Denna uppsats presenterar en kritisk diskursanalytisk studie av den svenska kvällspressens artiklar om endometrios. Det empiriska materialet består av 23 stycken artiklar från åren 1996 till 2016. Studiens övergripande syfte är att synliggöra hur sjukdomen och de drabbade som lider av den porträtteras samt medias makt att skapa, upprätthålla eller förändra diskurserna om endometrios. För att uppnå detta utgår uppsatsen från tre teoretiska perspektiv: 1) kvinnors smärta och sjukdomar har inte uppmärksammats medicinhistoriskt. 2) det feministiska perspektivet att detta beror på könsmaktsordningen, 3) medias makt att påverka samhället. Med en socialkonstruktivistisk syn på språk undersöks situationskontexten och artiklarnas makro- och mikroteman. Detta utgör sedan den kritiska diskursanalysen. Resultatet visar att pressen mestadels skriver utförligt om än förenklat om endometrios. Kvinnornas smärta beskrivs som allvarlig, men endometrios framställs också många gånger som ett fertilitetsproblem. Diskurser som visats i tidigare forskning om kvinnors smärta och sjukdomar kunde ses. Under tidsperioden synliggörs även en förändring vad gäller medias beskrivning av endometrios och det diskursiva perspektivet. Den medicinska informationen om sjukdomen blir mer korrekt och den diskursiva förändringen mer feministiskt vinklad. / This thesis presents a critical discourse analysis of how the Swedish tabloids write about endometriosis. The empirical material consists of 23 articles which focus on the disease endometriosis, published between the years of 1996–2016. The thesis’ overall aim is to examine how the disease and individuals who suffer from it are portrayed, and what power the press has to create, maintain or change discourses of endometriosis. To achieve this the thesis uses three theoretical perspectives: 1) women’s pain and diseases have not been acknowledged in the medical history, 2) the feministic perspective, that this depends on the gender order, and 3) the press’ ability to affect society. Guided by a social constructive understanding of language, the thesis analyses the situation context and the articles’ themes on a micro and macro level, which is later constructed into the critical discourse analysis. The result shows that the press mostly writes detailed, although simplified information regarding endometriosis. The pain women experience is described as severe, but endometriosis is also often portrayed mostly as a fertility problem. Discourses shown in previous articles about the pain and diseases in women could be seen in the articles. However, a change can be noted during the investigated time period, both considering the press’ description of endometriosis and the discursive perspective. The information about the disease gets more medical correct and the discursive change tends to have a more feministic approach.

This study sought to examine linguistic and discursive strategies used to construct messages reflective of the implementation of the HIV and AIDS policy for Zimbabwe of 1999 by government and private newspapers. Such analysis was perceived to be important since media content has a bearing on Zimbabweans‘ perception and attitudes regarding HIV and AIDS prevention, treatment and control. The study was aimed at comparing messages from newspapers with views by the people of Zimbabwe regarding the implementation of the policy. Findings reveal that empowerment programmes particularly those targeting women and children are lagging behind as Zimbabweans, literature and newspaper data sources testify. In addition, information sources concur that cultural (For example, stigmatisation, polygamy, religious practices, spouse inheritance) and structural (For example, patriarchy, masculinity, bureaucracy, politics) are stumbling blocks that negatively affect the implementation of the policy. Further, even though private and government newspapers do not fully agree on the portrayal of human agents, there is a general consensus between newspaper reports and Zimbabweans that people still face socio-economic and econo-political challenges that militate against the smooth implementation of the HIV and AIDS policy. Government newspapers tend to downplay aspects which reveal inadequacies of government activities. The study notes this as betrayal of use of ideological squares both by government and private newspapers whereby certain aspects regarding the implementation of the policy are either downplayed or highlighted to influence perception. The study reveals that newspaper reports used nominalisation, quantification, positive politeness, thematisation, rhematisation, intertextuality, euphemism, proverbs, idioms, action verbs, metaphors and citation of experts as linguistic and discursive strategies both for agenda setting and building purposes regarding the implementation of the HIV and AIDS policy. Other devices used particularly in the encoding of Operation Murambatsvina are, claptraps, deictic referencing, personal pronouns, adjectives and direct speech. The study attributes problems regarding the Zimbabwean HIV and AIDS intervention model to the top – down approach inherent in the policy. Hence, the call for an adoption of an unhu/hunhu/ubuntu inspired bottom – up HIV and AIDS intervention model in Zimbabwe. This would inculcate pro-family, pro-village, pro-nation/people and ―servant leadership‖ (Mangena and Chitando, 2011) values in the fight against the pandemic through the embracing of Indigenous Knowledge Systems (IKS). Unfortunately, such values largely continue to elude the radar of the current top – down HIV and AIDS intervention model cuurently in use in Zimbabwe. / African Languages / D. Litt et Phil. (African Languages)

The thesis describes the evolution and variances in the motive of crime and punishment throughout prosaic and dramatic works of František Langer. After an introductory reflection on crime and punishment the thesis deals with an analysis of Doskojevskij's novel "Crime and Punishment" which had a large impact on Langer's conception of these terms. It also outlines an image of crime and punishment in Czech literature at the turn of the 19th and 20th century, which might have influenced Langer. The first part also tries to clarify how these motives were evolved in author's incipient work. It follows up prose collections "Gold Venus" and "Dreamers and Murderers". The second part is focused on the refined and often very complicated form of crime and punishment in Langer's dramas "Saint Wenceslas", "Periphery", "Camel through Eye of a Needle", "Reversal of Ferdyš Pištora", "Angels among us" and "Seventy-two" and tries to grasp and characterize it.