the forced conversion of the Jews in Portugal in 1497, and the Inquisition implantation in 1536, the new-Christians (descending from the converted Jews) started to suffer the cruelest persecution by the Roman Catholic Church. Thousands of families were denounced, imprisoned, persecuted and condemned to some kind of penalty. In this master dissertation we have studied the Inquisition processes of the Gaspar da Costa de Mesquita family. According to the analyzed documents, this family integrated a relevant financial and intellectual Portuguese group, with many members dealing with commerce, finances, and the intellectual life in Lisbon. The Head of this family was a new-Christian, bank owner, married for the second time, with seven children. In 1682, he was confined to the Lisbon Inquisition prison, having all his belongings confiscated by the Holy Church. His daughter Michaela was imprisoned in 1683 when she was a 16th years old girl. The sons José da Costa and Theotonio da Costa escaped prison and evaded to Sao Paulo Village. At the time, the first family members were taken to prison and accused of Judaism in Portugal. Some years later, after being denounced in Lisbon, they were sentenced to prison and in October 9th, 1684, both sons were imprisoned and extradited to Lisbon, where they were indicted and left in auto-de-fé. The new-Christian or marrano issue is essentially an Iberian problem, which the Holy Tribunal of the Inquisition in Spain and Portugal, gave special attention to this ethnic group in society, transforming it in its main victim. Trying to escape from this situation, many new Christians moved to Brazil hoping to be free and start a new life. The colony was an option to escape from the Holy Roman Church persecution, instituted in the Portuguese territory. The migratory trends, which started with the colonization, have continued even when legal restrictions were imputed by the king. São Paulo, the refuge village chosen by José da Costa and Theotonio da Costa was a difficult place to access, away from the main development centers at the colony and life was extremely painful. The conflicts between the Jesuits and the colonizers were common place, especially on the XVIth and XVIIth centuries, as consequence of the predominant system on the plateau, the bandeirismo. The brothers José da Costa and Theotonio da Costa worked in Sao Paulo as peasants, possibly with small pieces of land, as confirmed by the formal statements in their processes. Even as a region hard to reach, they were caught by the Inquisition hands of the Church. The Inquisition net of informers were based of agents, both in the metropolis and in the colony, together with the denounces atmosphere at the Iberian society, making feasible to reach people indicted by the Holy Church Inquisition outside the kingdom.

Univ., Diss.--Kiel, 1995.

Decades of burgeoning humanism, intensifying lay piety, and an increasing anticlerical sentiment, paved the way for Martin Luther's reforming message when it reached the Low Countries in 1519. As ruler of the territory, Charles V resolved to curb the spread of heterodoxy via the promulgation of a series of anti-heresy edicts. Increasing in severity throughout his reign, these edicts gradually removed the prosecution of heresy from the jurisdiction of the church, placing it squarely under the control of secular officials. The success of Charles's religious legislation was therefore contingent upon the cooperation of primarily local, secular rulers. But municipal officials and their subjects viewed Charles's anti-heresy legislation as an unwelcome encroachment on their local autonomy, and a disturbing manifestation of the emperor's centralizing ambitions. Consequently, they formed a resolute front of determined resistance to the imposition of Charles's religious policies throughout his reign. This study examines the motivations underlying this opposition, as well as the specific ways in which such resistance manifested itself.Chronologically, the study addresses the years of Charles's reign (1515-1555) and geographically, the duchy of Brabant. This region, in the southern Low Countries (the modern-day borderland of Belgium and the Netherlands) was home to some of the most important urban centers in Europe. In the chapters that follow, the major Brabantine cities of Antwerp (the most lucrative commercial metropolis of the period), Leuven (home to the Catholic university and an important center of Roman theology), and Brussels (seat, after 1531, of Charles's central administration) will be examined in terms of their role in the religious controversy of the period, and the reactions of their inhabitants to the edicts promulgated by Charles.The anti-heresy edicts of Charles V represent one of the earliest attempts of a European ruler to establish a governmental policy for treating religious difference. This examination of the responses to these legal innovations provides not only a more detailed understanding of struggles for political autonomy, but a more nuanced view of belief and heterodoxy in this crucial period in the history of the early modern Low Countries.

This thesis revolves around the Spanish Inquisition, ranging from its creation in the 15th century to its disolution in the 19th century. In this thesis there can be seen the reasons of the creation of the inquisition as well as the effects it brought to the different inhabitants of the Spanish territory. This thesis also talks about how the inquisition carried out its "autos de fe", how it judged people and, in general, how it acted on a daily basis in the spanish society. There are also several mentions to influential people of the time, including inquisitors and other people, such as Teresa de Ávila, Francisco Goya or Isabel de Castilla. At the end of the thesis there is an explanation on how the inquisition is viewed today, both by Spanish people and the rest of the world.