L’élévation de la température est l’un des principaux paramètres limitant la puissance nominale des machines électriques. La température atteinte au niveau des bobinages, peut avoir de graves conséquences sur le système d’isolation des enroulements et peut ainsi réduire la durée de vie des machines électriques. Le travail de recherche effectué dans cette thèse s’attache à l’extraction de modèles thermiques simplifiés permettant la prédiction des niveaux d’échauffement. Nous avons alors mis en place une démarche basée sur une méthode numérique (Finite Intgeration Technique) qui permet une identification naturelle des grandeurs du modèle thermique. Cette démarche nécessite d’homogénéiser le bobinage en le remplaçant par un seul matériau homogène équivalent permettant de reproduire le même comportement thermique du cas réel du bobinage. Pour ce faire, plusieurs techniques d’homogénéisation ont été employées. Nous nous sommes également intéressés aux différentes configurations des conducteurs dans l’encoche en vue d’obtenir une meilleure évacuation de la chaleur dans le bobinage des machines électriques. La démarche proposée dans ce travail a pout objectif d’obtenir des modèles thermiques simplifiés qui peuvent être réduit à un seul nœud pour calculer la température du point chaud. La validité des modèles est évaluée par comparaison aux éléments finis en considérant deux formes géométriques de l’encoche : une encoche simple puis une encoche de géométrie plus complexe que l’on retrouve dans une machine à commutation de flux. / The temperature rise is one of the main parameters limiting the power of electrical machine. In fact in the stator windings the temperature rise decreases the performances of its insulation system and it can reduce the life time of the motors and it may even lead to the motor failure. Appropriate models of the windings are necessary to find the hot spot of the machine. The work proposed in this thesis focuses on the extraction of simplified thermal models in order to evaluate the temperature distribution. An approach based on a numerical method (Finite Integration Technique) has been developed allowing the identification of the thermal model parameters. As a first step the homogenization of the winding is necessary to obtain the thermal model of the stator slot which has a complex heterogeneous structure requiring careful modeling. The objective is then to replace the conductors and the resin by one homogenous material that reproduces a similar thermal behavior. Several homogenization techniques are used to determine the effective thermal conductivity of the composite material. We are also interested to study different configurations or distributions of the conductors in the slot to limit heat dissipation in the windings of electrical machines. The second part of this thesis presents a method, based on the Finite Integration Technique (FIT) for the discretization that gives us an equivalent thermal model allowing the evaluation of transient temperature evolutions in the slot with low calculation cost.

No presente trabalho, as propriedades termofísicas do pão francês durante o assamento foram determinadas. Os pães foram feitos na Padaria Piloto do Laboratório de Engenharia de Alimentos do Departamento de Engenharia Química da Escola Politécnica da Universidade de São Paulo, com formulação semelhante aos pães comercializados. Durante o assamento, mudanças profundas ocorreram nos pães como diminuição do conteúdo de água de 44,1 para 30,8 % e aumento do volume de 382 para 420 cm3. Devido ao aumento do volume e diminuição da massa, a densidade aparente do pão francês variou de 0,231 g/cm3 para o pão sem assamento a 0,324 g/cm3 para o pão com 14 minutos de assamento. A difusividade térmica efetiva do pão francês foi determinada a partir das curvas de penetração de calor considerando o pão como um cilindro bidimensional. As curvas foram registradas a uma taxa de 30 aquisições/minuto durante o assamento dos pães em um forno turbo com dispositivo de vaporização. O valor médio da difusividade térmica encontrada para o pão francês durante o assamento foi de 4,1 ´ 10-7 m2/s. A condutividade térmica efetiva do pão francês foi determinada pelo método da sonda linear de aquecimento em diferentes tempos de assamento. A sonda linear utilizada nos ensaios foi dimensionada e construída no laboratório para o pão francês. A condutividade térmica efetiva do pão francês variou de 0,283 W/m K para o pão sem assamento a 0,136 W/m K para o pão com 14 minutos de assamento. Os resultados foram comparados com dados existentes na literatura. Um modelo empírico foi proposto para correlacionar a condutividade térmica do pão francês com o seu conteúdo de água e sua densidade aparente. / In this work, thermophysical properties of the french bread during baking were determined. Breads were produced at the Pilot Bakery of the Food Engineering Laboratory of the Chemical Engineering Department of Escola Politécnica of São Paulo University, with a formulation similar to breads purchased at the market. During baking, deep changes ocurred in the breads such as a water content decrease from 44,1 to 30,8 % and an increase of volume from 382 to 420 cm3. Due to the increase of volume and mass decrease, the bulk density of french bread changed from 0,324 g/cm3 for the dough to 0,231 g/cm3 for the bread with 14 minutes of baking. Effective thermal diffusivity of french bread was determined through heat penetration curves in a bidimensional cylinder. Temperature history was registred at a rate of 30 samples/minute during bread baking in a turbo oven with a vaporization device. The average value of thermal diffusivity to the french bread during baking was 4,1´10-7 m2/s. The effective thermal conductivity of the french bread was determined by the line heat source method in different times of baking. The thermal conductivity probe used was designed and built at the laboratory for french bread. The effective thermal conductitivy of the french bread changed from 0,283 W/m K for the dough without baking to 0,136 W/m K for the bread with 14 minutes of baking. Results were compared with literature data. An empiric model was proposed to correlate the french bread thermal conductivity with its water content and bulk density.

Este trabalho trata da caracterização de propriedades termodinâmicas e de transporte de nanofluidos baseados em nanopartículas de alumina em água para diferentes concentrações. Suspensões estáveis foram elaboradas por meio de um agitador ultrassônico. As seguintes propriedades foram analisadas: i) condutividade térmica com o método da sonda-linear; ii) viscosidade dinâmica através do reômetro do tipo cone e placa e iii) ângulo de contato com base em registros fotográficos de gotas em uma superfície plana e o tratamento de imagem através de um programa elaborado em LabVIEW. Procedimentos foram utilizados visando validar os métodos experimentais adotados, entre eles a comparação com resultados para fluidos puros. Além do estudo experimental, foi realizada uma análise crítica da literatura sobre condutividade térmica e viscosidade dinâmica de nanofluidos. Com base nesta análise, os resultados experimentais foram comparados a dados empíricos da literatura e métodos de previsão de propriedades desenvolvidos para nanofluidos e para suspensões de particulado sólido em líquido. De uma maneira geral, os resultados levantados neste estudo para condutividade térmica e viscosidade dinâmica de nanofluidos foram significativamente superiores a maioria dos dados experimentais da literatura e aos resultados proporcionados pelos métodos de previsão. Entretanto, para nanofluidos com composições distintas de nanopartículas de alumina em água, comportamentos similares ao do presente estudo também são observados na literatura. No caso do ângulo de contato, verificou-se seu decréscimo com o incremento da concentração de nanopartículas. Tal resultado coincide com a bibliografia consultada, segundo a qual a molhabilidade do nanofluido se eleva com o incremento da concentração de nanopartículas. / The present study concerns the characterization of thermodynamic and transport properties of nanofluids based on alumina nanoparticles in deionized water. Stable suspensions were obtained using an ultrasonic homogenizer (Sonicator). The following properties were measured: i) thermal conductivity using the linear probe method, ii) dynamic viscosity through a cone-plate rheometer iii) contact angle, based on photographic of nanofluid drops on a flat surface and image processing through a program based on LabVIEW. The methods and experimental procedures were validated by performing measurements properties of pure fluids with well known characteristics. Besides the experimental study, it was performed a comprehensive literature review on thermal conductivity and dynamic viscosity of nanofluids. Experimental results were compared against the data from the literature and the respective predictive methods developed for suspensions of nanofluids and micro solid particles in liquid. Generally speaking, the nanofluid thermal conductivity and dynamic viscosity measured in the present study were higher than the empirical values from the literature and the values given by predictive methods. However, it should be highlighted that although for different compositions of nanofluids behaviors similar to the one observed in this study are also reported in the literature. In case of contact angle, it was found that its value decreases with increasing the nanoparticle volumetric concentration. Such results is coincident with literature reports according to which the nanofluid wettability, given in terms of the contact angle, increases with increasing the nanoparticle concentration.

No description available.

Ever rising power densities and smaller transistor dimensions are increasing the challenge of thermal management within integrated-circuit chips and their surrounding packaging. In addition, the need for sustainable energy has placed urgent emphasis on energy conversion. Thermoelectric phenomena, involving the conversion of heat to electrical current, provide a central focus for both needs. Specifically, there is a need to engineer materials or composites with low thermal conductivity and high electrical conductivity for energy conversion and the opposite for heat management. In this presentation, experimental results will be presented of the specific heat and thermal conductivity of cobalt nanowires (CoNW), carbon nanotubes (CNT) and polymer-carbon nanotubes, in various composite arrangements with our high precession Calorimetric technique. Due to the nature of these samples, boundary and defect scattering of phonons in nanomaterials can dominate. This scattering phenomena shows decreasing thermal conductivity in metal nanowires, turns to be good for thermoelectric application. For the CNT, and possibly due to the high volume per atom leading to ballistic phonon propagation, the observed thermal conductivity along the nanotube direction, which leads to manage the heat dissipation problem in integrated circuits (ICs) and microprocessors. The thermal conductivity of a single Single-Wall Carbon Nanotube (SWCNT) was found to be 6600 W/mK, theoretically, twice that of diamond. When such high thermal conductivity materials are dispersed in a low thermal conducting polymer (PMMA), the effective thermal conductivity and thermal stability of the composite can change dramatically. The experimental results show good agreement with theoretical model proposed by Nelsen, Hamilton, Crosse, Geometric, and Xue. The thermal relaxation phenomena such as glass transition temperature (Tg) and dynamics of the molecules in the polymer-nanotubes composites, changes significantly different than the pure polymers during thermal treatment and is one of the focusing point of this presentation. Liquid crystalline materials confined to restrictive nano-channels are of great interest in many potential applications of electro-optics and display technology. This part of the presentation investigates the unexplored phenomenon of the coating and filling of 8CB and 10CB liquid crystals inside ~200nm diameter Multi-Wall Carbon nanopipes. The phase transition characteristics of the confined liquid crystal films were studied using MDSC technique and will be the last part of this presentation.

"Asphalt pavements are made up of several layers of materials and different types of materials are being used as base courses in these pavements. The properties of these pavement layers are affected significantly by temperature, and all of the layers are made up of heterogeneous mixtures of a wide variety of materials whose thermal properties are not readily available. Therefore, laboratory experiments were carried out with samples of pavements with different base course materials to determine temperature profiles along the depth, and finite element analysis was used to backcalculate thermal properties of the materials in the different layers of the different samples. The concept of extracting heat energy from asphalt pavements was evaluated by finite element modelling and testing small and large scale asphalt pavement samples. Water flowing through copper tubes inserted within asphalt pavements samples were used as heat exchangers in the experiments. The rise in temperature of water as a result of flow through the asphalt pavement was used as the indicator of efficiency of heat capture. The results of small scale testing show that the use of aggregates with high conductivity can significantly enhance the efficiency of heat capture. The efficiency can also be improved by using a reflectivity reducing and absorptivity increasing top layer over the pavement. Tests carried out with large scale slabs show that a larger surface area results in a higher amount of heat capture, and that the depth of heat exchanger is critical Heat-Islands are formed as a result of construction that replaces vegetation with absorptive surfaces (asphalt pavement). One suggested method to reduce the emitted heat from asphalt pavement surfaces is to reduce the temperature of the surface by flowing a suitable fluid through the pavement. Laboratory experiments were carried out using hand-compacted hot mix asphalt samples with quartzite and metagranodiorite aggregates. Pipes with different surface area were used to flow water through the samples, and the processes were modeled using finite element method. The results clearly show the feasibility of the proposed method, and indicate the beneficial effects of higher thermal conductivity of aggregates and larger surface area of pipes. "

Solid state synthesis of layered, rotationally disordered intergrowths consisting of rock salt (MX) and hexagonal (TX2) constituents in various sequences [(MX)1+δ]m[TX2]n is carried out by developing structural and compositional prototypes of the desired product, using fine control of the elemental reactants and then annealing at low temperature to facilitate self-assembly. (M = Sn, La, Eu; T = V, Mo.) The remarkable rotational disorder in these systems - in contrast to traditional misfits - and their proven applications in thermal, electrical and thermoelectric disciplines make them a useful group of materials for demonstrating control of reaction pathways of solid state reactions using low temperatures and short times. The synthesized materials are structurally characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray reflectivity (XRR), and Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy (STEM). Electrical characterization is carried out on patterned samples using the Van der Pauw method of resistivity and the Hall effect method. Composition of the samples is determined using wavelength dispersive electron probe microanalysis (EPMA). Time domain thermoreflectance is used to determine the cross plane thermal conductivity. The family of [(SnSe)1.05]m(MoSe2)n (m = n = 1, 2, 3, 4), which possess the same composition but different unit cell thicknesses, shows that there is no correlation between c-axis unit cell thickness and cross plane thermal conductivity. The family of structural isomers [(SnSe)1.05]4[MoSe2]4, [(SnSe)1.05]3[MoSe2]3[(SnSe)1.05]1[MoSe2]1, [(SnSe)1.05]3[MoSe2]2[(SnSe)1.05]1[MoSe2]2, [(SnSe)1.05]2[MoSe2]3[(SnSe)1.05]2[MoSe2]1,[(SnSe)1.05]2[MoSe2]1[(SnSe)1.05]1[MoSe2]2[(SnSe)1.05]1[MoSe2]1 and [(SnSe)1.05]2[MoSe2]2[(SnSe)1.05]1[MoSe2]1[(SnSe)1.05]1[MoSe2]1 have the same c-axis lattice thickness and absolute composition but have different numbers of [(SnSe)1.05]/[MoSe2] interfaces. Thermal conductivity studies carried out on these showed no correlation with the interface density. (LaSe1-x)1.17(VSe2-y)n (n = 2, 3, 4) feature a family of compounds that self-assemble at higher than usual temperatures. They form non-stoichiometric moieties with unique structural proclivities including La vacancies and V interstitials compared to other ferecrystals or previous misfits. The designable electrical properties show evidence of charge transfer. (EuSe)1+δ(VSe2)n (n = 1, 2, 3) is a family of materials that complements the investigation of Ln-based ferecrystals. They show evidence of multiple M oxidation states. These compounds highlight the use of rational design of structure and composition to tune properties. This dissertation includes previously published and unpublished co-authored material. / 10000-01-01

Dans le domaine de la microélectronique de puissance, les progrès de miniaturisation ne cessent de s’accroître. En effet, le nombre de composants par unité de surface a suivie durant de nombreuses années la loi de Moore. Cette évolution implique une augmentation de la densité d’énergie à évacuer sous forme de chaleur, ce qui rend le contrôle de la température de fonctionnement difficile et a pour effet de diminuer la fiabilité des systèmes électroniques.C’est pourquoi, le management thermique des matériaux d’interface thermique est indispensable pour pérenniser le bon fonctionnement des dispositifs de puissance dans leur environnement. L’utilité de ces matériaux est d’améliorer l’évacuation de la chaleur des composants électroniques vers le milieu environnant via un dissipateur thermique (radiateur, fluide caloporteur). Pour tenter de répondre à ces besoins, ce sujet de thèse est basé sur l’utilisation de nanotubes de carbone verticalement alignés, associée à des polymères fonctionnels. Les études se sont portées sur l’ensembledes résistances de contact existantes au sein d’un matériau d’interface thermique, depuis les nanotubes decarbone / Polymère / jusqu’au substrat de cuivre.L’optimisation des interactions est portée sur l’étude de différents polymères ayant la capacité d’engendrer des liaisons covalentes avec les nanotubes de carbone et avec le substrat de cuivre. L’intérêt de ces liaisons covalentes est d’améliorer le transfert de la chaleur via les phonons. Enfin, l’augmentation de la conductivité thermique intrinsèque des polymères est envisagée.Concernant les résultats obtenus, il apparait une nette diminution de chacune des résistances de contact étudiées. Afin de mieux comprendre ces résultats, des études de ces interfaces in-situ ont été réalisées. / With progress in microelectronics, the miniaturization of devices is a current issue and the component density on a device follows Moore’s law. As a consequence the power density reaches levels that challenge device reliability. New heat dissipation strategies are needed to efficiently drain heat.Thermal interface materials (TIMs) are used to transfer heat across interfaces, for example between the device and its packaging. However, to meet microelectronics requirement, commercials TIMs still need to be highly thermally conductive.In order to achieve these requirements, this work is focused on the use of vertically aligned carbon nanotubes (VACNTs) and functional polymers. All thermal contact resistances existing in TIMs, from VACNTs / Polymer / to substrate are studied.Interaction optimizations are based on the study of different polymers which are specially designed to develop covalent bonding with the CNTs sidewalls and/or metallic surface. The interest of these covalent bondings is to improve the thermal transfer by phonons. Finally, the increase of the intrinsic thermal conductivity of the polymer is considered.Regarding the results, a decrease of all thermal contact resistances is shown. In order to have a better understanding of these results, the thermal interfaces obtained are analyzed in situ.

Dans le domaine de l’isolation thermique du bâtiment, les évolutions réglementaires (RT2012)et normatives (NF BPE : Béton à Propriétés Thermiques, septembre 2016) incitent à évoluer vers des bétons isolants et structurels (BIS). La maîtrise de leur conductivité thermique est primordiale. Il est possible, en plus de faire appel à un squelette granulaire léger, de jouer sur la nature de la pâte en utilisant des inclusions qui apporteraient un pouvoir isolant supplémentaire : les cénosphères. Dans un contexte de facilité de mise en oeuvre, à ces propriétés est rajouté le critère auto plaçant des bétons. On parle alors de Bétons Isolants Structurels Autoplaçants (BISAP). La maitrise et la validation de ces nouvelles formules dans le respect d’une approche prescriptive a nécessité la caractérisation des matériaux à différentes échelles (de l’inclusion à l’échelle de l’ouvrage) en développant des approches expérimentales et numériques. Leur comportement à l’état frais et à l’état durci a été analysé. Les conductivités thermiques mesurées placent ces nouveaux bétons dans la catégorie Bétons Isolants Structurels au sens du nouveau référentiel. Le modèle numérique développé permet d’approcher correctement les valeurs expérimentales. D’autre part, la sensibilité des BISAP incorporant des cénosphères à plusieurs indicateurs de durabilité (porosité accessible à l’eau, perméabilité,carbonatation et retrait) a également été étudiée. L’influence des microsphères est plus ou moins notable en fonction du mécanisme abordé. / In the field of building thermal insulation, regulatory (RT2012) and standards (NF BPE: Béton à Propriétés Thermiques, September 2016) evolutions are encouraging the use of insulating structural concrete (BIS). The control of their thermal conductivity is essential. It is possible, in addition to using lightweight aggregates, to modify the composition of the cement paste by using hollow inclusions (fly ash cenospheres) to bring an additional thermal insulating potential. In a context of improved workability, to these properties is added the criterion of self-compacting concrete. The validation of these new formulas required the characterization of materials at different scales (from inclusion scale to building scale) by implementing experimental and numerical approaches. Their properties at fresh and hardened state were analyzed. The measured thermal conductivities place these new concretes in the Category of Structural Insulating Concrete in the sense of the new standard. The developed numerical model allowed approaching the experimental measurements correctly. The effect of cenospheres’ incorporation into cement paste on several durability indicators was also characterized.

Nano-materials are interesting material category with a single unit size between 1 and 1000 nanometers and possess unique mechanical, electrical, optical, and other physical properties that make them stand out from ordinary materials. With increasing demand for reduced size of electronic devices and integrated micro/nano-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS / NEMS), there is a high driving force in scientific research and technological advancement in nanotechnology. My research is about two popular novel nanomaterials: carbon nanotubes (1-dimensional material) and thin-layer transition metal dichalcogenides (2-dimensional materials). My first research direction is about the characterization of electrical properties of carbon nanotubes and using them as bio-sensors. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs), in general, are a material of great interest for many applications since their first discovery in 1991 [1], due to their unique structure, extraordinary electrical and mechanical properties, and unusual chemical properties. High-throughput fabrication of carbon nanotube field effect transistors (CNTFETs) with uniform properties has been a challenge since they were first fabricated in 1998. We invent a novel fabrication method to produce a 1×1 cm2 chip with over 700 CNTFETs fabricated around one single carbon nanotube. This large number of devices allows us to study the stability and uniformity of CNTFET properties. We grow flow-aligned CNTs on a SiO2/Si substrate by chemical vapor deposition and locate a single long CNT (as long as 1 cm) by scanning electron microscopy. Two photolithography steps are then used, first to pattern contacts and bonding pads, and next to define a mask to ‘burn’ away additional nanotubes by oxygen plasma etch. A fabrication yield of ~72% is achieved. The authors present statistics of the transport properties of these devices, which indicates that all the CNTFETs share the same threshold voltage, and similar on-state conductance. These devices are then used to measure DNA conductance by connecting DNA molecule of varying lengths to lithographically cut CNTFETs. While one single carbon nanotube is considered 1-dimensional material because it only has one side with “non-nano” length, the thin-layer transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) are called the 2-dimensional materials since they have two sides of normal lengths and the other side of atomic size. Atomically thin materials such as graphene and semiconducting transition metal dichalcogenides have attracted extensive interests in recent years, motivating investigation into multiple properties. We use a refined version of the optothermal Raman technique [2][3] to measure the thermal transport properties of two TMDC materials, MoS2 and MoSe2, in single-layer (1L) and bi-layer (2L) forms. This new version incorporates two crucial improvements over previous implementations. First, we utilize more direct measurements of the optical absorption of the suspended samples under study and find values ~40% lower than previously assumed. Second, by comparing the response of fully supported and suspended samples using different laser spot sizes, we are able to independently measure the interfacial thermal conductance to the substrate and the lateral thermal conductivity of the supported and suspended materials. The approach is validated by examining the response of a suspended film illuminated in different positions in radial direction. For 1L MoS2 and MoSe2, the room-temperature thermal conductivities are (80±17) W/mK and (55±18) W/mK, respectively. For 2L MoS2 and MoSe2, we obtain values of (73±25) W/mK and (39±13) W/mK. Crucially, the interfacial thermal conductance is found to be of order 0.1-1 MW/m2K, substantially smaller than previously assumed, a finding that has important implications for design and modeling of electronic devices.