Costs of civil proccedings This dissertation thesis is aimed onto costs of civil proceedings, especially general costs of civil proceedings and special costs of civil proceedings. Regarding to the special costs of civil proceedings it deals with its remuneration (amount and extent). Existing Czech law was analyzed on given cases with comparation of law, economic analysis of law and theory of games and as the result the externalities were found and defined with the consequences the law lead to. The application of game theory on given problematics has shown its value for analysis of legal rules and as for future it is a way where the analytics can develop. The dissertation thesis has found a mathematical formula for calculation of summary remuneration of costs accompanied with lawsuits so that for the creditor it is more economical to sue the debts than to cede them to the debt collecting companies, and together with that the new law is proposed to prevent externalities that destruct the functioning of civil courts by flood of multiply-lawsuits and externalities, that's costs are borne by tax residents.

A Contabilidade, na qualidade de Ciência voltada à administração e a economia, envolve, a um tempo, um valor específico e uma prática abrangente, na medida em que tem por função orientar, controlar e registrar eventos econômicos proporcionando informações para a tomada de decisões. Esse conceito exige, portanto, dos seus profissionais, uma visão sistêmica, holística e interdisciplinar, que lhes possibilite um desempenho de qualidade. No entanto, as estratégias de ensino utilizadas, ainda hoje, têm priorizando os aspectos operacionais da Contabilidade, em detrimento da sua capacidade informativa, que implica necessariamente juízo de valor. Visando contribuir para dotar o ensino da Contabilidade Geral em nível de 3º grau de um instrumento de aproximação entre a teoria e a prática que reflita melhor a realidade das empresas e suas necessidades das informações contábeis para a tomada de decisões, esta pesquisa objetiva a apresentação de um simulador de transações, em forma de jogo, aplicado ao ensino da Contabilidade Geral. Por meio da pesquisa-ação, desenvolve-se a modelagem de um simulador de transações, em forma de jogo, desdobrando analiticamente a tomada de decisão num processo de planejamento, execução e controle, valendo-se para isso da teoria dos jogos, levando o aprendiz a tomar decisões e fazer julgamento de valor. Ao elaborarmos um simulador de transações e aplicá-lo em sala de aula, a nossa contribuição reside não na estratégia em si, mas, antes, no processo de comunicação, motivando o aluno a participar de uma situação simulada. Importa, sobretudo, a representação, ou seja, a ficção que obriga a trabalhar não apenas tendo em vista o real, mas aquilo que tem a aparência de real, e que possibilita o interesse do jogo para o aluno. Conclui-se da pesquisa que o uso do simulador de transações, em forma de jogo, estimula e favorece o aprendizado dos conteúdos propostos pela disciplina de Contabilidade Geral, proporcionando ao aprendiz a visão abrangente desejada. / Accountancy as a Science oriented to management and economy involves at the same time an specific value and more encompassing practices based on the purpose to guide, control and record economic events providing information for decision making. This concept demands, however, a systemic, holistic and interdisciplinary view from professionals to achieve high quality performance. Nevertheless, teaching strategies used both in the past and today have prioritized the operational aspects of Accountancy to the detriment of its informative ability which involves a judgment of value. The goal of this study is to help in providing an instrument that can bring together theory and practice in the teaching of General Accounting Level 3 that better expresses business reality and the needs of accountable information for decision making. In addition to the presentation of a simulator of business transactions as a game applied to the teaching of General Accounting. This model representation of business transactions as a game will be developed by means of action-research. This game will analytically unfold the decision making during the planning, performance and control of a process using the theory of games and leading the learners to make decisions and judge values. The key factor of this representation of business transactions and its application in class will not be the strategy itself, but the communication process. It will encourage the students to participate in a simulated situation. All in all, the key aspect is the role play, or in other words, the fiction that encourages the work not only having real facts, but also with the representation of real-life situation and this will increase students interest in the game. The final conclusion of this study is that the use of a simulator of business transactions as a game encourages and favors the learning process of the subjects proposed by General Accounting, therefore providing the students with the desirable comprehensive view.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:29:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Priscila Mascarelli Salgado.pdf: 1241899 bytes, checksum: af39230b290f4b31a6fce2680c209487 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-10-29 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The development of this study had as main objective demonstrate that through the Theory of Games can explained the conciliation as a solution of the conflict in Labor Law. The types of games from this theory allow analyze the alternatives between the parts during the conciliation, thus facilitating the understanding of the behavior of individual decision making. First social conflict will be studied, after the conflicts modes, their languages, communications, then approximate conflict and the law. Analyzed the social conflict, are then taken to their solution through the law using one of these ways of resolving conflict: self-tutelage, selfcomposition or hetero-composition. Within the hetero-composition is conciliation, which will be explained in each area of law: Civil, Criminal and Labor. After this study of law, the work will treat the Theory of Games of John von Neumann and Oskar Morgenstern. Show the games modes, their actions and strategies. This will cross the law information with the Theory of Games and then explained the possible alternatives of choices of each party / player during the conciliation / O desenvolvimento deste trabalho teve como objetivo principal demonstrar que, através da Teoria dos Jogos, pode-se explicar a conciliação como forma de solução de conflito de interesse no Direito do Trabalho. Os tipos de jogos dessa teoria permitem a análise das alternativas possíveis entre as partes durante uma conciliação, facilitando, assim, o entendimento do comportamento de cada tomada de decisão. Primeiramente, o conflito social será estudado: depois, as modalidades de conflitos, suas linguagens, comunicações, para posteriormente, aproximar a relação entre o conflito e o Direito. Analisados os conflitos sociais, serão então levados para sua solução no Direito, através de uma das formas de solução de conflito: autocomposição ou heterocomposição. Dentro da heterocomposição está a forma de conciliação, que será detalhadamente explicada em cada área do Direito: Civil, Penal e Trabalhista. Após esse estudo perante o Direito, o trabalho parte para a visão frente à Teoria dos Jogos de John Von Neumann e Oskar Morgenstern, quando são apresentadas as modalidades de jogos, suas ações e estratégias. Assim, serão cruzadas as informações do Direito com a Teoria dos Jogos e, então, explicadas as possíveis alternativas de escolhas de cada parte/jogador durante a conciliação

Face à l'augmentation du prix du carburant et des exigences légales rigoureuses sur les émissions de gaz à effet de serre ces dernières années, les fabricants de camions doivent s'interroger davantage sur les nouvelles mesures techniques pour être plus compétitifs sur le marché. Dans ce contexte, l'électromobilité est l'une des approches les plus prometteuses pour répondre aux exigences ci-dessus, où sa solution principale est l'hybridation électrique du groupe motopropulseur. Parallèlement à cette solution, une autre solution technique de l'électromobilité, l'électrification auxiliaire qui apparaît récemment, devient aussi une solution attrayante non seulement pour le milieu universitaire, mais aussi pour les entreprises de l'automobile. Cependant, l'intégration de ces deux solutions dans un véhicule peut donner lieu à un problème de commande du système beaucoup plus compliqué, notamment en terme de gestion de l'énergie. L'objectif de ce travail est de concevoir une approche appropriée pour la conception de la commande auxiliaire électrifiée, qui peut gérer d'une part la stratégie de commande du groupe motopropulseur hybride électrique et, d'autre part, améliorer l'efficacité énergétique globale du véhicule. Tout d'abord, le travail se concentre sur un seul auxiliaire électrifié typique - le système d'alimentation en air. Pour ce cas simple, la modélisation et le contrôle à base d'énergie basés sur le contrôle prédictif (MPC) sont développés afin de minimiser la consommation d'énergie / l'efficacité de cet auxiliaire le long d'un cycle de conduite. En soulignant les difficultés à atteindre l'objectif en matière d'efficacité énergétique en considérant uniquement des unités auxiliaires, l'approche se concentre ensuite sur l'analyse d'impact du système auxiliaire sur l'efficacité énergétique globale du véhicule. La première étape de cette analyse propose une méthode générale pour simplifier le contrôleur de groupe motopropulseur de HEV / PHEVs. Ensuite, une méthode basée sur l'optimisation est présentée et appliquée sur un modèle de véhicule simplifié, qui contient le contrôleur de groupe motopropulseur simple obtenu à partir de l'étape ci-dessus. Cette méthode d'optimisation, qui est un contrôle en mode hors connexion et basée sur la méthode de programmation dynamique, permet de déterminer l'économie d'énergie maximale réalisable du véhicule lors de l'application d'une stratégie de contrôle avancée sur le système auxiliaire électrifié. De plus, certaines idées / règles pour concevoir le contrôle auxiliaire sont également tirées des résultats obtenus avec la méthode ci-dessus. Pour une mise en oeuvre en ligne de ces concepts, un contrôle multi-agent est finalement adopté pour la commande du système auxiliaire électrifié (EAS). Sur la base des résultats de l'étape d'analyse d'impact et d'un modèle simple de l'EAS, trois paramètres de contrôle pour l'EAS (centralisé, hiérarchisé et distribué) sont étudiés et discutés. Enfin, différents algorithmes pour ces paramètres de contrôle sont fournis, puis comparés pour indiquer les avantages et les limites de chaque algorithme. / Facing to the increase of fuel price and stringent legal requirements on the greenhouse gas emission in recent years, truck manufacturers have to investi-gate more on new technical measures to be more competitive on the market. Within this context, electromobility rises as one of the most promising approaches to answer to above requirements, where its principle solution is the electric hybridization of powertrain. In parallel with this solution, another technical solution of electromobility- the auxiliary electrification that appears recently becomes also an attractive solution for not only the academic community but also the automotive companies. However, the integration of these two solutions together in a vehicle can give rise to a much more complicated system control problem, especially in term of energy management. The objective of this work is to figure out an appropriate approach for designing the electrified auxiliary control, which can cope with the control strategy of the electric hybrid powertrain on one hand, and can improve the overall energy efficiency of the vehicle on the other hand. Firstly, the work focuses on only one typical electrified auxiliary- the air supply system. For this simple case, energy-based modeling and control based on predictive control (MPC) are developed in order to minimize the energy consumption/efficiency of this auxiliary along a driving cycle. By pointing out the difficulties for reaching the target on the energy efficiency when considering only auxiliary units, the approach focuses then on the impact analysis of the auxiliary system on the overall vehicle‘s energy efficiency. The first step of this analysis proposes a general method to simplify the powertrain controller of HEV/PHEVs. Then, an optimization-based method is presented and applied on a simplified vehicle model, which contains the simple powertrain controller obtained from the above step. This optimization method, which is an offline con-trol and based on the dynamic programming method, allows us to determine the maximal achievable energy saving of the vehicle when applying an advanced control strategy on the electrified auxiliary system. Additionally, some ideas/rules for designing the auxiliary control are drawn as well from the results obtained with the above method. Toward an online implementation of these concepts, a multi-agent based control is finally adopted for controlling the electrified auxiliary system (EAS). Based on the results of the impact analysis step and a simple model of the EAS, three control settings for the EAS (centralized, hierarchical, and distributed) are studied and discussed. Finally, different algorithms for these control settings are provided, and then compared to point out the advantages and limitations of each algorithm.

A Contabilidade, na qualidade de Ciência voltada à administração e a economia, envolve, a um tempo, um valor específico e uma prática abrangente, na medida em que tem por função orientar, controlar e registrar eventos econômicos proporcionando informações para a tomada de decisões. Esse conceito exige, portanto, dos seus profissionais, uma visão sistêmica, holística e interdisciplinar, que lhes possibilite um desempenho de qualidade. No entanto, as estratégias de ensino utilizadas, ainda hoje, têm priorizando os aspectos operacionais da Contabilidade, em detrimento da sua capacidade informativa, que implica necessariamente juízo de valor. Visando contribuir para dotar o ensino da Contabilidade Geral em nível de 3º grau de um instrumento de aproximação entre a teoria e a prática que reflita melhor a realidade das empresas e suas necessidades das informações contábeis para a tomada de decisões, esta pesquisa objetiva a apresentação de um simulador de transações, em forma de jogo, aplicado ao ensino da Contabilidade Geral. Por meio da pesquisa-ação, desenvolve-se a modelagem de um simulador de transações, em forma de jogo, desdobrando analiticamente a tomada de decisão num processo de planejamento, execução e controle, valendo-se para isso da teoria dos jogos, levando o aprendiz a tomar decisões e fazer julgamento de valor. Ao elaborarmos um simulador de transações e aplicá-lo em sala de aula, a nossa contribuição reside não na estratégia em si, mas, antes, no processo de comunicação, motivando o aluno a participar de uma situação simulada. Importa, sobretudo, a representação, ou seja, a ficção que obriga a trabalhar não apenas tendo em vista o real, mas aquilo que tem a aparência de real, e que possibilita o interesse do jogo para o aluno. Conclui-se da pesquisa que o uso do simulador de transações, em forma de jogo, estimula e favorece o aprendizado dos conteúdos propostos pela disciplina de Contabilidade Geral, proporcionando ao aprendiz a visão abrangente desejada. / Accountancy as a Science oriented to management and economy involves at the same time an specific value and more encompassing practices based on the purpose to guide, control and record economic events providing information for decision making. This concept demands, however, a systemic, holistic and interdisciplinary view from professionals to achieve high quality performance. Nevertheless, teaching strategies used both in the past and today have prioritized the operational aspects of Accountancy to the detriment of its informative ability which involves a judgment of value. The goal of this study is to help in providing an instrument that can bring together theory and practice in the teaching of General Accounting Level 3 that better expresses business reality and the needs of accountable information for decision making. In addition to the presentation of a simulator of business transactions as a game applied to the teaching of General Accounting. This model representation of business transactions as a game will be developed by means of action-research. This game will analytically unfold the decision making during the planning, performance and control of a process using the theory of games and leading the learners to make decisions and judge values. The key factor of this representation of business transactions and its application in class will not be the strategy itself, but the communication process. It will encourage the students to participate in a simulated situation. All in all, the key aspect is the role play, or in other words, the fiction that encourages the work not only having real facts, but also with the representation of real-life situation and this will increase students interest in the game. The final conclusion of this study is that the use of a simulator of business transactions as a game encourages and favors the learning process of the subjects proposed by General Accounting, therefore providing the students with the desirable comprehensive view.

In my master thesis I analyze the influence of Taiwan's democratization on Cross- Strait relations. The thesis is structurally divided into three main periods: the pre- democratization period, democratization period and the period since the first power alternation in Taiwan. The first chapter analyzes the emergence of the Cross-Strait issue, the period of the Japanese colonization, the Post-Second World War Period, the Chinese Civil War and Cold War period until second half 80s. It points out the main external and internal factors, which influenced the Cross- Strait relations development and also the development of both Chinese states. The subject of the second chapter is the Taiwan's democratization and its internal and external leverage. Based on A. Przeworski's Theory of Games I am comparing the Taiwan's democratization to the Tiananmen incident. At the end of the second chapter I am comparing political system and regime of both Chinese states and I am pointing out salience of Taiwan for China. The final chapter examines the period of the first power alternation in Taiwan and how it influenced the Cross- Strait relations. It analyzes the issue of Taiwanese identity and sovereignty. It points out the three most common sovereignty interpretations over Taiwan. This chapter also entails an analysis...