[pt] Durante o tempo em serviço, estruturas e componentes de equipamentos podem falhar e causar acidentes. Isto geralmente conduz a danos materiais podendo, ainda, causar perda de vidas humanas e danos ambientais. Frequentemente, os eventos danosos são originários de falhas de materiais e de fabricação, sobrecargas não previstas ou outros problemas oriundos do tempo de operação ou deficiência de manutenção de um componente. Neste estudo, com base numa análise de propagação de trinca superficial submetida a carregamento, se avaliou a integridade de um flange da conexão de topo de uma linha flexível, sob condições criogênicas de operação. Quando em serviço, a falha deste conector pode ocasionar interrupções na produção, dano a equipamentos e meio ambiente, bem como fatalidades em plataformas offshore de petróleo. As linhas (dutos) flexíveis utilizadas para injetar gás CO2 nos reservatórios de petróleo no país trabalham submetidas a elevadas pressões internas (da ordem de 10.000 psi), o que aumenta o risco de falha do componente. Além disto, a selagem da conexão flangeada pode falhar e provocar um vazamento de fluido gasoso, proporcionando uma queda acentuada da temperatura local e potencializando a fratura frágil do componente. O cenário proposto para o estudo foi relacionado a possível falha na vedação do anel BX, localizado entre a conexão da linha flexível e a plataforma de petróleo. A metodologia foi dividida em duas etapas: a primeira corresponde à análise global linear elástica do conector na ausência de trincas e baseada no método de elementos finitos (MEF). Na segunda etapa da análise, se introduziu uma trinca no conector na região com os maiores níveis de tensão e onde é possível realizar ensaio por líquido penetrante. Assim, o estudo se concentrou na conexão flangeada do conector, adotando como um aço com 9 por cento de níquel em sua composição química, liga ferrosa de larga aplicação em tanques de armazenagem de GNL. Se buscou avaliar a resistência à fratura do material através da associação de condições severas de carregamento, baixas temperaturas e tamanho de trinca em flanges de dutos flexíveis, conforme critério severizado da norma API 6A. Desta maneira, se espera contribuir para que a indústria offshore de petróleo tenha mais uma opção de material para ser adotado na fabricação de conectores de topo das linhas flexíveis que trabalhem em condição criogênica. / [en] During the time in service, structures and equipment components can fail and cause accidents. This usually leads to damage and may also cause loss of human lives and environmental damages. Often, harmful events are originated from materials and manufacturing faults, unforeseen overloads or other problems arising from the operation time or component maintenance deficiencies. In this study, based on the analysis of surface crack propagation under loading, was assessed the integrity of a top connecting flange of a flexible line operation under cryogenic conditions. When in service, the failure of this connector may cause production disruptions, damages to the equipment and the environment, as well as human fatalities on offshore oil platforms. In Brazil, flexibles lines (ducts) used to inject CO2 gas in oil reservoirs work subjected to high internal pressures (of the order of 10,000 psi), which increases the risk of a component failure. Moreover, the damaged flange may cause leakage of gaseous fluid resulting in very low local temperatures and resulting in brittle fracture enhancing of the component. The scenario proposed in this study is related to a possible seal BX ring failure which is located between the flexible line connection and the oil platform. The methodology was divided into two stages: the first corresponds to the linear elastic global analysis of the connector in the absence of cracks and based on the finite element method (FEM). In the second stage of analysis, it introduced a crack on the connector in the region with the highest stress levels and where it is possible to test for penetrant. Thus, the study focused on the flange connection connector, adopting as a steel with 9 per cent nickel in its chemical composition, ferrous alloy wide application in LNG storage tanks. He sought to evaluate the fracture resistance of the material through the combination of severe loading conditions, low temperatures and 9 cracks in flanges of flexible ducts as severe criteria standard API 6A standard. Thus, it is expected to contribute to the offshore oil industry has one more material option to be adopted in the manufacture of top connectors of the flexible lines working in cryogenic condition.

Submitted by Mariana de Oliveira (marianaeng@uol.com.br) on 2018-09-05T00:53:23Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Oliveira.MarianaCristinade_DissertacaoFinal.pdf: 7083608 bytes, checksum: ce11a4f42af43ead7a3e5d3f83e3bc18 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Pamella Benevides Gonçalves null (pamella@feg.unesp.br) on 2018-09-10T18:38:08Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 oliveira_mc_me_guara.pdf: 7083608 bytes, checksum: ce11a4f42af43ead7a3e5d3f83e3bc18 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-10T18:38:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 oliveira_mc_me_guara.pdf: 7083608 bytes, checksum: ce11a4f42af43ead7a3e5d3f83e3bc18 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-07-12 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar a influência da deformação plástica no comportamento corrosivo de oleodutos em ambiente ácido contendo cloreto de sódio. As tubulações trabalham em ambiente altamente corrosivo e estão sujeitas à deformação plástica, o que altera as propriedades mecânicas do aço. Com isso é necessário avaliar a integridade da tubulação em serviço. Para tanto retirou-se amostras de uma tubulação do aço de baixo carbono API 5L X65, um dos mais utilizados pela indústria do petróleo e gás para fabricação de tubulações de transporte. As amostras foram deformadas plasticamente em 0,5%; 1,0%; 1,5%; 2,0% e 2,5% por meio de um ensaio de tração. A microestrutura das amostras deformadas foi caracterizada, através da microscopia óptica e eletrônica de varredura, apresentando uma matriz de ferrita – perlita fina. Uma nova análise microestrutural foi realizada após os ensaios de corrosão, indicando que o aço sofre um processo de corrosão generalizada. Para avaliar o comportamento corrosivo foram realizados testes laboratoriais de imersão e eletroquímicos para caracterizar o processo corrosivo em solução ácida contendo 3% de cloreto de sódio. O teste de imersão teve a finalidade de comparar a perda de massa de uma amostra sem deformação plástica e outra com deformação plástica de 2,5%. Os resultados indicaram que não há diferença significativa entre as amostras. Utilizou se as técnicas eletroquímicas de OCP, polarização de Tafel, EIS e Permeação de hidrogênio, em todas as técnicas verificou-se que o processo de corrosão é uniforme. O processo de corrosão não apresentou variação significativa devido à deformação plástica, porém indicou que a deformação plástica aumenta a suscetibilidade à permeação de hidrogênio no aço. / This work aims to investigate the influence of plastic deformation on the corrosive behavior of pipelines in acidic environment containing sodium chloride. The pipelines work in a highly corrosive environment and are subject to plastic deformation, which alters the steel’s mechanical properties. Therefore, integrity assessment of a pipeline in service is necessary. For this purpose, samples were taken from a pipeline of API 5L X65 low carbon steel, one of the most used by the oil and gas industry to manufacture transport pipelines. The samples were plastically deformed in 0.5%; 1.0%; 1.5%; 2.0% and 2.5% by a tensile test. The microstructure of deformed samples was characterized by optical and scanning electronic microscopy, presenting a fine ferrite and pearlite matrix. A new microstructural analysis was performed after the corrosion tests, indicating that the corrosion process is uniform. The corrosive behavior was assessed by laboratory immersion and electrochemical tests to characterize the corrosive process in acid solution containing sodium chloride 3%. The immersion test was used to compare the mass loss between a sample without plastic deformation and another 2,5% plastic deformed. The results indicated that there was no significant difference between the samples. It was used the OCP, polarization of Tafel, EIS and Hydrogen Permeation electrochemical techniques, all techniques showed a uniform corrosion process. The corrosion process did not present significant variation due to the plastic deformation, however it indicated that the plastic deformation increases the susceptibility to the hydrogen permeation in the steel.

Submitted by Joana Azevedo (joanad@id.uff.br) on 2017-12-11T13:30:38Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese Evandro La Macchia FINAL.pdf: 1170776 bytes, checksum: 3223965a754182f12b4331238d650924 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Biblioteca da Escola de Engenharia (bee@ndc.uff.br) on 2018-01-09T12:05:54Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese Evandro La Macchia FINAL.pdf: 1170776 bytes, checksum: 3223965a754182f12b4331238d650924 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-01-09T12:05:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese Evandro La Macchia FINAL.pdf: 1170776 bytes, checksum: 3223965a754182f12b4331238d650924 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-10-02 / Esta tese trata da questão da internacionalização da empresa de petróleo no Brasil. O tema ganha maiores dimensões nas discussões devido ao advento das descobertas nas áreas exploratórias do pré-sal. O expressivo tamanho das descobertas poderá colocar a indústria de petróleo brasileira e o seu quase único operador, a Petrobrás, na posição de grande exportador de óleo cru. O modelo exportador de matéria prima bruta não parece ser a melhor estratégia tanto para o país quanto para o maior ícone da indústria nacional de petróleo, a Petrobras.A partir de um estudo da indústria nacional de petróleo a tese formulará uma proposta de estratégia de gestão via a internacionalização verticalmente integrada para esta indústria, em particular para a grande empresa nacional. Também será feita uma análise comparativa de grandes empresas, suas estratégias e forma de operação, empresas de outras nacionalidades, de capital estatal, privado ou misto, internacionalizadas desde o seu nascimento ou em francos processos de internacionalização, onde a atuação em países diferentes das suas sedes é um objetivo estratégico. Finalmente será analisada uma iniciativa de internacionalização que foi a aquisição da empresa japonesa, NSS Nansei Sekiyu KK, pela Petrobras em 2008. A aquisição no Japão por empresa de capital latino-americano foi inédita na história daquele país. A metodologia utilizada é de uma pesquisa qualitativa. O estudo concluirá que existe uma tendência histórica da grande empresa de petróleo no uso de estratégia de internacionalização via integração vertical de suas operações e que tal estratégia poderia ser adotada pela empresa nacional, porém, em meio a tensões e dilemas de decisões influenciadas pelo político social e pelo pensamento empresarial. / This thesis addresses the issue of internationalization of companies in the oil company in Brazil. The subject analyzed gained ground in discussions of this industry, with the advent of new discoveries in the areas of exploration, the areas of presalt. A future seems to be approaching a future when new discoveries will bring the Brazilian oil industry, notably its highest representative and almost totally dominant one, Petrobras, to a position of net exporter of crude oil. The raw material export model does not seem to be the best strategy for both the country and the largest icon of the national oil industry, Petrobras. Through a study of the national oil industry, this thesis will propose a strategy of internationalization by operational vertical integration of the national industry. Analysis will also be made of other companies, strategies and mode of operation, companies from other countries, and state, private or private and state capital, internationalized since birth or going through internationalization processes, where the operations in different countries of these headquarters are the objective of their organizations. Finally one case of internationalization initiative will be studied, which was the acquisition of the Japanese company, NSS Nansei Sekiyu KK, by Petrobras in 2008. The acquisition of a company in Japan by a Latin American company was unprecedented in that country. The methodology for this theses is qualitative research. The study will conclude that there is a historical trend of the big petroleum company adopting the strategy of internationalization by vertical integration of its operations and that this strategy could be adopted by the national company.

The oil industry in Sergipe State has reproduced the ongoing development model based on the use of fossil fuels as the main source of energy, and has generated some pollutants which are hard to treat or dispose of, called oil sludge, basically consisting of oil, solids and water. The final disposition, treatment and recycling of this waste is considered a high priority of the oil companies in the discussion of the policies related to its sustainable management. To decrease the environmental impacts resulting from the final disposition of the pollutant, the objective of this work was to study an alternative of recycling the oil sludge as one component in the mixture of ceramic blocks producing for the civil construction industry. Additionally, we tried to define environmental indicators as a very important tool related to oil residues management policies. A characterization of the oil sludge was carried out to define the best treatment related to the addition of the residue mixtures with clay and water to make the ceramic blocks in rates ranging from 0 to 25% in weight. The quality of the ceramic blocks was evaluated based on mechanical resistance, water absorption, efflorescence, soluble salts content and retention capacity of heavy metals, which are measured by leaching and solubilization tests. A better mixture was achieved with the addition of oil sludge until the rate of 20% to make the ceramic blocks, with maintenance of the desirable characteristics related to this type of construction supply, besides no negative effects to the environment. Oil sludge recycling may contribute to the improvement of the eco-efficiency of the ceramic industry, reducing the pressure toward the use of natural resources, and also providing a sustainable use of this hard to manage pollutant to the oil industry. Fifteen environmental indicators were proposed to help evaluate the impacts of the actions and policies to analyze or adopt new solutions to solve environmental problems, and to identify the competencies and responsibilities of decision makers. / A indústria de exploração e produção de petróleo em Sergipe, reproduzindo o modelo de desenvolvimento que tem como principal fonte de energia os combustíveis fósseis, gera um resíduo de difícil tratamento e destinação final conhecido como borra oleosa, constituído pela mistura de óleo, sólidos e água. A disposição, tratamento e/ou reciclagem de tais resíduos constituem aspectos de grande importância na definição de políticas de gestão sustentável, prioridade das empresas que os produzem. Buscando contribuir para a diminuição do impacto ambiental provocado pela disposição deste resíduo poluidor no meio ambiente, este trabalho teve como objetivo estudar uma alternativa para reciclagem da borra oleosa através da sua incorporação à massa argilosa para fabricação de blocos cerâmicos de vedação utilizados na construção civil. Adicionalmente, procurou-se definir indicadores ambientais aplicados à gestão destes resíduos oleosos, instrumento também de grande importância na condução de tais políticas. A fim de definir o melhor tratamento, procedeu-se à caracterização da borra oleosa, posteriormente incorporada à massa para fabricação de tijolos cerâmicos em percentuais que variaram de 0 a 25% em peso. A qualidade dos blocos produzidos foi avaliada através de ensaios de resistência mecânica, absorção de água, eflorescência, teor de sais solúveis e capacidade de retenção de metais pesados, medida através de ensaios de lixiviação e solubilização. Constatou-se que é possível incorporar até 20% de borra oleosa na fabricação dos blocos cerâmicos de vedação sem perda de suas qualidades essenciais e sem prejuízo ao meio ambiente e aos usuários do produto. A reciclagem pode aumentar a ecoeficiência das indústrias envolvidas na fabricação dos blocos cerâmicos, promovendo uma redução da pressão sobre os recursos naturais utilizados, assim como proporcionar à indústria de petróleo uma destinação sustentável do resíduo poluente. Foram propostos quinze indicadores ambientais, que avaliam o impacto ambiental das ações e políticas em curso, ajudando a analisar medidas corretivas, adotar novos rumos no enfrentamento dos problemas ambientais e identificar competências e níveis de responsabilidade importantes para os tomadores de decisão.

Proper management of different waste streams generated in conjunction with oil Exploration and Production (E&P) activities in Sudan is a major challenge for Petrodar Operating Company (PDOC) inter alia. PDOC generates a range of waste streams that are expected to significantly increase especially during and after the planned expansions. Therefore, there is a growing need for establishing an Integrated Waste Management System (IWMS) through a systematic approach for enhancing the attempts to redirect PDOC’s efforts towards realizing its commitment to best HSE standards. This study introduces the composition of an Integrated Waste Management System (IWMS) that incorporates better strategies and practices that particularly suit the case of PDOC’s Central Processing Facilities (CPF) (Al-Jabalayn site), Sudan in accordance with the Waste Management Hierarchy. In the first part; mainly the qualitative characterization of the past, current and the near-future situation at Al-Jabalayn site in terms of waste management strategies and practices are all described and analyzed, followed by the creation of a “waste inventory”. Accordingly the elements of a recommended set of appropriate waste management strategies and practices are identified in order to form a framework of an Integrated Waste Management System (IWMS) that particularly fits the case of Al-Jabalayn site and its operating circumstances. The model framework that has been suggested based on this case study can be promoted, replicated and applied to similar Sudanese E&P sites; operating under same conditions. The adoption of such an approach shall pave the way to diminish the gap between the current situation and the most possible sustainable waste management system in the sector.

In 2015, the United Nations adopted 17 sustainable development goals (SDGs) and 169 dub-goals, for all United Nations member countries. The goals are referred to as Agenda 2030 which aims to be guidelines for the countries as well as deepen the commitments of implementation.This paper aims to identify opportunities for how the palm oil industry can, through a more sustainable way, help to achieve objectives of UN ́s goals number eight and thirteen, by examining how the government in Indonesia works. Goal number eight: Decent work and economic growth, and goal number thirteen: Climate action.The analysis has been conducted through a qualitative case study based on scientific articles and various documents.The method used is A political economic approach together with an stakeholders analysis, where all stakeholders seek to be identified. The Government of Indonesia is working towards more sustainable production of palm oil and is undertaken by several stakeholders on the way, for example, the implementation of Indonesian Sustainable Palm oil (ISPO), which the government of Indonesia has installed to make the palm oil industry somehow contribute to meeting the SDGs.

The rise of on-demand platform work typified by Uber has intensified a decades-long trend away from standard work relationships and toward contingent work structures, characterized by the unbounding of work in space and time. Yet many workers have always toiled outside of a traditional workplace and “standard” schedule. My dissertation examines how contingent workers in four different industries navigate unstable work schedules across unsettled work geographies, drawing on 120 interviews with agricultural and oil and gas workers in Texas and on-demand delivery workers and university adjuncts in New York City. Across these “old” and “new” cases of contingent work performed across rural and urban landscapes, work processes restructure space and time in such a way that workers do not know when, for how long, or where they will have work. I call this temporal and spatial instability positional uncertainty – repurposing an oilfield term for the inability to pinpoint precisely where one is at any given moment in the drilling process. The experience of positional uncertainty forces workers to subordinate the rhythms and geographies of their own lives to the temporal and spatial imperatives of their respective labor processes, leading to time struggle (unpaid periods of waiting or “zombie time” and overwork) and challenges in space (related to the bifurcation or unbounding, respectively, of the spaces of work and home). Workers respond, first, by doing boundary work, and second, by telling both critical and anchoring stories in attempts to bring coherence and meaning to the day-to-day and the long-term. The dissertation highlights the integral role of time and space in structuring social life, the active maneuvers by which workers struggle to re-configure time and space to produce coherence and make a life for themselves, and the short- and long-term costs of the transfer of risk onto workers through positional uncertainty. The strategic comparison reveals parallel strategies across disparate cases in response to the warping of time and space and illuminates how positional uncertainty exacerbates deep-set structural inequalities.

This study investigates the major factors that have restricted the flow of foreign direct investment (FDI) into the oil sector in Libya. The study focuses on the period from 2000 to 2009. This period is significant since, during this time Libya witnessed dramatic foreign and economic policy changes. The research objectives are: (1) To identify the determinants of foreign direct investment into Libya’s oil industry for the period 2000-2009; (2) To reveal the obstacles and barriers which hinder FDI in Libya’s oil industry; (3) To determine the extent that the Libyan Government FDI policy influenced FDI in Libya’s oil industry. The rationale for this thesis was driven by filling an empirical void of FDI studies on the oil industry in Libya and by the intention of providing practical insights for current and future Libyan governments. This study comprises of an analysis of the 30 multinational (MNCs) oil companies that are operating in the Libyan oil industry through questionnaire and interview data from executives employed by those MNCs, as well as data from ten Libyan senior government officials involved in the Libyan oil industry and/or FDI policies. The research has provided support for several of the determinants of FDI flows traditionally found in the literature. The survey and time series analysis further reveals that access to Libya’s proven oil and gas reserves was the singular most important determinate for influencing the MNCs to undertake FDI. Furthermore, the findings identified that Libyan government foreign policy had some impact on the MNCs decision to undertake FDI. The research findings with regards to the role played by environmental risk as a determinate of FDI, demonstrate that there is no significant relationship between overall levels of environmental risk and a country‘s performance in attracting FDI. Also, this research has identified a number of factors that are causing obstacles and challenges to the attractiveness of Libya as a location for foreign investment. It has revealed that MNCs are significantly dissatisfied by the stability of the public institutions and the lack of effective regulations in Libya.

Research Background: The Indian edible oil industry plays a vital role in the country's agricultural and economic landscape, ranking among the top producers globally. With favorable conditions for cultivating various oilseeds, India has become a significant player inthe edible oil market, contributing significantly to agricultural output and economic value.Micro, Small, and Medium-scale enterprises (MSMEs) dominate the industrial sector inIndia, including the edible oil industry, accounting for a substantial portion of industrialoutput and employment. As sustainability becomes increasingly important, MSMEs facepressure to adopt lean and green manufacturing practices to address environmental concerns.Sustainability certifications have emerged as a solution, offering a competitive edge andenhancing environmental performance within organizations.This study aims to explore thechallenges and opportunities related to sustainability standards and certifications in IndianMSMEs within the edible oil industry, contributing to both theoretical understanding andpractical application in this domain. Research Purpose: The purpose of this research is to explore the challenges encountered bysmall and medium-scale edible oil enterprises in India in adopting sustainability standardsand certifications. Additionally, it seeks to investigate how these certifications and standards,  specifically focused on sustainability, influence organizational sustainability within the Indian edible oil industry. Also, this study seeks to provide valuable insights into the complexities ofsustainability adoption and its impact on organizational sustainability. Method: The study employs a qualitative approach to explore the intricacies encountered byMSMEs in the Indian edible oil sector regarding the integration of sustainabilitycertifications. Utilizing a single case study method, the research aims to provide valuableinsights and practical guidance through an inductive content analysis. Embracing a relativistic research paradigm, it acknowledges the influence of personal experiences and societal factors on participants' perspectives. Through purposive sampling, data is gathered from 10semi-structured interviews conducted via Microsoft Teams. The analysis focuses onidentifying emerging themes and patterns, illuminating the challenges and complexities facedby MSMEs in sustainability certification adoption. Additionally, it seeks to uncover thefactors shaping certification adoption and its implications for organizational sustainabilitywithin the industry. Conclusion: The results of this study shed light on the complexities and challenges faced by small and medium-scale edible oil enterprises in India regarding the adoption of sustainability standards and certifications. Through rigorous analysis, we identified the crucial role ofsupportive policies, incentives, and CSR practices in driving certification adoption.Furthermore, we highlighted the significant impact of certifications on organizationalsustainability, emphasizing their role in enhancing credibility, trust, and marketcompetitiveness. Ultimately, our findings underscore the importance of navigating hurdles and seizing opportunities to promote sustained growth, innovation, and competitiveness while contributing to environmental stewardship and social well-being within the MSME landscape.

This investigation is a study of the issues involved in the disputed cases pertaining to the Oil Refining Industry which were certified to the Eighth Regional War Labor Board serving Texas, Oklahoma, and Louisiana during World War II.