Research on museum policy often focuses on provincial or national museums, which are typically government agencies. These institutions are directly accountable to government and have an articulated role in an explicit federal or provincial museum policy. However, most Canadian museums are community museums – that is, nonprofit or municipal museums that collect and interpret locally relevant materials and have public programs targeting the community in which they are based. Community museums’ relationships with government(s) differ due to their legal structures (municipal, nonprofit), relatively small budgets, and limited number of staff. Within museum policy, community museums are distinct because they lack a direct relationship with a provincial or national government. Yet, in Canada, all levels of government are involved in their governance through regulatory and supportive activities. In particular, provincial governments have included community museums in museum policies, which tend to focus on professionalization, standards of operation, and simplifying access to resources. In other words, policies targeting community museums often subject them to norms, aiming to establish parameters and best practices for their operations. These actions seek to define and shape community museums, which raises the question: how are these policies (re)created, (re)assembled, and coordinated? Using archival research and interviews, this thesis documents community museum governance in Ontario, where provincial museum advisors and associations emerged as museum professionals embedded in policy development and implementation in the 1950s. Considering the advisors and associations’ service delivery and advocacy activities, actor-network theory (ANT) is used to discuss their work assembling and coordinating policy for Ontario’s community museums. Their work distinguishes community museum governance from the governance of national or provincial institutions because they define and establish norms, contribute to change in governance, and enact ongoing change as they (re)assemble resources for community museums. The advisors and associations have facilitated relationships between museums and actors related to museums’ work as educational institutions, sites of local action, tourism operators, agents of social change, and collecting institutions, resulting in multiple configurations of actors supporting and regulating museum activities. This thesis has found the advisors and associations historically worked for a museum community to address its needs, resulting in written policy and museums’ inclusion in government instruments. These established instruments have, to some extent, reduced the need for ongoing advocacy by targeting museums with a clear objective and normalizing museums’ participation in policy areas outside of culture. However, these instruments also reflect and reinforce historic inequities in community museum governance, privileging municipal museums with historic access to provincial support and, as a result, the capacity to advocate for their own interest through an association. Responding to growing government disinterest, the provincial museum association has refocused its efforts from defining a community in need to defining a sector that contributes to society and the economy through partnerships that can address diverse policy objectives.

This study is inspired by two phenomena: first, the interest among certain translation studies scholars in sociological theories to account for the social implications of translation and translational activities; and secondly, the transformation of Iranian society along with its systematic and systemic integration into the globalized society. It attempts to analyze the role of translation –products and processes– in how modernity and Islam have been introduced to Iranian society of the 19th century and that of the 1990s, respectively. Theoretical frameworks to define translation, describe society, and study the socio-political impact of translation are derived from Niklas Luhmann’s theories of communication, society and politics. His theory of communication is used to define translation as a communication medium that makes communication across linguistic, semiotic and historical borders more probable. As a medium, translation can lend itself to two distinct levels of understandings. While the first focuses on actual translation products at textual level, i.e. inter-lingual translation products, the second addresses translation processes at macro-level, which enable professional role players in a social system such as the system of religion to draw communicatively the attention of other systems such as the system of politics. His theory of society serves to describe the semantics and structure of Iranian society during the 19th century. In the latter period Iran is caught in the avalanche of modern world politics and economy. It begins to use translation, among others, as an efficient mean to learn and derive information about the modern Europe. The new information raises communicative complexity in the society, the efficient handling of which gives birth to modern structures. Luhmann’s political theory is used to analyze Iran’s post-revolutionary political system and its interaction with the system of religion. Iranian theocracy is considered undemocratic less due to the unification of religion and politics than due to its faulty differentiation into the subsystems of administration, politics and public. The way the system understands Islam is crucial in shaping political institutions and organizations as well as in evolving political structures (defining which politically relevant issues are taken into consideration as themes for decision making). The socio-political relevance of translation processes is then demonstrated based on how religious intellectuals take the task of ‘translation proviso’ seriously by translating modern political thinking into a religious communication, and in so doing, draw the attention of theocracy. Four translations of the Quranic verse 4:34 as well as an analysis of religiously informed political theories formulated in the intellectual journal of Kiyān will serve to demonstrate how religious intellectuals’ reformist re-translation of Islam produces new communicative themes in the public opinion and hence draws the attention of theocracy. The findings, of interest for translation studies, sociology of religion, political science and Iranian studies, show that translations, by disseminating information and raising complexity in society, are basic social operations with consequences for different spheres of society.

Este trabalho contribui para o estudo da construção do pensamento contábil brasileiro aplicando a abordagem da sociologia da tradução para entender as mudanças de paradigmas que nortearam o pensamento contábil no Brasil no século XX e início do século XXI. Esta análise abrangeu dois processos de mudanças de paradigmas. O primeiro refere-se ao crescimento da influência da escola americana de contabilidade em detrimento da influência da escola italiana que se iniciou em meados do Século XX e se consolidou na década de 1970. O segundo, mais recente e ainda em curso, refere-se à substituição da abordagem normativa pela abordagem positiva na pesquisa contábil acadêmica, nesse início do Século XXI. A abordagem da sociologia da tradução foi inicialmente concebida para analisar processos de construção da ciência e da tecnologia e posteriormente foi estendida para outros campos do conhecimento, notadamente aqueles preocupados com a análise de processos de mudança organizacional. Sua utilização é particularmente indicada para a situação problema em estudo, já que tem sido largamente utilizada na análise de processos de mudança, embora ainda não tenha sido aplicada na análise da mudança de paradigmas em contabilidade. O objetivo deste estudo foi o de verificar se a abordagem da sociologia da tradução é eficaz para fornecer uma explicação empírica e teoricamente fundamentada para os processos de mudança de paradigmas na contabilidade brasileira. Os resultados obtidos revelaram que essa abordagem efetivamente descreve e fornece uma explicação para os processos de mudanças de paradigmas na contabilidade, da mesma forma que explica os processos relatados pela literatura sobre a construção de fatos científicos e mudanças organizacionais. / This study is a contribution for the research of the Brazilian accounting thought construction, employing the approach of the sociology of translation to understand the paradigm changes that have guided the accounting thought in Brazil on the 20th century and at the beginning of the 21st century. This analysis has covered two paradigm change processes. The first is related to the growth of the American accounting school influence in detraction of the Italian school, starting at the mid 20th century and consolidating during the 70?s. The second, more recent and still ongoing, is related to the substitution of the normative approach by the positive approach in the academic accounting research during the beginning of the 21th century. The sociology o translation approach was originally conceived to analyze science and technology construction processes, being later extended to other knowledge areas, mainly those concerned with the analysis of organizational change processes. Its use is particularly suited for the problem situation under study, as it has been amply used in the analysis of change processes, even if it has not yet been applied for the analysis of the changes in accounting paradigms. The objective of this study was that of ascertaining whether the sociology of translation approach is effective to supply an empirical explanation that is theoretically substantiated for the process of changes of paradigms in Brazilian accounting. The results attained have revealed that this approach does effectively describe and provide an explanation for the accounting paradigms change processes, as well as explaining the processes described in literature on the construction of scientific facts and organizational changes.

Esta tese oferece um panorama de ideias sobre a tradução do verso livre em inglês para o português com base em uma pesquisa feita com dez tradutores brasileiros, por meio de um questionário com 13 perguntas abordando diferentes aspectos do tema. A pesquisa contextualiza as respostas com um perfil detalhado de cada um dos tradutores que participaram dela e uma análise contrastiva do grupo em conjunto, com base nos conceitos de habitus e campo, desenvolvidos pelo sociólogo Pierre Bourdieu, aplicados à area da tradução. A tese conclui que a visão dos entrevistados reflete aspectos do conceito de verso livre, que engloba uma série de estilos poéticos, e enumera os pontos mais relevantes no conjunto das respostas, como a divisão dos poemas em versos livres em categorias, a necessidade de identificar o princípio de organização do poema e considerações a respeito da tradução do ritmo. / This thesis makes an overview of ideas on the translation of free verse from English into Portuguese based on a survey with ten Brazilian translators, who answered a questionnaire with 13 questions about different aspects of the subject. The study contextualizes the answers with a detailed profile of each participant, based on the concepts of field and habitus, developed by sociologist Pierre Bourdieu, applied to translation. It concludes that the answers reflect aspects of the concept of free verse and identifies the most important points, like the division of free verse poems into categories, the need to identify the organization principle of the poem, and considerations on translation of rhythm.

Este trabalho contribui para o estudo da construção do pensamento contábil brasileiro aplicando a abordagem da sociologia da tradução para entender as mudanças de paradigmas que nortearam o pensamento contábil no Brasil no século XX e início do século XXI. Esta análise abrangeu dois processos de mudanças de paradigmas. O primeiro refere-se ao crescimento da influência da escola americana de contabilidade em detrimento da influência da escola italiana que se iniciou em meados do Século XX e se consolidou na década de 1970. O segundo, mais recente e ainda em curso, refere-se à substituição da abordagem normativa pela abordagem positiva na pesquisa contábil acadêmica, nesse início do Século XXI. A abordagem da sociologia da tradução foi inicialmente concebida para analisar processos de construção da ciência e da tecnologia e posteriormente foi estendida para outros campos do conhecimento, notadamente aqueles preocupados com a análise de processos de mudança organizacional. Sua utilização é particularmente indicada para a situação problema em estudo, já que tem sido largamente utilizada na análise de processos de mudança, embora ainda não tenha sido aplicada na análise da mudança de paradigmas em contabilidade. O objetivo deste estudo foi o de verificar se a abordagem da sociologia da tradução é eficaz para fornecer uma explicação empírica e teoricamente fundamentada para os processos de mudança de paradigmas na contabilidade brasileira. Os resultados obtidos revelaram que essa abordagem efetivamente descreve e fornece uma explicação para os processos de mudanças de paradigmas na contabilidade, da mesma forma que explica os processos relatados pela literatura sobre a construção de fatos científicos e mudanças organizacionais. / This study is a contribution for the research of the Brazilian accounting thought construction, employing the approach of the sociology of translation to understand the paradigm changes that have guided the accounting thought in Brazil on the 20th century and at the beginning of the 21st century. This analysis has covered two paradigm change processes. The first is related to the growth of the American accounting school influence in detraction of the Italian school, starting at the mid 20th century and consolidating during the 70?s. The second, more recent and still ongoing, is related to the substitution of the normative approach by the positive approach in the academic accounting research during the beginning of the 21th century. The sociology o translation approach was originally conceived to analyze science and technology construction processes, being later extended to other knowledge areas, mainly those concerned with the analysis of organizational change processes. Its use is particularly suited for the problem situation under study, as it has been amply used in the analysis of change processes, even if it has not yet been applied for the analysis of the changes in accounting paradigms. The objective of this study was that of ascertaining whether the sociology of translation approach is effective to supply an empirical explanation that is theoretically substantiated for the process of changes of paradigms in Brazilian accounting. The results attained have revealed that this approach does effectively describe and provide an explanation for the accounting paradigms change processes, as well as explaining the processes described in literature on the construction of scientific facts and organizational changes.

The backdrop of this dissertation is one ubiquitous element of everyday life: the stock market. Traditionally, accounting and stock markets are logically coordinate entities and this thesis analyzes how accounting supports private investors in their role as shareholders – as investors in shares and owners of companies. This analysis is carried out in four independent essays. The first two essays analyze the privatization of Telia, a former state-owned Telecommunication Company in Sweden that went public in 2000. The field material for the two essays consisted of newspaper articles, government bills and interviews. Qualitative and quantitative analyses demonstrate how accounting is used among different actors to realize the privatization. Theoretically, the first two essays lend themselves to the governmentality debate as introduced to accounting research by Miller and Rose (1990). The third and fourth essays are analyses of annual general meetings (AGMs). The field material was generated from a study of participants at 36 AGMs during the spring of 2004. The choice of these two seemingly unrelated cases was done deliberately. Both cases are stock market events that typically involve an audience of a large number of non-professional investors. In the privatization of Telia over 1 million people took part in the offer. The AGMs are typically seen as the single event by which non-professional investors have an opportunity to meet with top management. Thus, each event represents an instance in which accounting is confronted by a predominantly non-professional audience. The contribution of this study is two-fold. First, earlier work inspired by the Miller and Rose framework (1990) has favored an analysis of the programmatic. This study develops the technological aspect of the theoretical framework by means of a rich empirical description. In addition the two essays on the privatization of Telia contribute with an analysis of how once a specific technology translates to become and becomes understood at the site of intervention. Second, the two studies of AGMs contest earlier criticism against the meeting as a corporate governance mechanism detached from the overall corporate governance system. The argument here is that the AGM offers a valuable setting for private investors to discuss stewardship issues. That this opportunity is taken advantage of is suggested by the present field material.

Esta tese oferece um panorama de ideias sobre a tradução do verso livre em inglês para o português com base em uma pesquisa feita com dez tradutores brasileiros, por meio de um questionário com 13 perguntas abordando diferentes aspectos do tema. A pesquisa contextualiza as respostas com um perfil detalhado de cada um dos tradutores que participaram dela e uma análise contrastiva do grupo em conjunto, com base nos conceitos de habitus e campo, desenvolvidos pelo sociólogo Pierre Bourdieu, aplicados à area da tradução. A tese conclui que a visão dos entrevistados reflete aspectos do conceito de verso livre, que engloba uma série de estilos poéticos, e enumera os pontos mais relevantes no conjunto das respostas, como a divisão dos poemas em versos livres em categorias, a necessidade de identificar o princípio de organização do poema e considerações a respeito da tradução do ritmo. / This thesis makes an overview of ideas on the translation of free verse from English into Portuguese based on a survey with ten Brazilian translators, who answered a questionnaire with 13 questions about different aspects of the subject. The study contextualizes the answers with a detailed profile of each participant, based on the concepts of field and habitus, developed by sociologist Pierre Bourdieu, applied to translation. It concludes that the answers reflect aspects of the concept of free verse and identifies the most important points, like the division of free verse poems into categories, the need to identify the organization principle of the poem, and considerations on translation of rhythm.

This thesis is an inquiry into possibilities and problems of a sociology of translation. Beginning with a recognition that actor network theory represents a sociological account of social life premised upon on recognition of multiple ontologies, interruptions and translations, the thesis proceeds to examine problems of interpretation and representation inherent in these accounts. Tensions between sociological interpretation and social life as lived are examined by comparing representation of nonhuman agency in both an actor-network and a science fiction study of doors. The power identified in each approach varies from point making to lying. A case is made for considering fictional storytelling as sociology and hence, the sociological value of lying. It is by close examination of a fictional story that this study aims to contribute to a sociology of translation. The greater part of the thesis comprises an ethnographic study of a televised children's story. Methodological issues in ethnography are addressed and a case is made for a complicit and multi-site ethnography of story. The ethnography is represented in two particular forms. Firstly, and unusually, story is treated as a Storyworld available for ethnographic study. An actor network ethnography of this Storyworld reveals sociologically useful similarities and differences between fictional Storyworld and contemporary, social life. Secondly, story is taken as a product, a broadcast television series of six programmes. An ethnography of story production is undertaken that focuses attention on production performances, hidden storytellers and politics of authorship. Story is revealed as an unfinished project. A prominent aspect of this thesis is a recognition that fictional storytelling both liberates and constrains story possibilities. This thesis concludes that, in addressing critically important tensions in sociological representation, fictional stories should be included in sociological literature as studies in their own right.

Abstract: This thesis takes the literary periodical the Montreal Review of Books (mRb) as a starting point to study the trends characterizing literary translation in Anglo-Québécois literature. Starting from a corpus comprising paratextual information on literary translations reviewed in the mRb and literary reviews from the periodical between 2000 and 2020, the author offers preliminary diachronic analyses of trends in source languages and publishers of literary translations, an overview of the most important figures of translation in Anglo-Québec, as well as the evolution of translation reception in the Anglo-Québécois literary system. The thesis is methodologically characterized by its use of digital humanistic approaches, both in terms of data gathering (web scraping, Python) and analysis (distant reading with the help of AntConc, network analysis assisted by Gephi, basic statistical analyses with Excel). -- Résumé: Ce mémoire prend comme point de départ le périodique littéraire la Montreal Review of Books (mRb) afin d'analyser les tendances qui caractérisent la traduction littéraire dans le système littéraire anglo-québécois. L'analyse part d'une base de données comprenant les informations paratextuelles des traductions littéraires recensées dans la mRb et les comptes rendus littéraires entre 2000 et 2020. À partir de ces données, l'autrice effectue une analyse diachronique préliminaire des langues de départ et des maisons d'édition des traductions littéraires, ainsi qu'un aperçu des grandes figures de la traduction en Anglo-Québec et de l'évolution de la réception de la traduction dans ce système. Le mémoire se démarque sur le plan méthodologique par l'utilisation des approches en humanités numériques pour la collecte (le moissonnage, Python) et l'analyse de données (la lecture à distance assistée par AntConc, l'analyse de réseau avec Gephi et les analyses quantitatives de base à l'aide d'Excel).

Thesis (DLitt (Afrikaans and Dutch))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This dissertation explores Antjie Krog as translator within the Afrikaans and English literary field in South Africa. The focus of the study is primarily on Krog’s translation of her own work, namely her prose works Country of my skull and A change of tongue/’n Ander tongval, and poetry Down to my last skin, die sterre sê ‘tsau’/the stars say ‘tsau’ and Verweerskrif/Body bereft. Although Krog is also renowned for her work as translator of others’ work, the concept self translation is particularly relevant for this study: to write through translation and translate through writing. The study has a dual objective: on a polysystemic level Krog’s position and status as translator and that of her translation products within the Afrikaans and English literary field in South Africa is researched; on a sociocultural level Bourdieu’s concept habitus is employed in order to explore the underlying force behind Krog’s translation process. The focus throughout is on Krog’s double writing, the overlapping of the act of writing and the act of translating as it resonates on textual and metatextual level. Although a Bourdieusian reading of translations is a relatively unexplored terrain in the South African translation field, this study aims to add fresh insights into a dispositional view of the translator in his or her space within the literary field. In the course of this study philosophical concepts of Deleuze and Guattari, Kristeva and Bhabha are employed. Deleuze and Guattari’s concept minor literature is employed insofar the act of translation and the translation product reflects a different subjectivity. Kristeva’s concept the abject is likewise explored in the way it is reflected in Krog’s writing and translating. In the end it is argued that Krog, when writing in her non-mother tongue and when translating, is situated in a hybrid space, an in-between space. This study thus shifts from a polysystemic analysis of Krog’s translation products to a more individual approach and the notion that Krog’s habitus as writer is inextricably linked to her habitus as translator; that translation is an embodied process. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie proefskrif is ’n studie van Antjie Krog as vertaler binne die Afrikaanse en Engelse literêre veld in Suid-Afrika. In hierdie studie word daar slegs op Krog se vertaling van haar eie werk gekonsentreer, naamlik die prosawerke Country of my skull en A change of tongue/’n Ander tongval, en die poësie Down to my last skin, die sterre sê ‘tsau’/the stars say ‘tsau’ en Verweerskrif/Body bereft. Hoewel Krog ook as vertaler van ander skrywers se werk bekend is, is dit veral die konsep selfvertaling wat in hierdie studie van belang is: om te skryf deur vertaling en vertaal deur te skryf. Die studie neem ’n tweeledige vorm aan: op ’n polisistemiese vlak word die posisie en status van Krog as vertaler, en ook van haar vertaalprodukte binne die Afrikaanse en Engelse literêre veld in Suid-Afrika ondersoek; op ’n sosiokulturele vlak word Bourdieu se konsep habitus ingespan ten einde die onderliggende dryfvere agter die vertaalproses van Krog te ondersoek. Die deurlopende fokus is op die dubbele skrywerskap van Krog; die oorvleueling van die skryfhandeling en vertaalhandeling soos dit op tekstuele en metatekstuele vlak resoneer. Alhoewel ’n sosiokulturele (Bourdieuaanse) lesing van vertaaltekste ’n relatief onbekende terrein in Suid-Afrikaanse vertaalteoretiese kringe is, wil hierdie studie aantoon dat ’n disposisionele beskouing van die vertaler in sy of haar ruimte binne die literêre veld vars insigte bring. Deur die loop van die studie word filosofiese konsepte van Deleuze en Guattari, Kristeva en Bhabha betrek. Deleuze en Guattari se denkinstrument van ’n mineurletterkunde word ingespan sover die vertaalhandeling en -produk ’n andersoortige subjektiwiteit weerspieël. Hierbenewens word Kristeva se konsep van die abjekte in Krog se skryf- en vertaalhandeling ondersoek. Uiteindelik word dit aangevoer dat Krog as vertaler binne ’n hibriede ruimte, ’n tussenruimte funksioneer wanneer sy in Engels skryf en wanneer sy vertaal. Hierdie studie beweeg dus van ’n polisistemiese ondersoek na Krog se vertaalprodukte tot by ’n meer individuele ondersoek na die beskouing dat Krog se habitus as skrywer onlosmaaklik verbind is aan haar habitus as vertaler, en dat die proses van vertaling ’n beliggaamde proses is.