We consider different ways of describing a matroid to a Turing machine by listing the members of various families of subsets, and we construct an order on these different methods of description. We show that, under this scheme, several natural matroid problems are complete in classes thought not to be equal to P. We list various results linking parameters of basis graphs to parameters of their associated matroids. For small values of k we determine which matroids have the clique number, chromatic number, or maximum degree of their basis graphs bounded above by k. If P is a class of graphs that is closed under isomorphism and induced subgraphs, then the set of matroids whose basis graphs belong to P is closed under minors. We characterise the minor-closed classes that arise in this way, and exhibit several examples. One way of choosing a basis of a matroid at random is to select a total ordering of the ground set uniformly at random and use the greedy algorithm. We consider the class of matroids having the property that this procedure chooses a basis uniformly at random. Finally we consider a problem mentioned by Oxley. He asked if, for every two elements and n - 2 cocircuits in an n-connected matroid, there is a circuit that contains both elements and that meets every cocircuit. We show that a slightly stronger property holds for regular matroids.

People rely on the ability to transmit information over channels of communication that aresubject to noise and interference. This makes the ability to detect and recover from errorsextremely important. Coding theory addresses this need for reliability. A fundamentalquestion of coding theory is whether and how we can correct the errors in a message thathas been subjected to interference. One answer comes from structures known as errorcorrecting codes.A well studied parameter associated with a code is its covering radius. The coveringradius of a code is the smallest radius such that every vector in the Hamming space of thecode is contained in a ball of that radius centered around some codeword. Covering radiusrelates to an important decoding strategy known as nearest neighbor decoding.The multicovering radius is a generalization of the covering radius that was proposed byKlapper [11] in the course of studying stream ciphers. In this work we develop techniques forfinding the multicovering radius of specific codes. In particular, we study the even weightcode, the 2-error correcting BCH code, and linear codes with covering radius one.We also study questions involving the complexity of finding the multicovering radius ofcodes. We show: Lower bounding the m-covering radius of an arbitrary binary code is NPcompletewhen m is polynomial in the length of the code. Lower bounding the m-coveringradius of a linear code is Σp2-complete when m is polynomial in the length of the code. IfP is not equal to NP, then the m-covering radius of an arbitrary binary code cannot beapproximated within a constant factor or within a factor nϵ, where n is the length of thecode and ϵ andlt; 1, in polynomial time. Note that the case when m = 1 was also previouslyunknown. If NP is not equal to Σp2, then the m-covering radius of a linear code cannot beapproximated within a constant factor or within a factor nϵ, where n is the length of thecode and ϵ andlt; 1, in polynomial time.

Achieving the Scottish Government's carbon reduction targets requires not only the decarbonisation of industry and electricity generation, which is now largely underway, but also significant changes in the actions and decisions of millions of individuals, whose carbon emissions fall outside the areas which Government can control. Transport, much of it undertaken by individuals, accounts for around 20% of Scotland's carbon emissions. Policy aimed at changing individual travel behaviours will therefore become increasingly important. Commonly applied behaviour change strategies based on rational actor theory face conceptual problems and cannot overcome the lack of agency experienced by individuals buffeted by a range of influences in a complex world. Practice theory relocates the site of analysis from the individual to the social and helps to overcome these problems, but it is not clear how to deliberately change practices to achieve the carbon reductions required. Understanding practices as emergent properties of complex social systems suggests that working to alter the complex social system may lead to different emergent properties, i.e. more sustainable practices. My research explored this approach by conducting an experiment in Aberdeen that sought to influence the complex social system within which audiences travel to a large theatre in the city. Emergent properties of the system encouraged travel by private car: problems of (in)convenience and insecurity were shaping individuals' travel practices. Collaboration between actors powerful enough to affect the system - a transport provider, a local authority and the theatre itself - was needed to influence it sufficiently to bring about a change in the main travel mode from private cars to public transport. Analysis of this case identifies the need to acknowledge the relevance of complexity theory when developing carbon reduction policy. Perverse incentives encouraging public organisations to focus on their own 'direct' carbon emissions need to be replaced with a duty to collaborate with others to reduce society's overall carbon emissions. Those making policy and those implementing it will therefore need to understand and apply complexity theory, and will need highly developed skills in managing long-term collaborative projects rather than 'delivering' one-off changes. These attributes may be found in practitioners from diverse and less obvious fields, including the cultural sector.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Texas at Austin, 2007. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:29:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-05-26Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:17:51Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 ramos_dcs_me_botfm.pdf: 576025 bytes, checksum: 5fc8655ae4d4fe58fadfd5b6130dc570 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Este estudo tem como o objetivo identificar o conhecimento construído sobre a teoria da Transdisciplinaridade na área da Saúde. O Método consistiu em uma análise integrativa da literatura, firmada num roteiro de coleta de dados seguindo nove critérios de identificação, sendo eles: dados do autor (nome e profissão), dados da publicação (bases de dados da publicação, base de acesso); desenho do estudo e aspectos abordados pelo autor. A amostra foi composta por 95 artigos, apresentando uma distribuição praticamente igualitária entre a língua inglesa e a portuguesa. A análise dos dados foi realizada em três etapas. Na primeira etapa procedemos à análise relativa aos dados de identificação do autor, ano de publicação e localização do artigo. Para esta etapa, os dados foram agrupados em um banco de dados, utilizando-se o programa EPI INFO – 6.0. A análise foi feita utilizando-se operações simples de distribuição de frequência em porcentagem. Na etapa seguinte, ocorreu a análise do conteúdo dos artigos, a partir de seus objetivos, metodologia empregada e a temática correspondente. A terceira etapa foi constituída do recorte realizado em sete artigos que contemplaram a temática: Ensino em Complexidade/Transdisciplinaridade na área de saúde, por meio da técnica de análise temática. Foram identificados três núcleos temáticos, sendo eles: A Estrutura Curricular e a Transdisciplinaridade, a Percepção do Papel do Docente e a Transdisciplinaridade. Concluiu-se que a Transdisciplinaridade é uma ciência capaz de validar a integralidade do cuidado, em especial, na Estratégia em Saúde da Família, bem como para realizar as práticas de promoção da saúde, desenvolvidas nas Conferências Internacionais sobre o assunto, possibilitando atender às necessidades sociais na saúde contemplada pela cidadania. / This paper aimed at identifying the knowledge put up based the transdisciplinarity theory on health area. The method consisted of an integrative literature review based on data collection according to nine criteria for identification, such as: author profile (name and occupation), data on publication (databases, basis of access); study design and points raised by the author. The sample was made of 95 articles, both in English and in Portuguese. Data analysis was carried out in three stages. In the first one, there was the analysis of the author’s identifying data, year of publication and location of the article. For this stage, data was grouped in a database by using the software EPI INFO – 6.0. The analysis was conducted on simple calculations of frequency on percentage. In the following stage, there was the analysis of the articles from their objectives, methods used and theme. The third stage consisted of the selection of seven articles with the theme “teaching in complexity/transdisciplinarity on health area” through the thematic analysis technique. Three thematic groups were identified: the curriculum structure and transdisciplinarity, teacher role perceptions and transdisciplinarity. Therefore, it was concluded that transdisciplinarity is a science which can validate the integrity of care, especially in strategies on family health, as well as conduct practice of health promotion developed in international conferences on this topic, making it possible to meet the social needs in health considered by citizenship.

Abstract dialectical frameworks (ADFs) have recently been proposed as a versatile generalization of Dung''s abstract argumentation frameworks (AFs). In this paper, we present a comprehensive analysis of the computational complexity of ADFs. Our results show that while ADFs are one level up in the polynomial hierarchy compared to AFs, there is a useful subclass of ADFs which is as complex as AFs while arguably offering more modeling capacities. As a technical vehicle, we employ the approximation fixpoint theory of Denecker, Marek and Truszczyński, thus showing that it is also a useful tool for complexity analysis of operator-based semantics.

Resumo: Este estudo tem como o objetivo identificar o conhecimento construído sobre a teoria da Transdisciplinaridade na área da Saúde. O Método consistiu em uma análise integrativa da literatura, firmada num roteiro de coleta de dados seguindo nove critérios de identificação, sendo eles: dados do autor (nome e profissão), dados da publicação (bases de dados da publicação, base de acesso); desenho do estudo e aspectos abordados pelo autor. A amostra foi composta por 95 artigos, apresentando uma distribuição praticamente igualitária entre a língua inglesa e a portuguesa. A análise dos dados foi realizada em três etapas. Na primeira etapa procedemos à análise relativa aos dados de identificação do autor, ano de publicação e localização do artigo. Para esta etapa, os dados foram agrupados em um banco de dados, utilizando-se o programa EPI INFO - 6.0. A análise foi feita utilizando-se operações simples de distribuição de frequência em porcentagem. Na etapa seguinte, ocorreu a análise do conteúdo dos artigos, a partir de seus objetivos, metodologia empregada e a temática correspondente. A terceira etapa foi constituída do recorte realizado em sete artigos que contemplaram a temática: Ensino em Complexidade/Transdisciplinaridade na área de saúde, por meio da técnica de análise temática. Foram identificados três núcleos temáticos, sendo eles: A Estrutura Curricular e a Transdisciplinaridade, a Percepção do Papel do Docente e a Transdisciplinaridade. Concluiu-se que a Transdisciplinaridade é uma ciência capaz de validar a integralidade do cuidado, em especial, na Estratégia em Saúde da Família, bem como para realizar as práticas de promoção da saúde, desenvolvidas nas Conferências Internacionais sobre o assunto, possibilitando atender às necessidades sociais na saúde contemplada pela cidadania. / Abstract: This paper aimed at identifying the knowledge put up based the transdisciplinarity theory on health area. The method consisted of an integrative literature review based on data collection according to nine criteria for identification, such as: author profile (name and occupation), data on publication (databases, basis of access); study design and points raised by the author. The sample was made of 95 articles, both in English and in Portuguese. Data analysis was carried out in three stages. In the first one, there was the analysis of the author's identifying data, year of publication and location of the article. For this stage, data was grouped in a database by using the software EPI INFO - 6.0. The analysis was conducted on simple calculations of frequency on percentage. In the following stage, there was the analysis of the articles from their objectives, methods used and theme. The third stage consisted of the selection of seven articles with the theme "teaching in complexity/transdisciplinarity on health area" through the thematic analysis technique. Three thematic groups were identified: the curriculum structure and transdisciplinarity, teacher role perceptions and transdisciplinarity. Therefore, it was concluded that transdisciplinarity is a science which can validate the integrity of care, especially in strategies on family health, as well as conduct practice of health promotion developed in international conferences on this topic, making it possible to meet the social needs in health considered by citizenship. / Orientador: Ivan Amaral Guerrini / Coorientador: Wilza Carla Spiri / Banca: Odalva Serrano / Banca: Silvia Cristina Mangini Bocchi / Mestre

There is still very little known about network dynamics (Bell et al., 2006), especially when focusing on interorganisational networks (Provan et al., 2007). There is also limited empirical evidence on leadership within these complex network contexts (Davenport, 2005; Osborn et al., 2002). This thesis addresses these limitations by developing a theoretical framework for process leadership in the complex, often unpredictable and turbulent context of the interorganisational networked ecosystem. Understanding the complexity of networks and leadership is crucial to advancing network research, which this study aims to accomplish. Although previous studies indicate leader characteristics and behaviours (Huxham & Vangen, 2000), less evidence on the processes and dynamics of leadership within networks exists. Few studies have longitudinally examined the multiple boundaries and multi-level interactions within a complex interorganisational network, as the unit of analysis, as this thesis achieves. Moreover, little research has been conducted to understand network leadership processes, which represents a major gap in the network theory and complexity leadership literatures. In order to address these gaps as well as the gap between the two literatures, this thesis presents a comprehensive, longitudinal case investigation of network process leadership (NPL) within an interorganisational network embedded in the British National Health Service (NHS). By analysing processual dynamics, this thesis’s contribution is the foundation of a preliminary NPL framework. Based on analysing a public sector healthcare network over time, the findings emphasise four dominant thematic constructs surrounding NPL that emerged as highly significant: leveraging strategic system stressors and turbulence; adopting focal and non-focal roles; maximising social proximity; and the complementary, reciprocal formal and informal coproduction of leadership. These constructs provide the empirical and analytical grounds to help explain the critical leadership processes that drive a complex, interorganisational public sector network. Significantly, social capital dimensions underlie these interrelated higher order themes; thereby affecting wider inter-organisational network processes. As a primary contribution of this thesis, I argue that social capital is the critical concept linking network and complexity leadership theories, in order to provide a better understanding of NPL. The findings suggest network leadership calls for NPL and its relational, collective, facilitative approach involving social capital among multiple participants in a complex interorganisational network context. This is highly differentiated from studying unidirectional effects of a hierarchical, central leader within a single organisation. Theoretically, I argue the importance of social capital in the complex nature of leadership processes within interorganisational networked contexts. The research contributes to an understanding of how networks and social capital can be adapted or created by formal and informal leaders within networks to reflect changing processes to shape practices and network-wide development over time. Finally, I offer several operational mechanisms policymakers and network leaders could pragmatically employ to manage, lead, and facilitate interorganisational network processes. Overall, the significance of this study involves: filling gaps in the literature, offering a longitudinal case study on an interorganisational network over time, providing a foundation for theoretical development on leading in networks, illuminating insights into professional leadership within networks, and identifying policy and practical implications for leaders and managers.

Gegenstand der Arbeit ist die Untersuchung des Systems Verarbeitunganlage mit Methoden der Systemtheorie und die Formulierung wesentlicher Randbedingungen für die Neuentwicklung solcher Anlagen. Ausgangspunkt ist die Feststellung, dass sich die Konsumgüterproduktion in einem Umbruch befindet, der neue Anforderungen an Verarbeitungsanlagen stellt. Die Arbeit untersucht zunächst die aktuelle Situation der Konsumgüterproduktion und formuliert daraus in einem allgemeinen Lastenheft die grundlegenden, neuen Anforderungen an Verarbeitungsanlagen. Sie führt bekannte Lösungskonzepte für diese Probleme auf und stellt etablierte Systemmodelle der Verarbeitungstechnik vor. Es folgt eine Einführung in die Methodik der Systemtheorie sowie eine Betrachtung des Aufbaus und der Eigenschaften von Systemen. Auf dieser Grundlage wird anschließend ein systemtheoretischer Ansatz für Verarbeitungsanlagen erarbeitet, der Funktions-, Struktur- und Hierarchiemodelle umfasst und insbesondere auf die Flexibilität, Variabilität, Stabilität und Komplexität von Verarbeitungsanlagen eingeht. Mit Hilfe dieses Modells werden die eingangs beschriebenen Anforderungen an Verarbeitungsanlagen abstrahiert und auf diesem Wege Randbedingungen für die Neugestaltung von Verarbeitungsanalgen abgeleitet, die die Gestaltungsprinzipe Modularisierung, Miniaturisierung und Parallelisierung umfassen. Das Lösungskonzept wird abschließend einer einfachen, ökonomischen Bewertung unterzogen. Die Modelle und Thesen werden exemplarisch an einer Verpackungsanlage für Schokoladenprodukte veranschaulicht.:Aufgabenstellung Kurzreferat Abstract Inhaltsverzeichnis Formelzeichen Abkürzungen 1 Einleitung 1.1 Problemstellung 1.2 Zielstellung und Lösungsansatz 1.3 Aufbau der Arbeit 2 Die aktuelle Situation der Konsumgüterproduktion 2.1 Einführung – Produktionsformen der Konsumgüterproduktion 2.2 Die Situation der Nahrungsmittelindustrie 2.2.1 Marktstruktur 2.2.2 Forderungen der Verbraucher 2.3 Die Situation des Nahrungsmittel- und Verpackungsmaschinenbaus 2.4 Problemstellungen für die Konsumgüterproduktion 3 Stand der Wissenschaft und Technik 3.1 Lösungskonzepte des Maschinen- und Anlagenbaus 3.1.1 Einführung – Etablierte und neue Konzepte 3.1.2 Baukastensysteme und Modularisierung 3.1.3 Adaptive und selbstoptimierende Prozessregelung 3.1.4 Miniaturisierte Produktionssysteme 3.1.5 Parallele und vernetzte Stoffströme 3.2 Systembeschreibungen für Verarbeitungsanlagen 3.2.1 Einführung – Verarbeitungstechnik als Querschnittsdisziplin 3.2.2 Verarbeitungssystem als Blackbox 3.2.3 Funktionsstruktur von Verarbeitungssystemen 3.2.4 Die Wirkpaarung 3.2.5 Das Innermaschinelle Verfahren 3.2.6 Zuverlässigkeitsmodell für Verarbeitungsanlagen 4 Präzisierung der Aufgabenstellung 4.1 Allgemeines Lastenheft 4.2 Präzisierte Aufgabenstellung 4.3 Anwendungsbeispiel der Untersuchungen 5 Grundzüge des systemtheoretischen Ansatzes 5.1 Systemtheorie als Universalwissenschaft 5.2 Modellbildung mit Hilfe systemtheoretischer Methoden 5.3 Der Systembegriff 6 Aufbau und Eigenschaften von Systemen 6.1 Systemaufbau und Modelle 6.1.1 Funktion 6.1.2 Struktur 6.1.3 Hierarchie 6.2. Das Konzept des offenen Systems 6.2.1 Offene und geschlossene Systeme 6.2.2 Fließgleichgewicht und Äqui1nalität 6.2.3 Dynamische Strukturauffassung 6.3 Systemeigenschaften 6.3.1 Varietät 6.3.2 Stabilität 6.3.3 Komplexität 7 Systemmodelle für Verarbeitungsanlagen 7.1 Systemtheoretischer Ansatz für Verarbeitungsanlagen 7.1.1 Einführung neuer Begriffsdefnitionen 7.1.2 Ziel der Modellbildung 7.1.3 Formale Probleme der Modellbildung 7.1.4 Modellansatz 7.2 Systemmodelle für Verarbeitungsanlagen 7.2.1 Funktionsmodell 7.2.2 Ablaufstruktur des Aufgaben- und Funktionssystems 7.2.3 Aufbaustruktur der Wirkpaarung – Wirkpaarungsmodell 7.2.4 Aufbaustruktur des verarbeitungstechnischen Systems 7.2.5 Hierarchische Ordnung von Verarbeitungsanlagen 7.3 Verarbeitungsanlagen als offene Systeme 7.3.1 Gründe für ein offenes Systemkonzept 7.3.2 Gleichgewicht und Systemziel von Verarbeitungsanlagen 7.3.3 Dynamische Auffassung des Systems Verarbeitungsanlage 7.4 Systemverhalten von Verarbeitungsanlagen 7.4.1 Variabilität und Flexibilität von Verarbeitungsanlagen 7.4.2 Stabilität von Verarbeitungsprozessen 7.4.3 Komplexität von Verarbeitungsanlagen 8 Systemtheoretische Untersuchung des Standes der Technik des Verarbeitungsmaschinenbaus 9 Vorschläge zur Neugestaltung von Verarbeitungsanlagen 9.1 Systemtheoretische Untersuchung des allgemeinen Lastenheftes 9.1.1 Systemtheoretische Interpretation der Anforderungen 9.1.2 Resultierende systemtheoretische Fragestellung 9.2 Randbedingungen für die Neuentwicklung von Verarbeitungsanlagen 9.2.1 Vorüberlegungen 9.2.2 Grundkonzept 9.3 Gestaltungsprinzipe – Modularisierung, Miniaturisierung, Parallelisierung 9.4 Technologische Mittel zur Umsetzung 9.4.1 Plug&Produce-Module und Plattformbauweise 9.4.2 Adaptive Wirkpaarungen 9.4.3 Flexible Verkettung 9.4.4 Exemplarischer Vorschlag für das Anwendungsbeispiel 9.5 Allgemeines Pflichtenheft 10 Bewertung des Lösungskonzeptes 10.1 Ökonomische Bewertung 10.1.1 Die Produktion in der Ökonomie 10.1.2 Arbeit 10.1.3 Rohstoffe und Zwischenprodukte 10.1.4 Betriebsmittel 10.2 Bewertung im Bezug auf die Situation der Konsumgüterproduktion 11 Fazit 10.1 Zusammenfassung 10.2 Ausblick Eidesstattliche Erklärung Thesen Literaturverzeichnis Tabellenverzeichnis Abbildungsverzeichnis Anhang / The object of the presented diploma thesis is the analysis of the system of manufacturing plants based on methods of sytem theory and the formulation of basic conditions for new developments of such plants. It is motivated by the diagnosis that the manufacturing industry stands at a point of fundamental change which requests plants of different characteristics as they usually have so far. Starting with an analysis of the current situation of consumer goods industry the thesis frames fundamental, new requirement specifications of manufacturing plants. It presents established concepts which may meet these requirements and gives a résumé of the state of the art of system modells in the field of manufacturing technology. An introduction into the methodes of system theory mentions the composition and characterisitcs of systems in general. Based on this considerations an approach in system theory for manufacturing plants is elaborated which comprises functional, structural and hierarchical models and especially goes into flexibility, variability, stability and complexity of manufacturing plants. These models serve for abstracting the requirements on manufacturing plants and for deducing principle conditions for new developments of manufacturing plants such as modularization, miniaturization and parallelization. A simple economic analysis finally assesses the outlined concept. All models and theses are illustrated by a wrapping plant for chocolate candies.:Aufgabenstellung Kurzreferat Abstract Inhaltsverzeichnis Formelzeichen Abkürzungen 1 Einleitung 1.1 Problemstellung 1.2 Zielstellung und Lösungsansatz 1.3 Aufbau der Arbeit 2 Die aktuelle Situation der Konsumgüterproduktion 2.1 Einführung – Produktionsformen der Konsumgüterproduktion 2.2 Die Situation der Nahrungsmittelindustrie 2.2.1 Marktstruktur 2.2.2 Forderungen der Verbraucher 2.3 Die Situation des Nahrungsmittel- und Verpackungsmaschinenbaus 2.4 Problemstellungen für die Konsumgüterproduktion 3 Stand der Wissenschaft und Technik 3.1 Lösungskonzepte des Maschinen- und Anlagenbaus 3.1.1 Einführung – Etablierte und neue Konzepte 3.1.2 Baukastensysteme und Modularisierung 3.1.3 Adaptive und selbstoptimierende Prozessregelung 3.1.4 Miniaturisierte Produktionssysteme 3.1.5 Parallele und vernetzte Stoffströme 3.2 Systembeschreibungen für Verarbeitungsanlagen 3.2.1 Einführung – Verarbeitungstechnik als Querschnittsdisziplin 3.2.2 Verarbeitungssystem als Blackbox 3.2.3 Funktionsstruktur von Verarbeitungssystemen 3.2.4 Die Wirkpaarung 3.2.5 Das Innermaschinelle Verfahren 3.2.6 Zuverlässigkeitsmodell für Verarbeitungsanlagen 4 Präzisierung der Aufgabenstellung 4.1 Allgemeines Lastenheft 4.2 Präzisierte Aufgabenstellung 4.3 Anwendungsbeispiel der Untersuchungen 5 Grundzüge des systemtheoretischen Ansatzes 5.1 Systemtheorie als Universalwissenschaft 5.2 Modellbildung mit Hilfe systemtheoretischer Methoden 5.3 Der Systembegriff 6 Aufbau und Eigenschaften von Systemen 6.1 Systemaufbau und Modelle 6.1.1 Funktion 6.1.2 Struktur 6.1.3 Hierarchie 6.2. Das Konzept des offenen Systems 6.2.1 Offene und geschlossene Systeme 6.2.2 Fließgleichgewicht und Äqui1nalität 6.2.3 Dynamische Strukturauffassung 6.3 Systemeigenschaften 6.3.1 Varietät 6.3.2 Stabilität 6.3.3 Komplexität 7 Systemmodelle für Verarbeitungsanlagen 7.1 Systemtheoretischer Ansatz für Verarbeitungsanlagen 7.1.1 Einführung neuer Begriffsdefnitionen 7.1.2 Ziel der Modellbildung 7.1.3 Formale Probleme der Modellbildung 7.1.4 Modellansatz 7.2 Systemmodelle für Verarbeitungsanlagen 7.2.1 Funktionsmodell 7.2.2 Ablaufstruktur des Aufgaben- und Funktionssystems 7.2.3 Aufbaustruktur der Wirkpaarung – Wirkpaarungsmodell 7.2.4 Aufbaustruktur des verarbeitungstechnischen Systems 7.2.5 Hierarchische Ordnung von Verarbeitungsanlagen 7.3 Verarbeitungsanlagen als offene Systeme 7.3.1 Gründe für ein offenes Systemkonzept 7.3.2 Gleichgewicht und Systemziel von Verarbeitungsanlagen 7.3.3 Dynamische Auffassung des Systems Verarbeitungsanlage 7.4 Systemverhalten von Verarbeitungsanlagen 7.4.1 Variabilität und Flexibilität von Verarbeitungsanlagen 7.4.2 Stabilität von Verarbeitungsprozessen 7.4.3 Komplexität von Verarbeitungsanlagen 8 Systemtheoretische Untersuchung des Standes der Technik des Verarbeitungsmaschinenbaus 9 Vorschläge zur Neugestaltung von Verarbeitungsanlagen 9.1 Systemtheoretische Untersuchung des allgemeinen Lastenheftes 9.1.1 Systemtheoretische Interpretation der Anforderungen 9.1.2 Resultierende systemtheoretische Fragestellung 9.2 Randbedingungen für die Neuentwicklung von Verarbeitungsanlagen 9.2.1 Vorüberlegungen 9.2.2 Grundkonzept 9.3 Gestaltungsprinzipe – Modularisierung, Miniaturisierung, Parallelisierung 9.4 Technologische Mittel zur Umsetzung 9.4.1 Plug&Produce-Module und Plattformbauweise 9.4.2 Adaptive Wirkpaarungen 9.4.3 Flexible Verkettung 9.4.4 Exemplarischer Vorschlag für das Anwendungsbeispiel 9.5 Allgemeines Pflichtenheft 10 Bewertung des Lösungskonzeptes 10.1 Ökonomische Bewertung 10.1.1 Die Produktion in der Ökonomie 10.1.2 Arbeit 10.1.3 Rohstoffe und Zwischenprodukte 10.1.4 Betriebsmittel 10.2 Bewertung im Bezug auf die Situation der Konsumgüterproduktion 11 Fazit 10.1 Zusammenfassung 10.2 Ausblick Eidesstattliche Erklärung Thesen Literaturverzeichnis Tabellenverzeichnis Abbildungsverzeichnis Anhang

The frozen plasticity theory is a punctuationalist theory of adaptive evolution. It states that long periods of stasis, during which populations respond to selection pressures only by elastic change in the frequency of already present alleles, alternate in the evolution of sexual species with short periods of plastic evolution, during which alleles can get fixed or eliminated by directed selection. Asexual species are not expected to maintain such high genetic polymorphism in the long term. They should, however, be able to plastically respond to selection pressures throughout their whole existence. This difference between the evolutionary dynamics of sexual and asexual clades has a number of ecological and macroevolutionary implications. Concerning ecology, we could expect different environmental preferences of sexual and asexual species. Accordingly, in our first work that was based on a comparative study, we statistically significantly supported the hypothesis that (ancient) asexual groups of (eukaryotes) inhabit more stable and homogeneous habitats than their related sexual controls. Focusing on actually experienced, i.e. subjective, heterogeneity of the environment turned out to be the crucial factor of this type of research. From the viewpoint of macroevolutionary implications of the frozen...