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The master thesis analyses the changes in Brazilian economy caused by significant discoveries of deepwater oil fields near Brazilian coast since 2006. The aim of the thesis is to find out, if Brazil has a chance to become a world's significant oil producer and exporter. The first part turns generally to Brazilian economy, the second one analyses in detail the oil sector and changes caused by new discoveries. The position and influence of key company, state owned Petrobras, on oil industry and whole economy is also presented. The final part summarizes most important facts and concludes that Brazilian oil industry has a potential to win world's importance and strengthen the positive social-economic performance of Brazil in last two decades.

Thesis (MTech (Food Technology))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2012. / The expansion of the South African olive processing industry has brought an increased threat to the environment. More production activities lead to more wastewater generation that requires more costly treatment. Regulatory bodies concerned with the release of effluents into the environment are imposing evermore-restrictive guidelines. With this information in mind, the South African olive industry is facing a significant challenge of maintaining economic competitiveness while becoming more environmentally benign. To begin addressing this challenge, the olive processing industry must develop and implement new, more effective, tailored treatment technologies to remediate olive wastewater prior to its release into the environment. In this study, the use of indigenous olive wastewater biofilms in combination with a rotating biological contactor (RBC) was investigated for possible bioremediation purposes. The development of microbial biofilms resulted in the breakdown of the hazardous chemical compounds present in the olive wastewater, i.e. reducing the chemical oxygen demand (COD) and polyphenol content. Results showed that indigenous microorganisms within table olive and olive mill wastewater have a strong tendency to form biofilms. Furthermore, when these biofilms are applied to a small-scale RBC system, significant lower levels of both COD (on average 55% for table olive wastewater (TOWW) and 46% for olive mill wastewater (OMWW) and total phenol (on average 51% for TOWW and 39% for OMWW) were obtained. Results from shocking the biofilms with chemicals routinely used during olive processing indicates that most have a negative effect on the biofilm population, but that the biofilms are able to survive and recover in a relatively short time. This study confirms the potential application of indigenous biofilms found in olive wastewater streams for future bioremediation technologies that form the basis for the development of an eco-friendly, easy-to-manage, low cost technologies specifically designed for the small South African olive processing industry.

Cette thèse a pour objectif d’étudier l’impact de l’industrie pétrolière sur l’économie, et sur le développement des conditions de vie des populations au Congo. Dans ce pays, c’est en 1928 que commence, les premières recherches des indices sur le pétrole. Mais la véritable Histoire de cette ressource énergétique débute en réalité en 1957, avec la découverte par ELF-Congo du premier gisement de pétrole au large de Pointe Noire : le gisement de la Pointe Indienne, dont l’exploitation a procuré environ 700.000 tonnes cumulées de brut entre 1960 et 1970. Comme dans la plupart des pays pétroliers d’Afrique subsaharienne, le Congo fait partie de ceux où l’exploitation pétrolière a réellement pris son envol au début des années 1970. Avant le développement de cette activité, l’économie congolaise était plutôt orientée vers l’exportation du bois et des produits agricoles. Cependant, en dépit de la croissance de ses revenus issus en grande partie de l’industrie pétrolière, l’économie congolaise ne connaîtra jamais de période de prospérité. Car malgré l'augmentation conjointe de la production et du prix du baril de pétrole,le pays reste dans un chaos profond et n’arrive pas à faire face aux grands défis de la modernisation. Au cours de cette thèse, nous montrons que l’activité pétrolière n’a pas vraiment amélioré les conditions de vie des populations. Elle a au contraire aggravé les inégalités entre les classes sociales. / This PhD thesis aims at studying the impact of the oil industry on the Congolese economy and on the development of the living conditions of the Congolese population. The first researches on petroleum resources began in 1928, but the real story started in 1957 with the discovery of the first oil deposit by the ELF-Congo company off the coast of Pointe Noire: the Pointe Indienne deposit, whose exploitation provided around 700.000 tonnes of crude oil between 1960 and 1970. As in most oil producing countries in sub-Saharan Africa, the oil exploitation really took off in the beginning of the 1970s. Before the development of this activity, the Congolese economy was rather oriented towards wood and agricultural products exports. Nevertheless, despite of the increase of the revenues of the oil industry, the Congolese economy will never reach economic prosperity. In fact, despite the rise of both quantities produced and price of the barrel of oil, the country stays in a deep chaos and could not face the challenges of modernization. This PhD thesis shows that the oil activity has not really improved the living conditions of the Congolese population. By the contrary, it has increased disparities between social classes.

The Offshore Installation Manager (OIM) performs one of the most complex and critical roles within the UK offshore oil and gas industry. The OIM is responsible for the safety and well-being of all persons onboard and within 500m of the installation whilst operating within an isolated and hostile physical environment within the UK Continental Shelf . The persistence of major incidents in the industry highlights the importance of OIM competence in controlling emergencies, consequently the research aims to contribute to new knowledge by identifying the potential barriers that can prevent the effective competence assessment of an OIM in this situation. The research utilised Engeström's Expanded Activity Theory to establish the holistic socio-cultural environment within which the OIM operates during emergency response to establish the key documents relevant to the role and associated competence assessment. The documents were then analysed using a critical hermeneutic approach based on the work of Phillips and Brown (1993) to determine the potential barriers to effective competence assessment of the OIM in controlling emergencies. The research is interdisciplinary and aims to develop new knowledge within the domains of safety engineering and law. The output from the research will assist industry Duty Holders improve the competence assessment of their appointed OIMs and allow safety engineers to consider the probable competence of an OIM at a given point in time. The research has identified 8 potential barriers to the effective competence assessment of OIMs in controlling emergencies. These are associated with the multiple definitions of competence that exist; the predominance of competence assessment by observation; the lack of definitive competence requirements for trainers and assessors; the complexity in UK legislation and the interaction between UK Government departments; concerns associated with goal setting legislation when applied to competence assessment and the lack of statutory competence requirements for OIMs in controlling emergencies; the lack of ownership of OIM competence and competence assessment; and the lack of regulation and independent audit of the competence assessment process of OIMs in controlling emergencies.

Wong Yiu Kwong Kenji. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2005. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 189-204). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Acknowledgement --- p.i / Abstract --- p.ii / 摘要 --- p.iv / Contents --- p.vi / List of Figure --- p.xii / List of Table --- p.xvi / Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1. --- Vegetable oil production and their refining --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1.1. --- Vegetable oil production and consumption --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1.2. --- Vegetable oil refining steps --- p.2 / Chapter 1.2. --- Chemical refining vs. Physical refining --- p.3 / Chapter 1.2.1. --- Differences between chemical and physical refining --- p.3 / Chapter 1.2.2. --- Pros and Cons of the two refining practices --- p.4 / Chapter 1.2.3. --- Adoption criteria and popularity of refining methods --- p.6 / Chapter 1.3. --- Deodorizer distillate (DODc vs. DODp) --- p.7 / Chapter 1.3.1. --- Compositions of DODc and DODp --- p.7 / Chapter 1.3.1.1. --- Squalene --- p.9 / Chapter 1.3.1.2. --- Tocopherols --- p.10 / Chapter 1.3.1.3. --- Phytosterols --- p.12 / Chapter 1.3.2. --- Usages of DODc and DODp and purification of phytochemicals --- p.14 / Chapter 1.3.2.1. --- Concentration of tocopherols and phytosterols --- p.15 / Chapter 1.3.2.2. --- Purification of tocopherols and phytosterols --- p.18 / Chapter 1.3.3. --- Alternative usage of DODp --- p.20 / Chapter 1.4. --- Usages of fatty acid mono-alkyl esters --- p.20 / Chapter 1.4.1. --- As intermediate for Bio-surfactants --- p.21 / Chapter 1.4.2. --- Bio-lubricants --- p.21 / Chapter 1.4.3. --- Biodiesel --- p.22 / Chapter 1.5. --- Production of biodiesel and its advantages and disadvantages --- p.23 / Chapter 1.5.1. --- Production of biodiesel --- p.23 / Chapter 1.5.1.1. --- Use of catalyst --- p.25 / Chapter 1.5.1.2. --- "Molar ratios between methanol, sample and catalyst" --- p.26 / Chapter 1.5.1.3. --- Temperature and pressure --- p.27 / Chapter 1.5.1.4. --- Biodiesel purification --- p.27 / Chapter 1.5.2. --- Pros and Cons of using biodiesel --- p.27 / Chapter 1.5.3. --- Sources of Biodiesel production --- p.29 / Chapter 1.6. --- Proposed strategy --- p.33 / Chapter 1.6.1. --- Summary of the literatures reviewed --- p.33 / Chapter 1.6.2. --- Hypothesis making --- p.34 / Chapter 1.6.3. --- Aim and objectives --- p.34 / Chapter 1.6.4. --- Significance of study --- p.34 / Chapter 1.6.5. --- Study scheme --- p.35 / Chapter 2. --- Methodology --- p.36 / Chapter 2.1. --- Characterization of physically refined Deodorizer Distillate (DODp) --- p.36 / Chapter 2.1.1. --- Collection & storage of DODp --- p.36 / Chapter 2.1.2. --- Determination of fatty acids composition --- p.36 / Chapter 2.1.3. --- Determination of acid number (ASTM D 664) --- p.37 / Chapter 2.1.4. --- Determination of free fatty acid contents --- p.38 / Chapter 2.1.5. --- Determination of unsaponifiable matter content --- p.38 / Chapter 2.1.6. --- "Determination of squalene, tocopherol and phytosterol contents." --- p.39 / Chapter 2.1.7. --- Deduction of natural glyceride contents --- p.40 / Chapter 2.1.8. --- "Other physical, chemical and biological analyses" --- p.40 / Chapter 2.1.8.1. --- Elemental analysis --- p.40 / Chapter 2.1.8.2. --- Nitrogen --- p.41 / Chapter 2.1.8.3. --- Water and volatile matter content --- p.41 / Chapter 2.1.8.4. --- Melting point and specific gravity --- p.41 / Chapter 2.1.8.5. --- Microbial counts --- p.42 / Chapter 2.2. --- Production of fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) - Protocol A --- p.42 / Chapter 2.2.1. --- Optimization of Esterification --- p.42 / Chapter 2.2.1.1. --- Molar ratio of methanol: DODp --- p.43 / Chapter 2.2.1.2. --- Molar ratio of DODp: sulfuric acid --- p.43 / Chapter 2.2.1.3. --- Reaction temperature --- p.44 / Chapter 2.2.2. --- Optimization of Molecular Distillation --- p.44 / Chapter 2.2.2.1. --- Feed rate --- p.45 / Chapter 2.2.2.2. --- Distillation temperature --- p.45 / Chapter 2.2.2.3. --- Speed of rotary blade --- p.45 / Chapter 2.2.3. --- Crystallization --- p.46 / Chapter 2.3. --- Production of fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) - Protocol B --- p.46 / Chapter 2.3.1. --- Optimization of Saponification --- p.47 / Chapter 2.3.1.1. --- Saponification number --- p.47 / Chapter 2.3.1.2. --- Saponification --- p.47 / Chapter 2.3.2. --- Extraction of unsaponifiable matter --- p.48 / Chapter 2.3.3. --- Acidification --- p.49 / Chapter 2.3.4. --- Esterification --- p.49 / Chapter 2.3.5. --- Hot water washing --- p.49 / Chapter 2.3.6. --- Crystallization --- p.49 / Chapter 2.4. --- Quantity and quality assessments of FAMEs --- p.50 / Chapter 2.4.1. --- Determination of purity and yield of FAMEs --- p.50 / Chapter 2.4.2. --- Quality of FAMEs: Biodiesel Specifications in USA --- p.50 / Chapter 2.4.2.1. --- Sulfated Ash (ASTM D 874) --- p.50 / Chapter 2.4.2.2. --- Copper strip corrosion test (ASTM D 130) --- p.51 / Chapter 2.4.2.3. --- Water and Sediment (ASTM D 2709) --- p.52 / Chapter 2.4.2.4. --- Conradson Carbon Residue of Petroleum Products (ASTM D 189) --- p.52 / Chapter 2.4.2.5. --- Determination of Free and Total Glycerine in B-100 Biodiesel Methyl Esters By Gas Chromatography (ASTM D 6584) --- p.53 / Chapter 2.4.2.6. --- Flash point (modified from ASTM D 93) --- p.54 / Chapter 2.4.2.7. --- Determination of Additive Elements in Lubricating Oils by Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry (ASTM D 4951) --- p.54 / Chapter 2.4.2.8. --- Kinematic Viscosity --- p.55 / Chapter 2.4.2.9. --- "Cetane index, Cloud Point and Distillation Temperature (ASTM D 613, ASTM D 2500 and ASTM D 90)" --- p.55 / Chapter 2.4.3. --- Toxicity assays of FAMEs --- p.55 / Chapter 2.4.3.1. --- Acute toxicity to mice --- p.56 / Chapter 2.4.3.2. --- Seed germination test --- p.56 / Chapter 2.4.3.3. --- Acute toxicity to aquatic invertebrate --- p.56 / Chapter 2.5. --- Quantity and quality assessments of phytochemical products --- p.57 / Chapter 2.5.1. --- Determination of purity and yield of phytochemicals in phytosterol and desterolized fractions --- p.57 / Chapter 2.5.2. --- Antioxidants activity of desterolized fraction --- p.58 / Chapter 2.5.2.1. --- ABTS scavenging activity --- p.58 / Chapter 2.5.2.2. --- Free radical scavenging activity --- p.58 / Chapter 2.5.3. --- Anti-proliferative effect on cancer cells of phytosterols --- p.59 / Chapter 2.5.3.1. --- Cell culture --- p.59 / Chapter 2.5.3.2. --- Determination of optimal cell density for antiproliferative assays --- p.59 / Chapter 2.5.3.3. --- Anti-proliferative effect of phytosterols on H1299 and Hep G2. --- p.60 / Chapter 2.5.3.4. --- Detection of action mechanism(s) of the anti-proliferative effects of β-sitosterol on H1299 and Hep G2 cancer cells --- p.61 / Chapter 3. --- Result --- p.70 / Chapter 3.1. --- Characterization of Physically Refined Deodorizer Distillate (DODp) --- p.70 / Chapter 3.1.1. --- Free fatty acids composition --- p.70 / Chapter 3.1.2. --- Acid number --- p.75 / Chapter 3.1.3. --- "Free fatty acids, natural glyceride and unsaponifiable matter contents" --- p.75 / Chapter 3.1.4. --- "Squalene, tocopherol and phytosterol contents" --- p.77 / Chapter 3.1.5. --- Other physicochemical and biological analyses --- p.81 / Chapter 3.2. --- Production of fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) - Protocol A --- p.83 / Chapter 3.2.1. --- Optimization of Esterification --- p.83 / Chapter 3.2.1.1. --- Methanol to DODp molar ratio --- p.83 / Chapter 3.2.1.2. --- DODp to sulfuric acid molar ratio --- p.85 / Chapter 3.2.1.3. --- Reaction temperature --- p.87 / Chapter 3.2.1.4. --- Calculation of esterification efficiency --- p.87 / Chapter 3.2.2. --- Optimization of Molecular Distillation --- p.89 / Chapter 3.2.2.1. --- Feed rate --- p.89 / Chapter 3.2.2.2. --- Distillation temperature --- p.91 / Chapter 3.2.2.3. --- Rotating blade speed --- p.93 / Chapter 3.2.3. --- Crystallization --- p.97 / Chapter 3.2.3.1. --- Phytosterol preparations --- p.97 / Chapter 3.2.3.2. --- Desterolized fractions --- p.97 / Chapter 3.3. --- Production of fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) 一 Protocol B --- p.99 / Chapter 3.3.1. --- Optimization of Saponification --- p.99 / Chapter 3.3.1.1. --- Saponification number --- p.99 / Chapter 3.3.1.2. --- Saponification --- p.99 / Chapter 3.3.2. --- Extraction of unsaponifiable matter --- p.101 / Chapter 3.3.3. --- FAMEs product after esterification --- p.101 / Chapter 3.3.4. --- Crystallization --- p.104 / Chapter 3.3.4.1. --- Phytosterol preparations --- p.104 / Chapter 3.3.4.2. --- Desterolized fractions --- p.104 / Chapter 3.4. --- Quantity and Quality assessments of FAMEs --- p.106 / Chapter 3.4.1. --- "FAMEs yield, purity and appearance" --- p.106 / Chapter 3.4.2. --- Specifications for Biodiesel in U.S.A --- p.106 / Chapter 3.4.3. --- Acute Toxicity assays of FAMEs --- p.109 / Chapter 3.4.3.1. --- Acute toxicity to mice --- p.109 / Chapter 3.4.3.2. --- Seed germination test --- p.109 / Chapter 3.4.3.3. --- Acute toxicity to aquatic invertebrate --- p.109 / Chapter 3.5. --- Quantity and Quality assessments of phytochemicals --- p.113 / Chapter 3.5.1. --- Phytochemicals recoveries and compositions in phytosterol preparations and desterolized fractions --- p.113 / Chapter 3.5.1.1. --- Phytosterols recoveries and compositions in phytosterol preparations --- p.113 / Chapter 3.5.1.2. --- Squalene and tocopherols recoveries and compositions in desterolized fraction --- p.115 / Chapter 3.5.2. --- Antioxidant activities of desterolized fractions --- p.118 / Chapter 3.5.2.1. --- ABTS scavenging activity --- p.118 / Chapter 3.5.2.2. --- Scavenging Activities of DPPH radicals --- p.120 / Chapter 3.5.3. --- Anti-proliferative effect of phytosterols on cancer cells --- p.123 / Chapter 3.5.3.1. --- Determination of optimal cell density for antiproliferative assays --- p.123 / Chapter 3.5.3.2. --- Anti-proliferative effect of phytosterols on H1299 --- p.126 / Chapter 3.5.3.3. --- Anti-proliferative effect of phytosterols on Hep G2 --- p.132 / Chapter 3.5.3.4. --- Further investigation of anti-proliferative mechanism of β-sitosterol --- p.138 / Chapter 4. --- Discussion --- p.149 / Chapter 4.1. --- Characteristics of Physically Refined Deodorizer Distillate (DODp) --- p.149 / Chapter 4.1.1. --- Fatty acid contents and compositions --- p.149 / Chapter 4.1.2. --- "Squalene, tocopherol and phytosterol contents" --- p.153 / Chapter 4.1.3. --- Other physical and chemical analyses --- p.155 / Chapter 4.2. --- Production of fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) 一 Protocol A --- p.156 / Chapter 4.2.1. --- Optimization of Esterification --- p.156 / Chapter 4.2.2. --- Optimization of Molecular Distillation --- p.158 / Chapter 4.3. --- Production of fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) 一 Protocol B --- p.159 / Chapter 4.3.1. --- Optimization of Saponification --- p.159 / Chapter 4.3.2. --- Extraction of unsaponifiable matter --- p.160 / Chapter 4.3.3. --- Production of FAMEs --- p.161 / Chapter 4.4. --- Purification of phytosterols --- p.162 / Chapter 4.4.1. --- Purity and recovery of phytosterols --- p.162 / Chapter 4.4.2. --- Purity and recovery of squalene and tocopherols in desterolized fractions --- p.163 / Chapter 4.5. --- Quantification of the Loss of Valuable products during Processing --- p.165 / Chapter 4.6. --- Quality assessment of FAMEs and phytochemicals --- p.170 / Chapter 4.6.1. --- Specifications for Biodiesel in USA --- p.170 / Chapter 4.6.2. --- Acute toxicities of FAMEs --- p.171 / Chapter 4.6.3. --- Antioxidant activities of desterolized fractions --- p.172 / Chapter 4.6.4. --- Anti-proliferative effects of phytosterols on cancer cells --- p.173 / Chapter 4.7. --- Comparisons of the two protocols --- p.182 / Chapter 4.7.1. --- Products from protocol A and B --- p.182 / Chapter 4.7.2. --- Characteristics of protocol A and B --- p.183 / Chapter 4.7.3. --- Sustainable recycling technology --- p.184 / Chapter 4.7.4. --- Life cycle analysis --- p.185 / Chapter 4.8. --- Further investigation --- p.186 / Chapter 5. --- Conclusion --- p.187 / Chapter 6. --- Reference --- p.189

This study is concerned with the relationship between the Iranian Oil Industry and Iranian economy. Oil revenues have been the largest source for financing economic development plans and for obtaining foreign exchange. In this paper, the history of the Iranian oil industry is summarized, and five previously implemented developmental plans are analyzed. Additionally, the impact of oil on some economic sectors and its contribution to GNP is examined. The strong correlation between oil reserves and the economy may bring a problem in the future when oil reserves run out. Iranian economists believe that the economy must be industrialized in order to reduce the economy's reliance on oil. This paper recommends that all the economic sectors, particularly agriculture, should receive careful consideration, even though the national goal is to industrialize the economy.

Thesis (M.S.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Alfred P. Sloan School of Management, 1982. / MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND DEWEY / Bibliography: leaves 49-54. / by Roberta Dean. / M.S.

O presente trabalho aborda a questão da interligação de poços de petróleo às plataformas de produção com a utilização de embarcações do tipo Pipe Laying Support Vessels (PLSVs). O objetivo do estudo é a maximização da curva de produção de óleo no período analisado, o que passa pelo melhor aproveitamento da frota de PLSVs contratada. São consideradas as especificidades da situação como, por exemplo, as restrições técnicas de cada embarcação para as atividades necessárias, a disponibilidade dos PLSVs, materiais para interligação e a já ocorrência da fase precedente, denominada completação. Considerando todo este conjunto de características do problema, desenvolveu-se uma formulação de Programação Linear Inteira Mista com pontos inovadores em relação à literatura, especialmente no que diz respeito ao incremento da curva de produção por conta da operação de poços injetores e ao declínio natural de poços produtores com o passar do tempo. Como os resultados obtidos nos testes da formulação matemática mostraram-se satisfatórios para pequenas instâncias, mas de alta complexidade computacional para um número grande de atividades, foram elaboradas duas versões de uma heurística construtiva adequada para a resolução de problemas de maior porte. Levando em consideração as mesmas características do problema que foram usadas na etapa de formulação matemática, puderam ser elaborados os algoritmos e suas devidas programações computacionais. A partir disso, foram realizados testes de pequeno porte para verificar a robustez dos algoritmos quanto aos seus comportamentos. Por fim, houve a comparação do caso completo, onde foram aplicadas as heurísticas, com o que ocorreu na situação real, tendo o resultado deste presente estudo apresentado um relevante ganho. / This research presents a real case of connection of oil wells in subsea environment to the production platforms with the use of ships of the type PLSV - Pipe Laying Support Vessels. The objective of this study is to maximize the oil production curve in the horizon considered, which is due to the best exploitation of the outsourced fleet. Specificities of the situation are considered like, for example, technical constraints of each vessel for the required activities, the availability of the PLSVs, materials for connection and the end of the previous phase, called completion. Considering all this set of the problem characteristics, it was developed a Mixed-Integer Linear Programming (MILP) formulation with innovative aspects in relation to the literature, especially with respect to the increase of the production curve due to the operation of injector wells and to the natural decline of producer wells during their operation, in the course of time. As the results obtained in the tests of the mathematical formulation were satisfactory for small instances, but with a high computational time for a great number of activities, two suitable constructive heuristics were elaborated for the resolution of larger problems. Numerical experiments were conducted, in small scale, to verify the robustness of the algorithms. Next, the proposed methods were applied to a real case of an oil company and relevant gains were observed.

Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) technology could help reduce anthropogenic CO2 emissions to the atmosphere. So far, CCS has failed to attract government support in the UK due to high costs of implementation. The broad deployment of CO2-EOR could aid the development of CCS by providing additional revenue streams for investors. The success of the CO2- EOR in the United States has raised the question of whether this success could be replicated in the UKCS. This thesis answers these questions by introducing two distinct models, which analyse the similarities and differences between the two oil provinces from the subsurface and economic perspectives. The first model integrates into the economic framework the behaviour of oil and CO2 in a reservoir. The model is applied to an oil field in the North Sea. It analyses whether the screening criteria developed based on the onshore US experience to screen for oil field candidates for the CO2 would be suitable for the oil fields in the UKCS. The second model is a theoretical CO2-EOR with storage model, which analyses how the inclusion of permanent storage changes the economics of CO2-EOR. The CO2-EOR with storage model allows for an endogenous switching point between the CO2-EOR and the permanent CO2 storage phase depending on the various economic factors, such as oil prices, sequestration subsidies and fees, CO2 price, and oil and gas tax rates. The CO2-EOR with storage model shows different behaviour compared to the case without permanent storage. On the policy level, the main difference between the two countries revealed that the UK strongly focuses on cutting CO2 emissions while the U.S. on boosting domestic oil production. Therefore, the third study in this thesis investigates the net carbon footprint of the CO2-EOR activity in the North Sea.