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Agentic women continue to be penalized for success in male-dominated industries, resulting in gender discrimination and differing opportunity structures (Foschi, 2000). The purpose of the proposed study is to see how an employee’s gender and status in male-dominated corporate settings influence participants’ perceptions of competency, liking, and consequences after the employee makes a mistake. These dependent variables will also be examined in relationship to participants’ level of sexism. Approximately 132 participants will be recruited from high technology companies, and will read a vignette about a male or female and entry-level or executive employee who makes a mistake. They will then answer competency, liking, and firing questions, as well as Glick & Fiske’s (1996) Ambivalent Sexism Inventory. Participants are expected to perceive females more negatively than males, and executives more negatively than entry-level employees. Additionally, female executives will be perceived as the least competent, and will be the least well liked. It is also predicted that they will be most likely fired. This study may add important information on gender stereotyping in the workplace, and further explore how an employee’s status in the company influences perceptions of the employee. The implications of the proposed study for future research are also discussed.

O objeto desta dissertação é uma ideia de futuro, ou seja, como o futuro foi compreendido dentro de um dado momento histórico e de acordo com certas condições. A ideia de futuro aqui analisada centra-se em torno de Herman Kahn, físico, estrategista militar e futurista. A constituição dessa ideia de futuro, contudo, não ocorreu afastada de uma compreensão de história. Para entendermos como ocorreu esse diálogo entre passado, presente e futuro, baseamo-nos nos conceitos propostos por Koselleck de espaço de experiência e horizonte de expectativa, assim como em alguns pontos do que o autor propõe como história dos conceitos. O início da formulação da ideia de futuro aqui analisada se deu no famoso think tank estadunidense que prestava consultoria à Força Aérea dos EUA, a RAND Corporation. Nesse período, o futuro é interpretado no curto prazo e pensado, no máximo, quinze anos à frente, e a história usada é recente, remetendo às I e II Guerras. Portanto, são questões restritas à segurança nacional e à defesa dos EUA e às relações com a Ásia e a Europa. Porém, ao lançar o seu primeiro e polêmico livro, On thermonuclear war, em 1960, no qual analisava, com detalhes, as possibilidades de uma guerra nuclear e como o país poderia se reerguer após ela, Kahn saiu da RAND e fundou seu próprio think tank, o Hudson Institute, em 1961. Acompanhando uma mudança de orientação de governo dos EUA e passando por dificuldades financeiras ao longo da década de 60 e 70, o Hudson Institute e Herman Kahn ampliaram, pouco a pouco, o tempo futuro analisado, chegando, em 1976, no livro The next 200 years, a prever duzentos anos à frente. Correspondendo a isso, havia também um recuo para o passado, alcançando o ano de 8000 a.C. Nesse momento, o Hudson Institute não mais trabalhava somente com as questões estadunidenses, mas também tinha uma atuação em âmbito mundial, visando influenciar empresas multinacionais e governos de outros países. Entre os governos pretendidos, estava o brasileiro. Porém, com projetos polêmicos e dados incertos e cambiantes, Kahn e o HI sofreram uma crítica impiedosa, sarcástica e agressiva no Brasil, o que nos permite verificar as falhas do método futurológico de Kahn e a política do governo brasileiro por trás das críticas. Por fim, toda essa exposição dos estudos futuros elaborados por Kahn desde 1947 até 1979 também nos permite refletir sobre a história e suas relações com o presente e o futuro e propor que para uma formulação sobre o futuro ou sobre o passado há, embutida, outra formulação sobre o tempo oposto. / The object of this dissertation is an idea of future or, more specifically, how the future was comprehended in a given historical moment and under certain conditions. This idea of future in our analysis is centered on Herman Kahn, a physic, military strategist and futurist. The constitution of this idea of future was not separated from a comprehension of history and it established a link between among past, present and future. To build it we based on Kosellecks concepts of space of experience and horizon of expectation and we used some ideas from Kosellecks conceptual history. Kahns idea of future started at RAND Corporation, the famous American think tank that advised the US Air Force. At that period, the future was only short term, it was thought at most fifteen years ahead and historical references were also recent, going back only until I and II Wars. Thus, the questions were restricted to the national security, the US defense and the relations with Asia and Europe. After his first book, On thermonuclear war, in 1960, Herman Kahn abandoned RAND. The book was very polemical. Kahn analyzed and accounted in details how a nuclear war could happen and how the country could rise after it. Out of RAND, Kahn established his own think tank, the Hudson Institute, in 1961. Hudson Institute and Herman Kahn widened the time analyzed, reaching two hundred years to the future and ten thousand year to the past in the book The next 200 years, in 1976. This broadened future accompanied a change of US government orientation and some financial difficulties faced by Hudson Institute that stretched for the sixties and the seventies. Beyond that, Hudson Institute was operating not only with American issues, but it was also working with world issues intending to influence multinational corporations and other countries. One of these countries was Brazil. However, in Brazil, Kahn and Hudson Institute suffered ruthless, sarcastic and aggressive critics due to polemical plans and changing and uncertain data. So the Brazilian critics were based on some mistakes of Kahn future study method, but they were based in an emphatic Brazilian government policy. We believe this exposition and analysis of Herman Kahns future studies since 1947 to 1979 provide us a deep reflection about history and the relations among past, present and future, so it is possible to state that some future or past formulation has embedded an implicit formulation about the opposite time.

No description available.

Self-perceptions are rooted in our relationships, interactions, and comparisons with others. The relational influences that impact self-perceptions may range from family members and friends to celebrities or characters in books, all of whom differ in terms of relational and psychological distance, such that some are more proximal (e.g., friends and family) while others are more distal (e.g., celebrities or characters in a book). Self-perceptions are meaningful given the bulk of research indicating that low self-perceptions are related to numerous clinical problems, especially in young people. Yet, researchers have yet to study the junction between late adolescents’ evaluations of the self in relation to proximal and distal influences. This dissertation begins by defining the constructs of the self and self-perception. The manner in which relational influences and a healthy sense of self develop are discussed within psychodynamic and social-psychological frameworks. A study is then presented that examines the relationships between individuals’ self-perception within different domains and with whom they identify in those domains. Late adolescents were asked about their self-perceptions across nine domains of perceived competency and then asked about with whom they relate, both positively (someone good) and negatively (someone bad), in each of those domains. Results demonstrated that higher levels of self-perception in three domains (job, social, and friends) increased the odds of identifying a proximal influence when asked about negative relational influences. Proximal influences (people close in relationships) were more prevalent than distal objects across all domains for a majority of the sample. However, high self-perception did increase the likelihood within these three domains. Gathering information regarding relational influences while also measuring self-perceptions contributes to understanding the construct of the self and the theoretical orientations presented. Current results may also inform clinical interventions aimed at strengthening self-concept in youth.

This study is an attempt to search out and define, where possible, certain basic concepts in the educational philosophy of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints during its first century from 1830 to 1930. Commonly known as the Mormon Church, the membership numbered approximately one million two hundred thousand in 1954. While concentrated largely in the Western United States area, it has many congregations across the United States and scattered in countries throughout the world. Showing an active interest in education, the Church has sponsored a program both formal and informal in nature. This program, with its accompanying philosophy has not only touched the lives of the Mormons but also many others, especially in the areas in the west where the Church membership forms a high percentage of many communities. The Mormon educational philosophy, therefore, should not be without consideration and is worthy of note in the total picture of education in the United States.

The purpose of this review is to evaluate the methodology of past and present research with female homosexuals and then to summarize the current state of knowledge in psychology and psychiatry. The data presented in this review have been derived predominantly from material abstracted in the Medicus Index (1900-1976) and Psychology Abstracts (1927-1976). This reviewer has established specific criteria by which all studies throughout this literature review will be examined. These are: sample size, sampling of experimental control groups, variable controlled (age, education, etc), how sexual orientation was determined, and tests and questionnaires employed, their reliability, validity, administration, and interpretation. It has been shown that both the clinical and nonclinical research populations are extremely biased. Historically and currently, the clinical researchers have utilized small and unspecified populations. This type of research is usually in the form of case studies and has been psychoanalytically oriented. Currently, clinical researchers have attempted to overcome the methodological problems by using control groups, standardized tests, statistical analysis of data, etc. However, adequate clinical studies have been few and their findings highly tentative. The most serious problem with the clinical research is sampling. Nonclinical research on the other hand, has used samples comprised of young, white, educated and middle class subjects. Researchers have attempted to find objective criteria that would discriminate between heterosexual and homosexual women, using projective techniques and self-report inventories, but their results are inconclusive. Data have shown, however, that there are significant differences between “butch” and “fem” lesbians and male homosexuals. Future research will need to determine the sex role "preference of both the homo sexual and heterosexual groups, otherwise differences between the two groups may be the result of a larger proportion of “butch” lesbians being compared to "fem" heterosexuals. The etiology of female homosexuality has been an enduring topic in psychology and psychiatry. To date, researchers have not found any genetic or hormonal characteristics associated with the phenomenon of homosexuality in women. Research focusing on the psychodynamic aspects of homosexuality have found that lesbians have poorer relationships with both parents, experience more interparent friction and less family security, feel less feminine, and are less accepting of the feminine role then heterosexual women. Although these are statistically significant differences between heterosexual and homosexual women it is unknown how, or even whether they affect the development of homosexuality. Female homosexuality has been considered by many mental health professionals as a disease, neurosis, or degenerative condition. The data have failed to show that female homosexuals are less well-adjusted then their heterosexual controls. The treatment of female homosexuality has almost been completely neglected. The majority of the literature has reported on the techniques and theories used on male homosexuals. The few studies that have used female homosexuals are methodologically inadequate. They did not use control groups, standardized instruments to measure the degree of change of sexual orientation, or, adequate follow-up studies. Extensive research needs to be completed to determine if the techniques and theories derived from the treatment of male homosexuals are applicable to lesbians. Considerable more research in the areas of etiology, diagnosis, and treatment of female homosexuality needs to be completed before any tentative statements can be made.

Traditionally, the concept of cognition has been tied to the brain or the nervous system. Recent work in various noncomputational cognitive sciences has enlarged the category of “cognitive phenomena” to include the organism and its environment, distributed cognition across networks of actors, and basic cellular functions. The meaning, scope, and limits of ‘cognition’ are no longer clear or well-defined. In order to properly delimit the purview of the cognitive sciences, there is a strong need for a clarification of the definition of cognition. This paper will consider the outer bounds of that definition. Not all cognitive behaviors of a given organism are amenable to an analysis at the organismic or organism-environment level. In some cases, emergent cognition in collective biological and human social systems arises that is irreducible to the sum cognitions of their constituent entities. The group and social systems under consideration are more extensive and inclusive than those considered in studies of distributed cognition to date. The implications for this ultimately expand the purview of the cognitive sciences and bring back a renewed relevance for anthropology and introduce sociology on the traditional six-pronged interdisciplinary wheel of the cognitive sciences.

This thesis utilizes theories and ideas from the field of psychology to inform intertextual and interdisciplinary readings that compare and contrast theatre and film texts. In Chapter One, I compare Carlos Fuentes' drama Orchids in the Moonlight to Nicolas Winding Refn's film Bronson in order to investigate the extent each oscillates between Carl Jung's notion of the collective unconscious and Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari's schizoanalytic paradigm. I found that while these vacillating aspects helped illuminate different perspectives of each text, Orchids in the Moonlight more closely represents the collective unconscious, while Bronson more robustly embodies schizoanalysis. In Chapter Two, I examine the magnitude to which the play and film version of Jean Cocteau's Orpheus illuminate his self-portrait. By analyzing the similarity and differences between how Cocteau depicts mirrors and the female personification of Death, I discovered the film version to more profoundly evoke and depict Cocteau's self-portrait. Finally, in Chapter Three, I discuss my process of writing a new play with film elements called Flooded—before providing a sample of the text, and later analyzing the advantages and disadvantages of the film contents in the play.

Preface -- Why creativity now -- Your incredible mind -- Activating your god-given creative force -- Creativity and the number five -- How to foster a constant creative environment -- Why set creative goals? -- The role of wisdom in unlocking creative potential -- 12 keys to releasing your creative potential -- Use the creative keys -- Master the keys -- Appendix A -- Appendix B -- Appendix C -- Appendix D -- Appendix E. "In this book Dr. Jasmine Renner provides valuable keys for unlocking your unlimited creative potential. The goal of this book is to help individuals realize and understand the depth of their creative abilities and to use the multifaceted wisdom keys espoused to unlock their creative potential. This book will introduce you to the invaluable nuggets gained from discovering that creativity is not an additional project you add to your already full to do list but springs out of the essence of who you really are. Using wisdom as a guide and tool in understand and releasing your creative potential is crucial. Dr. Renner points out that wisdom is an essential part of the quantum or spiritual level of creativity. The keys espoused in this book are the same and can be applied in every nation, in every tribe and for all peoples. This is because there are universal undeniable principles that govern every human being. The wisdom keys espoused in this book are universal for all who will dare to use then appropriately. A farmer in Australia applying these keys correctly will have the same result as a billionaire in Wall Street. It is her desire that as you read this book you will be birthed into an innate awareness of your creative potential and ultimately be released into your creative potential." / https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu_books/1091/thumbnail.jpg