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Purpose - The authors propose that angry individuals are much more likely to consider the emotional state of their partner than are neutral individuals. They then apply a lay theory dictating that anger decreases cooperation and react accordingly by lowering their own level of cooperation. Design/methodology/approach - The authors report four experiments involving different samples, manipulations, payment schemes and interfaces. The methodological approach was to capitalize on the positives of experimental research (e.g. establishing causality) while also trying to conceptually replicate the findings in different settings. Findings - The authors found evidence for a lay theory (i.e. expectation) that anger decreases cooperation, but that actual cooperation was lowest when angry individuals were paired with other angry individuals, supporting the hypotheses. Research limitations/implications - Anger can spill over from unrelated contexts to affect cooperation, and incidental anger by itself is not enough to decrease cooperation. However, the findings are limited to anger and cannot necessarily be used to understand the effects of other emotions. Practical implications - Before entering into a context that requires cooperation, such as a negotiation, be wary of the emotional state of both yourself and of your partner. This paper suggests that only if both parties are angry, then the likelihood of cooperation is low. Originality/value - To the best of the authors' knowledge, they are the first researchers to address the question of how incidental anger affects single-round cooperation. By going back to the basics, the authors believe that the findings fill a gap in existing research and offer a building block for future research on anger and cooperation.

Shakespeare's second tetralogy, while in the process of exposing the divine-right and the Machiavellian theories, also shows how the divine-right order breaks down and paves the way for practical Machiavellianism.

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thesis submitted to the Faculty of Science, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy. Johannesburg, 2013 / Restless Legs Syndrome (RLS) and Periodic Limb Movements (PLM) are common neurological disorders for which the underlying aetiology is not fully understood. Currently RLS and PLM are thought to be caused by a central deficiency of dopamine or other functional abnormalities of the central nervous system. The work included in this thesis investigated different new methods of assessing the sensory and motor features of RLS and PLM, in an attempt to extend our understanding of their aetiology and improve the accuracy of diagnosis of these conditions. The first two studies in the thesis described and characterized the sensations of RLS symptoms, and whether they are influenced by the presence of pain, in an English speaking South African population. The most frequently cited descriptors were different to those used in the current RLS diagnostic criteria. Inclusion of the most commonly used RLS descriptors in the diagnostic criteria may help to improve the accuracy of RLS diagnosis. Patients who experienced painful RLS had greater McGill Pain Questionnaire scores and used different terms to describe their RLS to those that did not have painful RLS sensations. The third project quantified the responses of the Hoffman and patellar reflexes in RLS patients using electromyography and kinematics. The RLS patients exhibited hyporeflexia in the evening compared to the morning, and compared to control participants. This data suggests that RLS is not the result of a global state of hyperexcitability, as the literature suggests, but may reflect more discrete functional abnormalities of the spinal cord. A diurnal variation in the patellar reflex was found, supporting the notion of circadian variations of spinal excitability in RLS patients. The final investigation assessed the sensory qualities (discomfort and pain) of RLS in conjunction with motor activity evoked by using the Suggested Immobilization Test. Despite rating significant levels of discomfort, the majority of the RLS patients did not exhibit PLM; possibly suggesting a disconnect between the sensory and motor components of RLS. In conclusion, it is the major finding of this thesis that inclusion of new assessment techniques for the measurement of sensory and motor features of RLS and PLM provides both new insights and potential clinical tools enhancing our understanding of these disorders.

MSc., Faculty of Science, University of the Witwatersrand, 2011 / Anomalous dimensions are calculated for a certain class of operators in the restricted Schur polynomial basis in the large N limit. A new computationally simple form of the dilatation operator is derived and used in this dissertation. The class of operators investigated have bare dimension of O(N). Thus the calculation necessarily sums non-planar Feynmann diagrams as the planar approximation has broken down for operators of this size. The operators investigated have two long columns and the operators mix under the action of the dilatation operator, however the mixing of operators having a different number of columns is suppressed and can be neglected in the large N limit. The action of the one loop dilatation operator is explicitly calculated for the cases where the operators have two, three and four impurities and it is found that in a particular limit the action of the one loop dilatation operator reduces to that of a discrete second derivative. The lattice on which the discretised second derivative is defined is provided by the Young tableaux itself. The one loop dilatation operator is diagonalised numerically and produces a surprisingly simple linear spectrum, with interesting degeneracies. The spectrum can be understood in terms of a collection of harmonic oscillators. The frequencies of the oscillators are all multiples of 8g2Y M and can be related to the set of Young tableaux acted upon by the dilatation operator. This equivalence to harmonic oscillators generalises on previously found results in the BPS sector, and suggests that the system is integrable. The work presented here is based primarily on research carried out by R.de Mello Koch, V De Comarmond, and K. Jefferies in [1].

Thesis advisor: Christopher Bruell / No rational decision can be made concerning how to live without confronting the problem of justice—both what it is and whether it is good to be just. In this essay I examine Plato’s articulation of these problems in the Gorgias and the Republic. Through detailed analyses of Socrates’ exchanges with several interlocutors, I establish, first, that despite some real and apparent differences, all the interlocutors share the same fundamental conception of justice, which could be called justice as fairness or reciprocal equality (to ison). The core of justice lies in refraining from pleonexia (seeking to benefit oneself at the expense of another). Second, according to this view, the practice of justice is not intrinsically profitable; it is valuable only as a means to the acquisition or enjoyment of other, material goods. This conception thus implies that committing successful injustice is often more profitable than being just. Third, the critics of justice recognize and openly acknowledge this fact; hence, their position is more coherent than common opinion. Fourth, the core of the Socratic defense of justice lies in the claims that the practice of pleonexia is incompatible with the possession of a well-ordered soul and that the possession of a well-ordered soul is necessary for happiness. Thus, despite appearances to the contrary, Socrates does not argue that justice, as it is commonly conceived, is intrinsically profitable. He is able to refute the critics of justice because the latter lack a coherent understanding of the human good. Finally, Socrates’ defense of justice nonetheless remains incomplete because he deliberately refrains from giving a sufficient account of the nature of the soul and its good. / Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2008. / Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: Political Science.

This dissertation explores why undergraduate music theory students may not be motivated in their classes and how we can begin to improve music theory pedagogy by addressing the negative preconceptions surrounding the subject and changing student motivation. I will investigate student motivation in the core curriculum of music theory by studying students’ self-theories (that is, the mindsets that they bring to the study of the subject, which dictate whether they view a construct like intelligence or ability as being either malleable or fixed) and detailing how an instructional design specific to music theory may influence that self-theory. By drawing upon research in fields outside of music theory, such as psychology, mathematics, and video game design, I will show how our classrooms can be more motivating and engaging through the adoption of an instructional design that ultimately helps our students develop a stronger ability in music theory. I theorize that a model for improving student motivation begins with the Instructional Design for Incremental Self-Theory Adoption (IDISTA). This model introduces a new way of designing a course through different levels of focus based on a student-centered approach to teaching. By using IDISTA, teachers can design their courses in a way that encourages students to adopt a more malleable mindset as they pursue their studies in music theory. Based on my theoretical model of motivation, I propose that students will adopt a more malleable mindset that will lead to a change in motivation, and also to an increase in their music theory ability. These robust models provide an important and significant contribution to the field of music theory pedagogy by transforming the way instructors design and conceptualize their curricula. Most importantly, these models and their application in music theory pedagogy will improve the learning environment for our students and help them gain a new fluency in understanding music.