Orientador: Maria Regina Wolf Maciel / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Química / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-16T09:42:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Lopes_MilenaSavioli_M.pdf: 2642176 bytes, checksum: 41aa3694413f6af27a3d7d75233a5cc6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo: Atualmente, as técnicas de medição e o desenvolvimento de novos processos e produtos demandam análises cada vez mais sofisticadas, para atender às especificações de mercado e ambientais. A escolha do método de análise, o seu entendimento teórico e a correta metodologia de execução devem ser avaliados adequadamente para que a exatidão dos resultados seja a maior possível. Pesquisas têm sido continuamente realizadas na busca de métodos analíticos confiáveis, cada vez mais rápidos e, na medida do possível, de menores custos. Pretende-se, assim, chamar a atenção para este tipo de abordagem, que garante a qualidade de resultados e formação de recursos humanos em área tecnológica. Neste contexto, o objetivo dessa dissertação de mestrado foi realizar um estudo sobre técnicas de caracterização e análises físico-químicas de propriedades consideradas fundamentais. Uma compilação de equipamentos e sua respectiva teoria foram estudadas a fim de agregar conhecimento. Como matérias-primas, foram escolhidos três produtos dos mais importantes, hoje, como aplicações: petróleo, biodiesel e óleo fúsel. Os resultados mostraram que as técnicas estudadas de DSC e Reômetro necessitam um maior cuidado na realização dos experimentos; cuidados estes que vão desde a operação do equipamento, até mesmo a introdução da amostra. Outras, como o viscosímetro capilar e o titulador volumétrico de Karl Fischer são, consideravelmente, simples, fornecendo resultados rápidos e precisos / Abstract: Currently, measurement techniques and development of new products and processes require increasingly sophisticated analysis, to meet market specifications and environmental issues. The choice of method of analysis, their theoretical understanding and correct implementation methodology should be evaluated properly, so that the accuracy of the results is the highest possible. Research has been conducted continuously in search of reliable analytical methods, increasingly fast and as far as possible to lower costs. The aim is thus to draw attention to this type of approach, which ensures the quality of results and training of human resources in the technological area. In this context, the objective of this dissertation was to conduct a study on characterization techniques and physico-chemical properties to be essential. A compilation of equipment and accompanying theory were studied in order to aggregate knowledge. As raw materials, were chosen three of the most important products today as applications: Petroleum, biodiesel and fusel oil. The results showed that the techniques studied of DSC and Rheometer require greater care in carrying out the experiments, care ranging from those operating the equipment, even the introduction of the sample. Others, like the viscometer capillary and volumetric Karl Fischer titrator are pretty simple, providing fast and accurate results / Mestrado / Desenvolvimento de Processos Químicos / Mestre em Engenharia Química

Orientadores: Telma Teixeira Franco, Gustavo Paim Valença / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Química / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-23T22:38:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Reis_ErikaMarques_M.pdf: 5864399 bytes, checksum: 2029f038d594a8b5a6f1c34fc59a68f5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: A procura por combustíveis renováveis tem aumentado e o óleo vegetal transesterificado (biodiesel) surge como alternativa mais promissora em relação ao petróleo e seus derivados, superando problemas de matrizes energéticas e ambientais. A obtenção do biodiesel é de interesse estratégico, por sua viabilidade econômica e a fácil adaptação no mercado de combustíveis. As principais matérias-primas do biodiesel são espécies vegetais oleaginosas com diferentes níveis de produtividade e adaptação a cada região do Brasil. Além das plantas oleaginosas, leveduras, fungos e microalgas são capazes de acumular lipídios, desempenhando papel fundamental na substituição de biodiesel oriundo de vegetais. A Agência Nacional de Petróleo (ANP) permitiu a incorporação de 10% de biodiesel ao diesel promovendo grande aumento na demanda de biodiesel. O presente trabalho tem como proposta investigar a transesterificação convencional e in situ da levedura Lipomyces starkeyi por rota etílica na presença de catalisadores (NaOH e H2SO4 ) para obtenção de biodiesel. No presente estudo a concentração mássica de lipídios de L. starkeyi pelo método Bligh & Dyer (51,15% ± 1,48) e o efeito do solvente sobre a extração lipídica por Soxhlet de L. starkeyi (hexano 2,36%, clorofórmio: metanol (44,75%) e etanol (32,76%) e Butt (hexano 26,18%, clorofórmio: metanol (40,81%) e etanol (30,19%) foram estudados. A eficiência da extração está relacionada diretamente com a polaridade do solvente. A composição do óleo foi determinada pela esterificação a ésteres metílicos e analisados por cromatografia gasosa. O óleo de L. starkeyi é composto basicamente por seis ácidos graxos entre 14 e 18 carbonos, com baixo grau de insaturação, característica desejável para a produção de biodiesel. A caracterização do óleo foi determinada por métodos teóricos e experimentais. A determinação de acilgliceróis por cromatografia líquida de alta perfomance por exclusão de tamanho do óleo observou-se que o hexano e clorofórmio: metanol obtiveram maior concentração de triacilglicerídios que o etanol. As transesterificaçoes in situ catálise ácida foi analisada por cromatografia gasosa acoplada a espectrômetro de massas. / Abstract: The demand for renewable fuels has increased and transesterified vegetable oil (biodiesel) emerges as a promising alternative to oil and its derivatives, overcoming problems of energy and environmental matrices. Obtaining biodiesel is of strategic interest for its economic viability and the easy adaptation of the fuel market. The main raw materials of vegetable oil biodiesel are species with different levels of productivity and adaptation to each region of Brazil. In addition to the oil plants, yeasts, microalgae and fungi are able to accumulate lipids, playing a key role in the replacement of biodiesel derived from vegetable. The National Petroleum Agency ( ANP ) has allowed the incorporation of 10 % biodiesel to diesel promoting large increase in demand for biodiesel . This paper aims to investigate the transesterification in situ and conventional yeast Lipomyces starkeyi by ethyl route in the presence of catalysts ( NaOH and H2SO4) to obtain biodiesel . In this study the mass concentration of lipids of L. starkeyi method by Bligh & Dyer ( 51.15% ± 1.48 ) and the effect of solvent on the extraction of lipids by Soxhlet ( 2.36% hexane , chloroform : methanol ( 44.75% ) and ethanol ( 32.76 %) and Butt ( 26.18% hexane , chloroform : methanol ( 40.81 %) and ethanol ( 30,19 % ) were studied the extraction efficiency is directly related to the polarity of the solvent . The oil composition was determined by esterification to methyl esters and analyzed by gas chromatography. The oil L. Starkeyi is basically composed of six fatty acids between 14 and 18 carbons, with a low degree of unsaturation, a desirable characteristic for the production of biodiesel . The characterization of the oil was determined by theoretical and experimental methods. The determination of glycerides by liquid chromatography high performance size exclusion of the oil showed that the hexane and chloroform: methanol showed higher concentration of triacylglycerols that ethanol. The transesterifications in situ acid catalysis was analyzed by gas chromatography- mass spectrometry. / Mestrado / Engenharia de Processos / Mestra em Engenharia Química

Extractive industries (including oil, gas and mining) generally afford an opportunity for the host government to generate the revenue to fund sustainable growth and development. It is therefore not surprising for conventional economic theory to suggest this is a readily available revenue source for resource blessed countries. However, contrary to this reasonable expectation, several of these economies were found to be suffering a financial handicap. Nigeria, despite being the largest crude oil producer in Africa and the tenth largest in the world, has so far found realising the full financial benefits of this nature’s gift unattainable. Using both qualitative and quantitative data as well as grounded theory in the analysis of the qualitative data, this research work has been carried out to develop a model of Nigerian oil industry using System Dynamics modelling methodology in order to understand these challenges. Specifically, the research develops an System Dynamics model to capture and quantify the various potential revenue streams to the Nigerian government from the oil (petroleum) industry with the objective of providing an explanatory model of the causal factors and then using the model to construct policy experiments in order to evaluate policies that may optimise these revenues. Findings show that, the development of the model for the Nigerian oil industry was successfully undertaken. The model was used to evaluate two government policy interventions that were aimed at improving government revenue from the industry. Moreover, a range of alternative scenarios which suggested increase of transparency policy, reduction of rate of gas flare and reduction of time taken for repairs of vandalised facilities were used in the model. The relevant system actors in the Nigerian oil industry were impressed with the modelling idea, particularly in its ability to represents all the economic challenges facing the industry, which offered a better understanding of the system they are dealing with. Overall, the model was able to depict some potential policy points thus serving as a decision-making tool.

The development and production of Canadian offshore petroleum deposits raises three key sets of issues of interest to economists. First are questions relating to the impact of royalties and taxes on producer decisions, and hence on the level and efficiency of resource taxation. Other issues concern the impacts on the overall economy during both the construction and production phases. A third set of issues relates to the distribution of powers and resource revenues between federal and provincial governments, including the links between provincial resource revenues and equalization payments. This thesis develops a numerically tractable economic model designed to examine these issues. At the model's core is a one-to-one relationship between development plans and production profiles. This property is exploited in simulating the behaviour of a price-taking, net-present-value-maximizing producer under conditions of certainty. The model is linked with a macroeconometric model of the Canadian economy to study the potential consequences of Hibernia, a petroleum deposit located in the Eastern Canadian offshore region. This deposit was chosen for analysis because its size, location and low costs (relative to current world oil prices) combine to raise all of the issues listed above. In most cases studied, producer responses to government policies result in the dissipation of less than five percent of the deposit's net present value to society. Although cases are identified where these responses have more serious consequences, the resulting dissipation of potential net benefits never exceeds 15 percent. The extension of specific forms of royalty and tax relief to the producer generally reduces the distortionary effects of government policies. The simulated exploitation of Hibernia induces small but sympathetic changes in most macroeconomic variables. The net crowding-out effects on other industries are shown to be relatively small, and to be more prevalent during the construction period. The results suggest that the larger share of the net benefits accruing to governments flows to the provincial treasury under three of the revenue-sharing systems modelled. However, Newfoundland and Labrador would lose a substantial portion of its Hibernia revenues under all of the equalization systems modelled. / Arts, Faculty of / Vancouver School of Economics / Graduate

The purpose of the study is threefold: (1) to make a survey of the type of purchasing organizations used by a selected number of oil companies operating in the Southwest, (2) to determine the extent or degree of centralized purchasing used by these firms, and (3) to evaluate briefly the organizational arrangements found in light of accepted principles.

This research investigates the shifting political settlements between the Ugandan state and the Bunyoro and Buganda kingdoms after the discovery of oil between 2007 and 2018. It seeks to answer the following questions using a historically, theoretically, and empirically grounded investigation: What accounts for the Bunyoro kingdom’s failure to benefit substantially from the discovery of oil on its territory? What lessons can be learnt from the Buganda kingdom’s relative success in negotiating with the central government and developing its own political and economic capacity independently of the state? The Bunyoro kingdom, located in the oil-rich Albertine Graben region of western Uganda, has failed to access significant economic benefits from the country’s emerging oil sector despite its historical ownership of the land on which the resource is found. This dissertation combines political settlements theory and the concept of extraversion to explain this empirical puzzle. It finds that the ruling National Resistance Movement (NRM)’s imposition of an exclusive political settlement in Uganda, coupled with the Bunyoro kingdom’s limited holding power, accounts for the kingdom’s failure to derive financial benefits from the oil sector. The relative marginalisation of the Bunyoro from Uganda’s oil sector results from the NRM’s historical strategy of limiting the power of sub-state groups who are subsequently excluded from the governing coalition. The main beneficiaries of the oil industry in Uganda are political elites within the ruling NRM coalition and their close associates. The Buganda kingdom serves as a control case study and reveals the potential strategies and structural changes the Bunyoro kingdom could pursue to potentially bypass Uganda’s exclusive settlement and therefore benefit from the country’s nascent oil sector. This dissertation also engages with broader debates on the struggles between the state and traditional kingdoms since independence in sub-Saharan Africa and how this intersects with the politics of natural resource governance. Since the inception of the modern state in the colonial era, kingdoms have engaged in a complex and dialogic relationship of indifference, cooperation, and contention with successive governing regimes. Some of the kingdoms challenged and resisted, albeit unsuccessfully the colonial imposition of a central state primarily because it led to their loss of political and economic power. Ultimately, the state and the kingdoms represent dual forms of nationality forced to co-exist in the post-colonial era, and this produces a complex mix of cooperation, contestation and strategic coexistence. The management and exploitation of natural resources, including oil, is embedded in this political context, and is often associated with adverse outcomes, such as rent-seeking, authoritarian governance, and sectarian violence. Some of these dynamics have accompanied the emergence of Uganda’s new oil industry, with political contestation occurring between the state and the Bunyoro kingdom which has unsuccessfully attempted to capture a share of oil revenue.

El presente trabajo de investigación desarrolla una propuesta para mejorar el desempeño de la gestión de inventarios en el almacén de una empresa petrolera, considerando la presencia de demandas no suaves que no se ajustan para ser tratadas como si tuvieran una distribución normal. Una demanda no suave presenta alta variabilidad en la cantidad solicitada y la posibilidad considerable de tener varios periodos sin demanda. El objetivo es mejorar el nivel de servicio al cliente interno sin tener que incrementar el valor de inventario promedio. Se inicia indicando la importancia de la gestión de inventarios en una empresa y explicando cada etapa en la gestión de la demanda, para luego revisar más a detalle los modelos de inventarios tradicionales y así como los que son recomendados para demandas no suaves. En la siguiente parte se examina la situación actual de la gestión de inventarios en el almacén en estudio, obteniendo un diagnóstico de la misma, y exponiendo los aspectos que pueden mejorarse. Por último, se presenta la propuesta que incluye los métodos de pronóstico y los modelos de control de inventarios elegidos según criterios adecuados que consideran la naturaleza y el patrón de la demanda. / This research develops a proposal to improve the performance of inventory management in the warehouse of an oil company, considering the presence of non-smooth demands that do not fit to treat them like if they would have a normal distribution. A non-smooth demand presents high variability on the required quantity and the chance to have several periods without a demand. The objective is to improve the service level for the internal customer without needing to increase the average inventory value. It is started indicating the importance of inventory management in a company and explaining each phase of demand management, then proceeds to review in detail traditional inventory models, as well as, those are recommended for non-smooth demand. The next part examines the current situation of inventory management in the warehouse that is under study, getting a diagnostic of it, and exposing the aspects that can be improved. Finally, is presented the proposal which to include the forecasting methods and the inventory control models, these are chosen according to suitable criteria which to consider the nature and pattern of demand. / Trabajo de investigación

This study investigates the corporate social responsibility (CSR) exercised by the multinational oil companies (MNOCs) operating in the Niger Delta, and its impact on sustainable development (SD) in this important region of Nigeria. Particular focus is given to sustainable improvement in well-being and enhancement of socio-economic development for the local communities. To investigate these, archival from newspapers, magazines documents on CSR in Niger Delta from NGOs, documents from oil company’s websites and interview data from forty participants from the local communities, stakeholders and senior managers from the MNOCs were obtained. The MNOCs’ CSR and SD policies and practices were also inspected from the company’s website and photographs of the local environment around the MNOCs extraction suites and plant were also collected. These data were then analysed using: photo voice, document analysis, constructivist grounded theory, website-based content analysis, and covert participant observation. The study identified discrepancies between the MNOCs declared online CSR and SD policies and practices and those in operation in the Niger Delta region. Our findings also show that local communities are marginalised. To address this, it is argued that Ruggie’s frameworks, Sen’s capability approach for a full life, and Bowen’s list of social goals should be used as guiding principles by the MNOCs in the Niger Delta region. The study offers theoretical, empirical and methodological contributions to the studies of business ethics, international management and international business by offering new insights into CSR and SD. / Nigerian Government; Education Trust Fund (ETF) / On title page: Vol I of II. Only this file was provided.

This is a study of the labor movement in the oil industry from an historical approach.

[Truncated abstract] This thesis reviews the role that contract farming plays in the development process through an examination of the oil palm industry in Ghana and in the Philippines. It contributes to ongoing debates concerning agricultural liberalisation in developing economies. The general view is that while the private sector can provide access to capital, technology and markets, the transition to a market-led system will increase the financial vulnerability of farmers, particularly smallholder farmers, through unequal power relationships. Of particular concern is the capacity of the private sector to alleviate poverty and promote social equity amongst small rural landholders. At the heart of much of the debate is the issue of contract farming, which has increased rapidly in line with structural adjustment in the agricultural sector. One of the central difficulties in drawing any conclusion on whether contract farming should be encouraged or discouraged, is the lack of comparability between the large number of types of schemes, crops being contracted, the `actors' involved and the socio-economic, political and institutional environments in which contract farming schemes are nurtured. This study has focused on the role that contract farming plays in the pursuit of development through an analysis of the key socio-economic issues involved with the adaptation of contract farming in the oil palm industries in the Philippines and in Ghana. This analysis allowed for the identification of conditions under which the impacts of contract farming schemes can either be augmented or mitigated. The research found that cultivating oil palm has the propensity to reward outgrowers with increasing income and a better access to knowledge, information and technology, capital and credit, agricultural inputs, markets and other services. ... The two outgrower programs are presently successful and do not show signs of the major problems identified by researchers in other areas. However, both governments need to ensure that a comprehensive policy and regulatory framework for private sector agricultural development is put in place. A strong private sector could provide the vehicle for agricultural development and the reduction of poverty in the countryside, however, both governments and the various private sector companies engaged in oil palm production need to work in partnership with each other and the outgrower community towards the goal of a diversified and expanded agricultural production base.