Syfte Syftet med studien var att ta reda på var ifrån gymnasieelever i Stockholm hämtar sin kunskap om vad hälsa innebär. Frågeställningarna var; vad betyder hälsa för eleverna, var får eleverna i gymnasieskolan sin uppfattning om hälsa ifrån och på vilket sätt upplever eleverna att medias bild påverkar deras syn på hälsa?   Metod I studiens användes enkätfrågor vilka delvis tar utgångspunkt ifrån KASAM.   Resultat Hälsa för eleverna innebär att må bra (79 %), vara nöjd med sitt liv (59 %), äta sund och nyttig mat (52 %) och vara vältränad (46 %). 81 % av eleverna undervisas i ämnet idrott och hälsa. Skolan tillsammans med tränare, vänner och familj är elevernas primära kunskapskälla i vad hälsa innebär. Resultatet visade att eleverna anser att medias hälsobudskap fokuserar på att vi ska vara smala och vältränade och 33 % av eleverna anger att de tränar för sitt utseendes skull. Samtidigt visade svaren att eleverna anser att de blir påverkade av medias syn på hälsa.   Slutsats Slutsatsen av studien visade att ungefär en tredjedel av eleverna påverkas av de mediala kroppsnormerna medan majoriteten av svaren pekar mot att elevernas tankar om hälsa kan vara på väg ifrån den bilden av hälsa media visar idag. / The purpose of the study is to find out where students from high school in Stockholm derive its knowledge of what health means. The study used survey questions were partly based on KASAM. The question is what does health mean to the students, where does the pupils in high schools get their perception of health and in which manner do the students perceive that the media's image affects their approach to health? Health for students means to feel good (79%), to be satisfied with their lives (59%), eating healthy and nutritious food (52%) and be physically fit (46%). 81% of the pupils are taught in physical education. School along with coaches, friends and family are the student’s primary sources of knowledge of what health means. Meanwhile, the responses show that students are influenced by the media's approach to health. The results shows that students think that the media's focus on the health message is that we should be lean and fit. 33% of the students indicate that they are training for the sake of looks. The conclusion of the study shows that about one third of the students clearly are influenced by the medial standards body while the majority of the responses indicate that students' ideas about health may be on the way from the image of health media shows today. This may be due to the students' primary source of knowledge of what health means consists of people who are in their surroundings and recalls the importance of feeling good and being happy with their lives in order to achieve good health.

This thesis examines organizational use of social media. It focuses on developing an understanding of the ways by which social media are used within formal organizational settings. From the vantage point of this thesis such an understanding can be achieved by looking at tensions and incompatibilities that might potentially exist between social media and organization because of their distinct characteristics. It is argued that the distinct characteristics of social media (e.g. openness, transparency, flexibility, etc.) and organization (e.g., hierarchy, formal relationships, standard procedures, etc.) may engender tensions and incompatibilities that affect the ways of using social media and their potential in organizations. The main premise here is that the possibilities, behaviors, and practices afforded by social media are recognizably different in nature from common and established organizational practices, behaviors, norms, and routines. Through a structurational understanding of organizational use of social media, influenced by Giddens’ theory of structuration and Orlikowski’s practice lens for studying technology use, this thesis offers the perspective of immiscibility to capture tensions and incompatibilities driven by the distinctive characteristics of social media and organization. It basically offers a way of seeing social media use in organizations as a dynamic, in- practice interplay between social media and organization characteristics. One key argument in this thesis is that the immiscible interplay of social media and organization, produces, at least in transition, ‘a bureaucracy of social media’. Social media, it is argued, are used in ways that are essentially bureaucratic, reflecting and also reinforcing established characteristics of formal organizations through the production and reproduction of structures which are driven by the immiscible interplay. The development of such an understanding was achieved through multiple research studies focusing on the use of the wiki technology for knowledge collaboration and sharing in two large, multinational organizations: CCC and IBM. A number of qualitative methods were used in these studies to collect empirical evidence from the two organizations including interviews, field visits, observations, and document analysis. The overarching contribution of this thesis centers on offering a unique way of understanding organizational use of social media by putting forward tensions and incompatibilities between social media and organization and also by providing an understanding of how such tensions and incompatibilities affect the potential for change by social media.

We propose a novel network-based approach for location estimation in social media that integrates evidence of the social tie strength between users for improved location estimation. Concretely, we propose a location estimator – FriendlyLocation– that leverages the relationship between the strength of the tie between a pair of users, and the distance between the pair. Based on an examination of over 100 million geo-encoded tweets and 73 million Twitter user profiles, we identify several factors such as the number of followers and how the users interact that can strongly reveal the distance between a pair of users. We use these factors to train a decision tree to distinguish between pairs of users who are likely to live nearby and pairs of users who are likely to live in different areas. We use the results of this decision tree as the input to a maximum likelihood estimator to predict a user’s location. We find that this proposed method significantly improves the results of location estimation relative to a state-of-the-art technique. Our system reduces the average error distance for 80% of Twitter users from 40 miles to 21 miles using only information from the user’s friends and friends-of-friends, which has great significance for augmenting traditional social media and enriching location-based services with more refined and accurate location estimates.

Despite the recent growth of social media, rhetorical theory which addresses authorship in this realm has been slow to develop. Static terms such as "reader," "writer," and "author" are often used to refer to the roles occupied by users in social media, although these terms are insufficient to describe the dynamic rhetorical exchange which occurs there. The goal of this dissertation is to use rhetorical theory to develop an updated terminology to describe the model(s) adopted by creators of social media content. First, past models of authorship are surveyed to locate rhetorical precedents for the model(s) that currently exists in social media. After comparing potential historical precedents to the overall process of content creation in social media, the term "participant" is adopted to describe the roles which users assume when creating digital content. Although "participant" initially appears to be an appropriate term, this notion is complicated when one considers the asymmetrical roles adopted on a smaller scale in genres such as social networking and blogs. To determine if the "participant" model is still applicable in such cases, an examination of authorship as it occurs in the genre of women's personal blogs is conducted. An analysis of the terms that bloggers use to refer to themselves as writers reveals that bloggers situate themselves in roles through which they claim to speak for a group such as storyteller and truth-teller. Subsequent examination of the interactions between bloggers and other participants reveals that bloggers negotiate authority with readers in a variety of ways. By using such strategies, bloggers attempt to situate themselves as community members in a manner which aligns with the "participant" model. The participant role adopted in women's personal blogs helps this previously marginalized group to establish a public presence and may also serve as a precedent for models which could be adopted by learners in the composition classroom as they strive to break free from the author/student writer binary and to establish themselves as socially-engaged participants.

Purpose – Today, there is an increase in the use of Internet and a decline in political participation. A discussion on wheatear or not the concept of political participation should be broadened to also include political activates online has begun. The purpose of this study is to investigate the view of political participation among youth.Methodology – This study is quantitative in nature, since it builds on two previous quantitative studies. One is a national study about Swedes and the Internet, and the other on a regional level concerning youth in Skåne. Data from the two studies are used to confirm or disregard four hypotheses which are deducted from the presented theoretical framework concerning political participation.Key Findings – This study finds support that youth are more political participant on the Internet than the older generation, but also show that a traditional political participation is valued higher. Youth have more faith in their opportunity to affect political decisions on different decision-levels. A difference in preferred sources for information has also been detected, and youth value Internet higher as a source for information whereas the older generation prefer traditional media. / <p>2015-06-03</p>

This research explores parallels, connections and synergies between public art, artistic practice beyond the gallery context, and Web 2.0, the Internet platform for user‐ generated content, online communication medium and host for web-based communities. I look at the impact, actual and potential, of Web 2.0 on the ways in which public art is made. Through Web 2.0 a different set of criteria and methods can be established in order to re-examine the practice of art. What can public art learn from Web 2.0? What are the possible debates that Web 2.0 can provoke in the field of public art? What novel forms of audience engagement with, and participation in, public art could be inspired by the practices of co-creation and sharing integral to Web 2.0? Has the relationship between artists and audience changed because of Web 2.0? Web 2.0 prompts us to reconsider the ways in which public art is produced. In my approach I take into consideration that Web 2.0 is useful in expanding the possibilities of public art by providing a unique opportunity for shared creativity in the public space. I call this field Public Art 2.0. This study considers the attributes of Web 2.0 as a methodological framework for public art. It offers a reconsideration of the understanding of the contentious issues surrounding the practice using Web 2.0 as a platform of shared creativity. To validate this argument further, this research investigates two case studies: the Big Art Mob (2006) and the Bubble Project (2002). Both initiatives represent an area where public art and Web 2.0 intersect. This thesis includes a report of findings from qualitative interviews with members of both projects. Public Art 2.0 is a hybrid type of practice that borrows from the digital world and applies the principles of Web 2.0 in the physical space. Public Art 2.0 is a creative space where changes are welcomed at any time. Public Art 2.0 is open source — a process of creation, encouraging multi-authorship and shared creativity. Public Art 2.0 is viral — it can be replicated and re-presented many times by anyone that wishes to do so. Public Art 2.0 is a platform that anyone can build upon and a process that enhances the ability to create together.

Micro blogging sites such as Twitter have fundamentally changed the way that individuals communicate and spread information, with greater speed and greater representation of how affected individuals feel about given situations. By seeking information that is available on Twitter, individuals are constructing their opinions based on a large source of data from their peers. Laypeople are now influential amplification agents during unfolding crises. Factors that amplify or attenuate perceptions of risk may have far-reaching implications for risk communication research within emerging new social media contexts. In order to explore these factors, we experimentally manipulated content about risk information, specific emotion, and emotional imagery via hypothetical Twitter community event pages and measured risk perceptions, behavioral intentions, and subjective emotions that may accompany the amplification or attenuation of risk through social media. Across three experimental studies, emotion increased the seeking and sharing of information and behavior associated with risk prevention and regulation during crisis communication via experimental Twitter feeds. Gender was a substantial factor that impacted subjective emotion, risk, and behavior. Females demonstrated higher scores than males on the majority of these dependent measures when anger and sadness were induced (Studies 1 and 2) and when only anger was manipulated (Study 3). This attests to the significant impact that gender has for processing emotion in crisis communication. Emotion and risk influenced each other recursively for information seeking and sharing behavior, and emotion content increased subjective emotion compared to information content. Spokesperson strategies effectively reduced negative emotion, information seeking and sharing, information generation, and regulatory action related to the risk event. The present research suggests that evidence-based strategies may be applicable in the domain of social media crisis management. It is imperative that we further investigate the interplay of emotion and information as underlying mechanisms in relation to how information diffusion operates in new social media, as we do not know how perceptions of risk may be generated or altered in this relatively unexplored domain. / 10000-01-01

The purpose of this paper is to look at the effect of social media use on social capital. This paper attempts to establish a dichotomy between 'real' and 'perceived' social capital and the effect of social media use on both. I use a survey instrument measuring both the social media use and `real' social capital of one group compared with the social media use and `perceived' social capital of the second group. I find that while social media use is related with survey respondents feeling more involved politically and in their community, there is no correlation between actual political/community involvement for other respondents.

BACKGROUND: Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is the leading cause of vision loss in the world. The Center for Disease Control and Prevention categorizes those with diabetes into three age groups, including a young adult group, ages 18-44. In the Boston metropolitan area, around 4.6% of this age population has diabetes. EYESPOT is a private eye care practice in Boston. Of the few diabetic patients seen, most do not fall within the young adult age range. Several studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of social media to promote awareness of healthy behaviors. OBJECTIVE: The goal of this study is to utilize social media in order to raise awareness of DR in the young adult population and encourage preventative behavior. METHODS: A Facebook page for EYESPOT Diabetes was created to engage the young adult patient population and was monitored over a four-month period. Four categories of Facebook posts, differentiated by type, were disseminated. Posts were targeted to different audiences during each month, creating three unique time blocks. Posts were analyzed for their Engagement (total number of people who interacted with the post via a “like”, click, or “share”) and their Reach (total number of people that saw the post). Preliminary Engagement measures of each post were standardized to account for measures of Reach, creating an additional measure of standardized engagement scores (SES). A 4x3 ANOVA was conducted using SPSS to evaluate the effects of post type and time block on SES. RESULTS: Main effects were found for both post type and time block. Posts of the “Advertising” type had a significantly lower SES than all other posts (p<.01). Posts in the “Promotional College Student” time block had a significantly higher SES (p<.01) than posts in other blocks. There was a significant type-by-block interaction for SES (p<.01). Post hoc analysis revealed that posts of the “Technological” type had higher SES when posted in the block aimed at College Students (p<.01). Of note, 96% of the Facebook users who saw our posts (n = 4050) fell in the young adult bracket. After the conclusion of the study, two new patients in the young adult range contacted EYESPOT with intent to make future appointments, citing our Facebook page as reference. CONCLUSION: Our study suggests that Facebook may be an effective tool to encourage the young adult population to be aware of and engage in beneficial health behaviors. Future studies will investigate how to utilize social media further to increase physical appointments and patient-clinician interactions.

This dissertation investigated the influence of legitimacy and social media on organizational image management (IM) in North American professional sport. The author used a social theory approach to public relations in which legitimization is a core function, stakeholders influence the organization’s identity, and communicating identity is a legitimacy-seeking action that co-creationally drives organizational IM. This study examined the Ottawa Sport and Entertainment Group (OSEG), a conglomerate sport organization, using a qualitative embedded exploratory case study, which allowed analysis at different organizational levels, online and offline, using thematic and content analysis. The first two research questions explored the relationships between identity, image, and legitimacy in a social media world. The second two explored the explicit effects of social media on identity, legitimacy, image, and how these constructs manifest through social media. The first phase of the study used interview (N-52) and document (N-4) analyses to explore how identity, image, and legitimacy interact. Results showed that organizations’ legitimacy-seeking behaviour drives IM. The impetuous to change image comes from the outward facing legitimacy-seeking negotiation of image with external stakeholders. In phase two, using the legitimacy framework developed by Lock, Filo, Kunkel, and Skinner (2015), 5,668 tweets and retweets were coded, revealing 10 communicated image themes that sought technical, managerial, personal, and linkage legitimacy. These types of legitimacy were present in 99.5% of tweets and retweets. They sought to build trust, reinforce an image and identity of community involvement, and create conformity pressure. Such activities indirectly encouraged or legitimized expressions of fan support while inhibiting dissenting opinions. Previous research noted that identity and its expression through image are no longer defined solely by organizations. This study sought to extend image and identity research by suggesting legitimacy judgments drive co-creational identity and image change. The research extended Gioia, Hamilton, and Patvardhan’s (2014) process model of identity-image interdependence, creating a new framework for Twitter IM. The research explored how social media technology develops organizational identity, image, and legitimacy to provide insights necessary for fostering the effective use of IM and sport PR’s role within it.