Why is it that "Steal Away" is better known than "Jesus on the Waterside?" This question can only be answered by examining the history of how Spirituals were brought to the attention of audiences beyond the plantation. Negro Spirituals began as a folk music tradition and were later developed into concert music for performance. Along the way, this genre was described, notated, catalogued, studied, and arranged by individuals from various ideological perspectives, which led to the following questions and debates: 1. Can African Americans produce beautiful music? 2. Why do African Americans sing? 3. Are African Americans content to await freedom in Heaven? 4. Are the Spirituals original compositions or imitations of European music? 5. Are the Spirituals a source of dignity or shame? 6. What can contemporary society learn from the message of the Spirituals? 7. How should the Spirituals be performed? The debates that most directly affected the canon of Spirituals are the final three questions, which originated among African Americans after emancipation and were especially influential at freedmen schools in the South, where the tradition of singing Spirituals as concert music was established.

Entwicklung einer Lösung zur Umgehung des Single-Point-Of-Failures bei Schreiboperationen bisheriger LDAP-Replikationsmethoden.

This volume discusses 332 articles referring to 'Africans' published between 1770 and 1800 in German periodicals. It analyses them with particular reference to skin colour ('race'), ethnography and the Atlantic slave trade, demonstrating some of the contradictions which characterised images of Africans in this period. / Dieser Band erörtert 332 Artikel bezogen auf 'Afrikaner', die zwischen 1770 und 1800 in deutschen Zeitschriften veröffentlicht wurden. Er analysiert sie mit besonderem Bezug auf die Hautfarbe ('Rasse'), Ethnographie und den atlantischen Sklavenhandel, wobei die Widersprüche demonstriert werden, welche für die Darstellung von Afrikanern/Afrikanerinnen in dieser Zeit charakteristisch waren.

This study argues that Catholicism informs a major genre of African American literature in ways and with a significance that has gone largely unrecognized. Since their emergence in the 1960s and 1970s, contemporary narratives of slavery have challenged the traditional historiography of American slavery, radically revising how we remember that "peculiar institution." These fictional works disrupt the form and content of slave autobiography, suggesting that the conventions of Enlightenment rationalism to which antebellum texts were bound could not adequately represent the experience of enslavement. Scholarship on the genre has thus tended to focus on the way it undermines the rationalizing impulse of Enlightenment discourse, which in the U.S. as well as in Europe was determined by the ideals of the Protestant Reformation. But while the scholarly attention to Protestantism has yielded valuable insights regarding the contemporary slave narrative’s critique of the "unreason" of slavery, it cannot account for the striking presence of the Catholic themes and images at the margins of these texts that this dissertation uncovers, nor for the way that the religion is imaginatively linked to radical moments of historical revision. I argue that Catholicism undergirds the imaginative ways the genre expresses the inexpressible horror of enslavement and the legacy of those horrors in the present day. Because of its historical association with irrationality, superstition, and an aberrant supernaturalism, Catholicism is thus marshaled—with justified political hesitation—in the contemporary slave narrative as an oppositional category of discourse through which African American authors break with the historiographical methods of the Enlightenment and, in particular, with the rationalization of slavery characterizing the period. Chapter One analyzes two novels by Toni Morrison, Beloved and A Mercy, and her concept of "rememory." In Chapter Two, I examine the trope of spirit possession in Ernest Gaines's The Autobiography of Miss Jane Pittman and Leon Forrest’s Two Wings to Veil My Face. My final two chapters address temporal disjuncture in contemporary narratives of slavery: Chapter Three comprises readings of Phyllis Alesia Perry’s Stigmata and Charles Johnson’s Oxherding Tale, while in Chapter Four I focus on Edward P. Jones’s The Known World. / 2017-11-18T00:00:00Z

Since the genesis of condensed matter physics, strongly correlated fermionic systems have shown a variety of fascinating properties and remain a vital topic in the field. Such systems arise through electronic interaction, and despite decades of intensive research, no holistic approach to solving this problem has been found. During that time, physicists have compiled a wealth of individual experimental and theoretical results, which together give an invaluable insight into these materials, and, in some instances, can explain correlated phenomena. However, there are several systems that stubbornly refuse to fall completely in line with current theoretical descriptions, among them the high-\( T_c{}\) cuprates and heavy fermion compounds. Although the two material classes have been around for the better part of the last 50 years, large portions of their respective phase diagram are still under intensive debate. Recent experiments in several electron-doped cuprates compounds, e.g. neodymium cerium copper oxide (Nd\(_{2x}\)Ce\(_x\)CuO\(_4\)), reveal a charge ordering about an antiferromagnetic ground state. So far, it has not been conclusively clarified how this intertwining of charge and spin polarization comes about and how it can be reconciled with a rigorous theoretical description. The heavy-fermion semimetals, on the other hand, have enjoyed renewed scientific interest with the discovery of topological Kondo insulators, a new material class offering a unique interface of topology, symmetry breaking, and correlated phenomena. In this context, samarium hexaboride (SmB\(_6\)) has emerged as a prototypical system, which may feature a topological ground state. In this thesis, we present a spin rotational invariant auxiliary particle approach to investigate the propensities of interacting electrons towards forming new states of order. In particular, we study the onset of spin and charge order in high-\( T_c{}\) cuprate systems and Kondo lattices, as well as the interplay of magnetism and topology. To that end, we use a sophisticated mean-field approximation of bosonic auxiliary particles augmented by a stability analysis of the saddle point via Gaussian fluctuations. The latter enables the derivation of dynamic susceptibilities, which describe the response of the system under external fields and offer a direct comparison to experiments. Both the mean-field and fluctuation formalisms require a numerical tool that is capable of extremizing the saddle point equations, on the one hand, and reliably solving a loop integral of the susceptibility-type, on the other. A full, from scratch derivation of the formalism tailored towards a software implementation, is provided and pedagogically reviewed. The auxiliary particle method allows for a rigorous description of incommensurate magnetic order and compares well to other established numerical and analytical techniques. Within our analysis, we employ the two-dimensional one-band Hubbard as well as the periodic Anderson model as minimal Hamiltonians for the high-\( T_c{}\) cuprates and Kondo systems, respectively. For the former, we observe a regime of intertwined charge- and spin-order in the electron-doped regime, which matches recent experimental observations in the cuprate material Nd\(_{2x}\)Ce\(_x\)CuO\(_4\). Furthermore, we localize the emergence of a Kondo regime in the periodic Anderson model and establish the magnetic phase diagram of the two-band model for topological Kondo insulators. The emerging antiferromagnetic ground state can be characterized by its topological properties and shows, for a non-trivial phase, topologically protected hinge modes. / Stark korrelierte Fermionen in einem Festkörper-Kristallgitter weisen eine Vielzahl faszinierender kollektiver Eigenschaften auf und stellen damit eines der konzeptionell reichhaltigsten Themenkomplexe auf dem Gebiet der Physik der kondensierten Materie da. Die dazu nötigen Mechanismen lassen sich auf die elektronische Coulomb-Wechsel-wirkung zurückführen und sind trotz jahrzehntelanger intensiver Forschung bis heute nicht geschlossen gelöst worden. Vielmehr wurden - Stück für Stück - experimentelle und theoretische Einzelergebnisse zusammen getragen, die nicht nur einen tiefen Einblick in diese Materialien geben, sondern in einigen Fällen sogar korrelierte Phänomene erklären können. Allerdings gibt es durchaus Strukturen, die sich hartnäckig weigern, mit den bisherigen theoretischen Beschreibungen vollständig übereinzustimmen, darunter die Kuprat-Hochtemperatursupraleiter und die Schwer-Fermionenverbindungen. Obwohl diese beiden Materialklassen seit etwa 50 Jahren erforscht werden, sind große Teile ihrer jeweiligen Phasendiagramme noch nicht abschließend entschlüsselt. Experimente an mehreren elektronendotierten Kuprat-verbindungen, z. B. Neodym-Cerium-Kupferoxid (Nd\(_{2x}\)Ce\(_x\)CuO\(_4\)), zeigen unter anderem eine Ladungsdichtewelle, die auf einem antiferromagnetischen Grundzustand beruht. Bislang ist nicht abschließend geklärt, wie diese Verschränkung von Ladungs- und Spinpolarisation zustande kommt und wie sie mit einer strengen theoretischen Beschreibung in Einklang zu bringen ist. Schwer-Fermionen Halbmetalle erleben mit der Entdeckung der topologischen Kondo-Isolatoren eine Renaissance und bieten eine einzigartige Schnittstelle zwischen Topologie, Symmetriebrechung und korrelierten Phänomenen. Der wahrscheinlich vielversprechendste Kandidat dieser neuen Materialklasse ist Samariumhexaborid (SmB\(_6\)). In dieser Arbeit nutzen wir einen spinrotationsinvarianten Hilfsteilchenansatz um die Emergenz neuer Ordnungszustände wechselwirkender Elektronen zu untersuchen. Im Besonderen interessiert uns das Zusammenspiel von Spin- und Ladungsdichtewellen in den Hochtemperatur Kupraten und Kondo-systemen, sowie die Interaktion von Magnetismus und Topologie. Dazu verwenden wir eine hoch parametrische Molekular-Feld-Analyse der bosonischen Hilfsteilchen, die anschließend durch eine Stabilitätsanalyse des Sattelpunkts ergänzt wird. Sowohl die Molekular-Feld-Approximation, als auch der Fluktuations-Formalismus erfordern ein numerisches Softwaretool, das in der Lage ist sowohl Sattelpunkt-Gleichungen als auch Loopintegral präzise zu lösen. Wir präsentieren eine pädagogisch aufgearbeitete, von Grund auf entwickelte Herleitung des Formalismus, die auf eine Software-Implementierung zugeschnitten ist. Der Hilfsteilchenansatz erlaubt überdies eine rigorose Beschreibung inkommensurabel magnetischer Ordnungen und reproduziert etablierten numerischen und analytische Ergebnisse in guter Übereinstimmung. Für unsere Analyse verwenden wir sowohl das zweidimensionale Einband-Hubbard- als auch das periodische Anderson-Modell als minimalen Hamitonian für die Hochtemperatur-Kuprate bzw. Kondo-Systeme. Im Falle der Kuprate finden wir eine Phase, die durch eine kombinierte Ladungs- und Spinordnung im elektronendotierten Parameterbereich gekennzeichnet ist und überdies gut mit experimentellen Beobachtungen im Kupratmaterial Nd\(_{2x}\)Ce\(_x\)CuO\(_4\) übereinstimmt. Des Weitern wird das Auftreten des Kondo-Regimes im periodischen Anderson-Modell untersucht und das magnetische Phasendiagramm des Zwei-Band-Hamiltonians eines topologischen Kondo-Isolators kartiert. Der antiferromagnetische Grundzustand kann durch eine topologische Invariante charakterisiert werden und zeigt für eine nicht-triviale Phase eindimensionale topologisch geschützte Kantenmoden.

Syftet med denna uppsats är att ta reda huruvida filmklippning kan spela en avgörande roll i filmens berättelse med hjälp av olika verktyg och konventioner. De utvalda filmproduktionerna är Memento (2000), City of God (2002) och 12 Years a Slave (2013). Med hjälp av tre olika teoriböcker skall uppsatsen undersöka hur klippning skapar mening, vilka klipptekniker som används samt om de följer några historiska eller samtida konventioner. Det är en både teknisk och estetisk analys avfilmerna. Vi ska ta reda på om det framgår några tendenser i klippningen som kan appliceras i dagens filmproduktion. Filmklippning är ett ämne som inte får tillräckligt med uppmärksamhet inom filmvetenskapen, men trots det är filmklippning en av de allra viktigaste delarna av en filmproduktion – den bygger upp filmen och regissörens vision och är det vi som åskådare ser på bioduken. En kvalitativ analys av ämnet kan ge oss ett större inblick i hur en klippare arbetar men också vilka effekter det får på berättelsen i sin helhet. Idag studerar man film utifrån regissörens och auteurens vision och avtryck på berättelsen och det är lätt hänt att alla individer som arbetar med produktionen hamnar i skuggan, allt från musiker, produktionsdesigner, projektledare till filmklippare. Klipptekniker idag ser helt annorlunda ut än hur det var på 50-talet i och med att nya lösningar har utvecklats, och detta påverkar indirekt berättelsen. Nya tendenser och omfattningar inom yrket har gjort att klipparrollen blivit allt viktigare, och urvalet av vem som skall klippa vilken film kan få stora konsekvenser.

Why did Great Britain abolish the transatlantic slave trade in 1807, after a nearly twenty-year social movement campaign to end it? This question still continues to puzzle scholars despite the vast amount of historical research conducted on the subject since the beginning of the twentieth century. In this dissertation, I use social movement theory and a two-tiered empirical approach to examine British slave trade abolition. Systematic qualitative and quantitative analyses of the legislative debates on the slave trade underscores the importance of abolitionists’ rhetorical strategies and the economic utility of Britain’s departure from the trade. A frame analysis of abolitionists’ speeches made during the parliamentary debates suggests that a law to end the slave trade was passed when abolitionist MPs deliberately reframed their ideological campaign to include an increased number of economic pleas in their arguments. Drawing on key aspects of social movement theory, I examine the relationship between resource mobilization, cultural framing and opportunity structures (both political and non-political) and British abolition. My findings suggest that cultural, economic and political factors help to explain why the British slave trade was finally abolished. / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

The CAR (confront, address, replace) Strategy is an antiracist pedagogy aiming to drive out exclusionary terminology in engineering education. “Master-slave” terminology is still commonplace in engineering education and industry. However, questions have been raised about the negative impacts of such language. Usage of exclusionary terminology such as “master-slave” in academia can make students—especially those who identify as women and/or Black/African-American—feel uncomfortable, potentially evoking Stereotype Threat (Danowitz, 2020) and/or Curriculum Trauma (Buul, 2020). Indeed, prior research shows that students from a number of backgrounds find non-inclusive terminologies such as “master-slave” to be a major problem (Danowitz, 2020). Currently, women-identifying and gender nonbinary students are underrepresented in the engineering industry (ASEE, 2020) while Black/African-American students are underrepresented in the entire higher education system, including engineering fields (NSF, 2019). The CAR Strategy, introduced here, stands for: 1) confront; 2) address; 3) replace and aims to provide a framework for driving out iniquitous terminologies in engineering education such as “master-slave.” The first step is to confront the historical significance of the terminology in question. The second step is to address the technical inaccuracies of the legacy terminology. Lastly, replace the problematic terminology with an optional but recommended replacement. This thesis reports on student perceptions and the effectiveness of The CAR Strategy piloted as a teaching framework in the computer engineering department of Cal Poly. Of 64 students surveyed: 70% either agree or strongly agree that The CAR Strategy is an effective framework for driving out exclusionary terminologies. Amman Asfaw first presented certain portions of this thesis at the virtual 2021 American Society for Engineering Education (ASEE) Annual Conference and Exposition. The original publication’s copyright is held by ASEE (Asfaw, 2021); secondary authors included Storm Randolph, Victoria Siaumau, Yumi Aguilar, Emily Flores, Dr. Jane Lehr, and Dr. Andrew Danowitz.

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