Agência Nacional do Petróleo / Na região de Lauro Müller, sul de Santa Catarina, a presença de óleo nos arenitos das formações Rio Bonito e Palermo foi observada em diversos poços e nas galerias de uma das minas da Carbonífera Catarinense. Amostras desse óleo foram submetidas às análises de isótopos estáveis de carbono e cromatografia gasosa espectrometria de massas visando, a princípio, identificar a sua origem. O óleo apresentou feições moleculares típicas de ambiente anóxico hipersalino, sendo correlacionado ao Membro Assistência da Formação Irati. Parâmetros moleculares revelaram que o mesmo foi gerado durante o pico de geração de hidrocarbonetos e encontra-se leve a moderadamente biodegradado. A comparação entre o óleo catarinense e os arenitos asfálticos de Anhembi (SP) revelou diferenças moleculares relacionadas à fácies orgânica, grau de evolução térmica e biodegradação. A geração do óleo no sul catarinense está intimamente relacionada ao efeito térmico das intrusões ígneas cretácicas sobre os intervalos geradores da Formação Irati, haja vista que a unidade encontra-se termicamente imatura na maior parte da bacia. O óleo teria migrado lateralmente da Formação Irati para os arenitos reservatório da Formação Rio Bonito através de falhas com rejeitos verticais superiores a 150 m, as quais foram identificadas em mapas e seções geológicas. Também foram realizadas análises de pirólise, isótopos de carbono e de biomarcadores em amostras da Formação Irati no poço CAT 204, realizado pela Carbonífera Catarinense, a fim de avaliar o efeito térmico de duas soleiras de diabásio intrudidas no Membro Assistência. Foi observado um aumento dos valores de δ13C em direção ao contato com as intrusivas e a completa senilização da unidade. O halo termal abaixo da soleira inferior se estendeu, pelo menos, até a base da Formação Irati, situada a uma distância de 1,4 vezes a espessura do corpo intrusivo. Amostras da parte inferior da Formação Palermo, coletadas no poço CAT 204, e das três principais camadas de carvão do sul catarinense, coletadas nas minas da Carbonífera Catarinense, também se encontram termicamente maturas, sugerindo a proximidade de outros corpos intrusivos. Dessa forma, conclui-se que deve ter havido um aquecimento generalizado dos sedimentos no sul de Santa Catarina causado pela grande incidência de soleiras na região. / In the region of Lauro Müller, south of Santa Catarina, the presence of oil in sandstones of Rio Bonito and Palermo formations were observed in several wells and in the galleries of a coal mine. Samples of oil were subjected to stable carbon isotopes and gas chromatography mass spectrometry analysis to identify its origin. The oil had typical features of a hypersaline anoxic environment, achieving a positive correlation with Assistência Member of Irati Formation. Molecular parameters revealed that it was generated during the peak of hydrocarbon generation and is light to moderately biodegraded. The comparison between oil encountered in Lauro Müller and the tar sands of Anhembi (SP) revealed molecular differences related to organic facies, level of biodegradation and thermal maturity. The generation of oil in southern Santa Catarina is closely related to the thermal effect of igneous intrusions in the source rocks of Irati formation, given that the unit is thermally immature in most of the basin. The oil would have migrated laterally from Irati Formation to the reservoir sandstones of Rio Bonito Formation through faults with vertical slips over 150 m, identified on maps and geological sections. Pyrolysis, stable carbons isotopes and biomarkers analysis was also performed in a local section of Irati Formation to evaluate the heating effect of two dolerite sills intruded into Assistência Member. It was observed an increase in δ13C toward the intrusive contacts and that Assistência Member was completely overmature. The thermal halo below the lower sill reached, at least, the bottom of the Irati Formation, located at a distance of 1.4 times the thickness of the intrusive body. Samples from the lower portion of Palermo Formation, collected in the well CAT 204, and the three main coal layers from southern Santa Catarina, collected in Carbonífera Catarinenses mines, are also thermally mature, suggesting the proximity of other intrusive bodies. Thus, it is concluded that there was a general heating of the sediments of southern Santa Catarina caused by the high incidence of igneous intrusions in the region.

Agência Nacional do Petróleo / Na região de Lauro Müller, sul de Santa Catarina, a presença de óleo nos arenitos das formações Rio Bonito e Palermo foi observada em diversos poços e nas galerias de uma das minas da Carbonífera Catarinense. Amostras desse óleo foram submetidas às análises de isótopos estáveis de carbono e cromatografia gasosa espectrometria de massas visando, a princípio, identificar a sua origem. O óleo apresentou feições moleculares típicas de ambiente anóxico hipersalino, sendo correlacionado ao Membro Assistência da Formação Irati. Parâmetros moleculares revelaram que o mesmo foi gerado durante o pico de geração de hidrocarbonetos e encontra-se leve a moderadamente biodegradado. A comparação entre o óleo catarinense e os arenitos asfálticos de Anhembi (SP) revelou diferenças moleculares relacionadas à fácies orgânica, grau de evolução térmica e biodegradação. A geração do óleo no sul catarinense está intimamente relacionada ao efeito térmico das intrusões ígneas cretácicas sobre os intervalos geradores da Formação Irati, haja vista que a unidade encontra-se termicamente imatura na maior parte da bacia. O óleo teria migrado lateralmente da Formação Irati para os arenitos reservatório da Formação Rio Bonito através de falhas com rejeitos verticais superiores a 150 m, as quais foram identificadas em mapas e seções geológicas. Também foram realizadas análises de pirólise, isótopos de carbono e de biomarcadores em amostras da Formação Irati no poço CAT 204, realizado pela Carbonífera Catarinense, a fim de avaliar o efeito térmico de duas soleiras de diabásio intrudidas no Membro Assistência. Foi observado um aumento dos valores de δ13C em direção ao contato com as intrusivas e a completa senilização da unidade. O halo termal abaixo da soleira inferior se estendeu, pelo menos, até a base da Formação Irati, situada a uma distância de 1,4 vezes a espessura do corpo intrusivo. Amostras da parte inferior da Formação Palermo, coletadas no poço CAT 204, e das três principais camadas de carvão do sul catarinense, coletadas nas minas da Carbonífera Catarinense, também se encontram termicamente maturas, sugerindo a proximidade de outros corpos intrusivos. Dessa forma, conclui-se que deve ter havido um aquecimento generalizado dos sedimentos no sul de Santa Catarina causado pela grande incidência de soleiras na região. / In the region of Lauro Müller, south of Santa Catarina, the presence of oil in sandstones of Rio Bonito and Palermo formations were observed in several wells and in the galleries of a coal mine. Samples of oil were subjected to stable carbon isotopes and gas chromatography mass spectrometry analysis to identify its origin. The oil had typical features of a hypersaline anoxic environment, achieving a positive correlation with Assistência Member of Irati Formation. Molecular parameters revealed that it was generated during the peak of hydrocarbon generation and is light to moderately biodegraded. The comparison between oil encountered in Lauro Müller and the tar sands of Anhembi (SP) revealed molecular differences related to organic facies, level of biodegradation and thermal maturity. The generation of oil in southern Santa Catarina is closely related to the thermal effect of igneous intrusions in the source rocks of Irati formation, given that the unit is thermally immature in most of the basin. The oil would have migrated laterally from Irati Formation to the reservoir sandstones of Rio Bonito Formation through faults with vertical slips over 150 m, identified on maps and geological sections. Pyrolysis, stable carbons isotopes and biomarkers analysis was also performed in a local section of Irati Formation to evaluate the heating effect of two dolerite sills intruded into Assistência Member. It was observed an increase in δ13C toward the intrusive contacts and that Assistência Member was completely overmature. The thermal halo below the lower sill reached, at least, the bottom of the Irati Formation, located at a distance of 1.4 times the thickness of the intrusive body. Samples from the lower portion of Palermo Formation, collected in the well CAT 204, and the three main coal layers from southern Santa Catarina, collected in Carbonífera Catarinenses mines, are also thermally mature, suggesting the proximity of other intrusive bodies. Thus, it is concluded that there was a general heating of the sediments of southern Santa Catarina caused by the high incidence of igneous intrusions in the region.

FundaÃÃo Cearense de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Cientifico e TecnolÃgico / The harmonic pollution in distribution systems has increased significantly due to the widespread use of nonlinear loads. The current and voltage harmonics deteriorate the power quality supplied by feeders and compromise the efficiency of the equipments connected to the electric network. These equipments require a sinusoidal waveform to ensure its suitable functioning, as in the case of transformers. Its performance and mainly the protection depend largely of the insulation of the windings, which is closely related to the operating temperature. Concerning this, this work proposes a study on energy efficiency, whose main aim is to investigate the transformer heating in the presence of harmonics. It is presented comparative measurements between the increasing of temperature caused a 10kVA three-phase dry-type transformer when submitted to sinusoidal voltages and currents and nonsinusoidal. Later a comparison was made between experimental results and the simulations obtained from a 3D model of the same transformer developed in the software COMSOL Multiphysics. It was observed that the higher harmonic current distortion, the higher temperature at the core, and especially in the coils. While in the case of supply voltage with interharmonic and subharmonic, the impact on transformer heating become much more pronounced in relation to the cases in which their supply voltage is sinusoidal or contains harmonics of the 3rd, 5th and 7th orders. The errors checked between the measurements and the results of simulations were considered acceptable. With the refinement of the model, will be possible use it in order to predict the temperature spectrum of transformers at the begining of the design, mainly in nonlinear conditions of operation. / A poluiÃÃo harmÃnica em sistemas de distribuiÃÃo tem aumentado significativamente devido ao uso generalizado de cargas nÃo lineares. HarmÃnicos de corrente e tensÃo deterioram a qualidade da energia fornecida pelos alimentadores e comprometem a eficiÃncia dos equipamentos conectados à rede elÃtrica. Estes equipamentos necessitam de uma forma de onda senoidal para garantir seu funcionamento adequado, como à o caso dos transformadores. Seu desempenho e principalmente a proteÃÃo dependem, em grande parte, do isolamento dos enrolamentos, o qual està intimamente relacionado com a temperatura de operaÃÃo. Concernente a isso, este trabalho propÃe um estudo sobre eficiÃncia energÃtica, cujo principal objetivo à investigar o aquecimento do transformador na presenÃa de harmÃnicos, apresentando mediÃÃes comparativas entre o aumento da temperatura causada em um transformador a seco trifÃsico de 10~kVA quando submetido a correntes e tensÃes senoidais e nÃo senoidais, e, posteriormente, uma comparaÃÃo entre os resultados experimentais e os de simulaÃÃes obtidas a partir de um modelo 3D do mesmo transformador desenvolvido no emph{software} COMSOL emph{Multiphysics}. Verificou-se que quanto maior a distorÃÃo harmÃnica de corrente, mais elevada à a temperatura no nÃcleo, e sobretudo nas bobinas. Enquanto que para tensÃo de alimentaÃÃo com inter-harmÃnico e sub-harmÃnico o impacto no aquecimento do transformador tornou-se bem mais acentuado em relaÃÃo a casos nos quais sua tensÃo de alimentaÃÃo à senoidal ou contÃm harmÃnicas de 3Â, 5 e 7 ordens. Os erros verificados entre as mediÃÃes e os resultados de simulaÃÃes foram considerados aceitÃveis. Com o refinamento do modelo, serà possÃvel empregÃ-lo a fim de prever o espectro de temperatura de transformadores em fase de projeto, principalmente sob condiÃÃes nÃo lineares de operaÃÃo.

En samverkanspelare drar nytta av interaktionen mellan det omslutande stålröret och profilens betongkärna för att därav erhålla en ökad lastkapacitet. För att förstå beteendet och effekterna av interaktionen mellan stål och betong är det viktigt att förstå de enskilda materialens beteende. Betongens huvudsakliga uppgift i en samverkanspelare är att ta upp tryckkrafter medan stålets främsta uppgift är att motverka momentpåkänning och uppta dragkrafter. I normal rumstemperatur samverkar stål och betong för att bära den aktuella lasten. Samverkanspelaren har stor potential med avseende på lastkapacitet. Nedan tas några av de förväntade positiva effekterna av interaktionen mellan stål och betong upp: Förekomsten av buckling för stålet försenas samtidigt som den försämrade bärförmågan efter lokal buckling uppstått dämpas, beroende på betongkärnans återhållande effekt. Förhindrar spjälkning och hållfasthetsnedsättningen för betongen blir inte lika drastisk. Ökad tryckhållfasthet och deformations kapacitet, speciellt för grövre tvärsnitt. Vid ett brandscenario utsätts pelaren för en temperaturhöjning. Värmeöverföringen från brandgaserna till pelaren sker främst genom strålnings- och konvektionsvärme. Lastkapaciteten för pelarens ingående material kommer att reduceras till följd av denna värmeökning. Storleken för reduceringen beror på hur hög temperatur materialen utsätts för, där en högre temperatur medför en kraftigare reducering. För den betongfyllda stålprofilen kommer således det omkringliggande stålet att fort bli mycket varmt medan betongkärnan erhåller en trögare temperaturökning. I brandfallets initialskede expanderar stålet hastigare än betongen, vilket medför att stålet då i princip bär hela den aktuella lasten. Efter en tid förmår inte stålet längre att vara lastbärare och betongkärnan bär då istället lasten. Pelarens slutliga kollaps sker först då betongkärnan slutligen inte förmår belastningen. En jämförande teoretisk undersökning av samverkans-, betong- och stålpelare under termisk påverkan genomfördes i detta arbete. Beräkningsgången följer de dimensioneringsregler som finns för respektive material i Eurocodes. Kapacitetsberäkningar är gjorda för både normal rumstemperatur likväl som för brandutsatthet. För analys och bestämning av pelartvärsnittens temperaturprofil vid de olika tidsstegen 30, 60 och 90 minuter användes ett nominellt brandförlopp. Tvärsnittens temperaturhistoria användes sedan för att reducera de mekaniska egenskaperna som funktion av temperaturen.Undersökningen konstaterade att samverkans- och betongpelarens kapacitet vid 60 minuters brandpåverkan var tillräcklig. Hand- och datorberäkningar påvisade nästintill likvärdig lastkapacitet vid termisk påverkan och normaltemperatur. / A concrete-filled steel column is taking advantage of the interaction between the enclosing steel profile and the concrete core to obtain an increased load capacity. In order to understand the behavior and effects of the interaction between steel and concrete, it is important to first understand the individual material behavior. The main task of the concrete in a composite column is to absorb pressure forces while the steel's main task is to counteract stress and the tensile forces. At normal room temperature both steel and concrete interact to carry the current load. Concrete-filled steel column has a great potential according to load capacity. Some of the expected positive effects of the interaction between steel and concrete are: The occurrence of buckling for the steel is delayed and the strength deterioration after the local buckling is moderate, both due to the restraining effect of concrete. Prevents the concrete spalling and strength reduction of concrete core will not be as drastic. Increased compressive strength and deformation capacity, especially for large-diameter cross-section. In a fire scenario the column is exposed to a temperature increase. Heat transfer from the combustion gases to the column occurs mainly through radiation and convection heat. The load carrying capacity of the included materials will be reduced as a result of this heat transfer. The size of the reduction depends on how high temperature the materials are exposed to, where a higher temperature leads to a greater reduction. For the concrete-filled steel column, the surrounding steel profile will quickly become very hot while the concrete core obtains a slower rise in temperature. In the initial stage of the fire case the steel expands faster than the concrete, causing the steel to then basically carry the entire load of the column. After some time the steel will be incapable of carrying the load, then instead the concrete core will be the main load carrier. The final collapse of the column occurs only when the concrete core finally will be incapable to carry the load. A comparative theoretical study of concrete-filled steel column, concrete- and steel columns under thermal effects was carried out in this work. The calculation method followed the design rules that exist for each material in the Eurocode. Column capacity calculations are made for both normal room temperatures as well as for fire exposure. The ISO-standard fire curve was used for analysis and determination of each column cross-section temperature profile at the different time stages 30, 60 and 90 minutes. The mechanical properties were then reduced as a function of the temperature. The survey found that the composite and concrete column load capacity exposed to 60 minutes of the ISO-standard fire curve was adequate. Calculations made by hand and with computer showed almost equivalent load capacity by thermal effects and normal temperature.

An experimental and analytical study was conducted on a BT-63 prestressed concrete girder to investigate the thermal effects on the girder. A 2D finite element heat transfer analysis model was then developed which accounted for heat conduction, convection, radiation, and irradiation. The solar radiation was predicted using the location and geometry of the girder, variations in the solar position, and the shadow from the top flange on other girder surfaces. The girder temperatures obtained from the 2D heat transfer analysis matched well with the measurements. Using the temperatures from the 2D heat transfer analysis, a 3D solid finite element analysis was performed assuming the temperatures constant along the length of the girder. The maximum vertical displacement due to measured environmental conditions was found to be 0.29 inches and the maximum lateral displacement was found to be 0.57 inches. Using the proposed numerical approach, extremes in thermal effects including seasonal variations and bridge orientations were investigated around the United States to propose vertical and transverse thermal gradients which could then be used in the design of I-shaped prestressed concrete bridge girders. A simple beam model was developed to calculate the vertical and lateral thermal deformations which were shown to be within 6% of the 3D finite element analyses results. Finally, equations were developed to predict the maximum thermal vertical and lateral displacements for four AASHTO-PCI standard girders. To analyze the combined effects of thermal response, initial sweep, and bearing support slope on a 100-foot long BT-63 prestressed concrete girder, a 3D finite element sequential analysis procedure was developed which accounted for the changes in the geometry and stress state of the girder in each construction stage. The final construction stage then exposed the girder to thermal effects and performed a geometric nonlinear analysis which also considered the nonlinear behavior of the elastomeric bearing pads. This solution detected an instability under the following conditions: support slope of 5¡Æ and initial sweep of 4.5 inches.

The accuracy of the numerical simulation in the prediction of cavitation in cryogenic fluids is of critical importance for the efficient design and performance of turbopumps in rocket propulsion systems. One of the main challenges remains the efficiency in modeling the physics, handling the multiscale properties and developing robust numerical methodologies. Such flows involve thermodynamic phase transition and cavitation bubbles smaller than the global flow structure. Cryogenic fluids are thermo-sensible, then thermal effects and strong variations in fluid properties can alter the cavity properties. The aim of this work is to address the challenge of efficiently modeling cavitating flows when using water and cryogenic fluids. Because of the complexity of the phenomenon, we focus on improving accuracy of the numerical simulation and on proposing some approaches for a strong coupling between numerics and experiments. We first discuss how to simulate cavitation by means of a mixture model. We specifically address two challenges. The first one is associated with the prediction of thermal effect during the phase transition, requiring the solution of the energy conservation equation. The second challenge is associated to the prediction of the number of bubbles, by considering a transport equations for the bubble density. This study is applied to the numerical simulation of a cavitating flow in a Venturi configuration. We observe an improved estimation of temperature and pressure profiles by using the energy equation and the nucleation model. Secondly, we focus on bubble dynamics. Several forms of Rayleigh-Plesset (RP) equations are solved in order to estimate the temperature and pressure during the collapse of the bubble. We observe that, for high Mach number flows, RP modified with a compressible term can predict the bubble behavior more accurately than the classical form of RP. It is necessary to use a complex equation of state for non-condensable gas (van der Waals) in order to have an accurate estimation of the bubble temperature during the collapse phase. We first apply this approach to the water treatment with cavitation, by proposing a model for the estimation of radicals developed during the collapse of the bubble. Secondly, this equation is modified by adding a term of convective heat transfer at the interface between liquid and bubble and it is coupled with a bubbly flow model in order to assess the prediction of thermal effect. We perform a parametric study by considering several values and models for the convective heat transfer coefficient, hb, and we compare temperature and pressure profiles with respect to the experimental data. We observe the importance of the choice of hb for correctly predicting the temperature drop in the cavitating region and we assess the most efficient models. In addition, we perform an experimental study on nitrogen cavitating flows in order to validate numerical prediction of thermal effect, and in order to assess the fundamental characteristics of the nucleation and the transient growth process of the bubble.

Les travaux de cette thèse ont eu pour but la conception de guides d'onde dans des verres de chalcogénure, par une technique de photo-inscription. Celle-ci consiste à focaliser un laser femtoseconde dans le matériau et de l'interaction lumière-matière, il en résulte une variation d'indice de réfraction (Δn) permanente. Cette technique est rapide, en une seule étape et ne nécéssite pas l'intervention de processus chimique. De plus, elle permet la réelle conception de dispositifs en trois dimensions. Deux verres ont été étudiés, le GeGaS et l'As₂S₃. Les phénomènes responsables de ces modifications ont été étudiés et décrits pour chacun des verres. Dans le premier verre, la propagation d'un faisceau sous la forme de filament a été mise en évidence. Du déplacement des charges, il découle une modification de la structure du réseau vitreux qui conduit à une variation d'indice positive. Cette As₂S₃ a été étudiée et il a été montré que son amplitude est contrôlable au travers du taux de répétition du laser ou de la vitesse de déplacement de l'échantillon, alors que son diamètre reste constant indépendamment des conditions expérimentales. Dans le deuxième verre, des effets d'origine thermique ont été mis en évidence. Pour ce verre d'As₂S₃, alors que les Δn obtenues classiquement sont négatives, l'utilisation d'une trajectoire hélicoïdale innovante a mené à la réalisation de guides d'onde. Après une analyse systématique des différents paramètres expérimentaux, une maîtrise de l'amplitude de Δn et du diamètre du guide a été obtenue. Ainsi, des guides d'ondes monomodes, avec des propriétés équivalentes à l'état de l'art, ont été réalisé en une seule étape. / This thesis aimed at the waveguide conception in chalcogenide glass, with a photo-writing technique. This one consists on a laser focus into the material, from the light-matter interaction it results a permanent refractive index variation (Δn). This technique is fast, single step and it doesn't require any chemical process intervention. Furthermore it really enables the three dimensional devices design. Two glasses were studied, one is the GeGaS and the other the As₂S₃. The responsible phenomena of these modifications was studied and described for each of the glasses. In the first one, the beam propagation on a filament form was highlighting. From the charge displacement, it ensues a modification of the glassy network structure which leads to a positive index variation. This Δn was studied and it was shown that its amplitude is controllable trhough the laser repetition rate or with the sample displacement velocity while its diameter remains constant independently of the experimental conditions. Into the second glass, effects of thermal origin were highlighted. For this As₂S₃ glass, while classical photo-writing Δn are negative, the use of an innovative helical trajectory led to the waveguide conception. After a systematic analysis of the experimental parameter influence, a control of the Δn amplitude and of the waveguide diameter was obtaines. So, monomode waveguides, with equivalent properties to the state-of-the-art, were realized in a single step.

L’imagerie effectuée avec des rayons X est largement utilisée de nos jours dans de nombreuses disciplines telles que la physique du solide, les sciences du vivant et la médecine. Les sources de rayons X basées sur la diffusion Thomson d’un faisceau laser par des paquets d’électrons permettent d’obtenir des faisceaux de bonnes qualités pour un faible coût et un faible encombrement. Plusieurs instituts de recherche académiques se sont récemment lancés dans la construction de telles sources qui sont constituées d’un anneau des stockage d’électrons et d’un résonateur optique. Le résonateur optique permet de stocker des impulsions laser focalisées au point d’interaction laser-électron à des fréquences de plusieurs dizaines de méga Hertz. Des flux de rayons X dépassants 10^{11} ph/s peuvent ainsi être obtenus. Dans ce travail de thèse un modèle de stockage d’impulsion a été développé. Ce modèle prend en compte les effets de la phase CEP (carrier-envelope phase) et des décalages temporels permettant d’obtenir des résonances secondaires. Ces résonances sont observées couramment et nous avons pu calculer les gains et finesses équivalentes. Nous avons aussi calculé les corrections non-paraxiales des modes propres d’une cavité non-planaires. Nous avons résolu les équations perturbatives de Lax pour des faisceaux gaussiens elliptiques généralisés. Nous avons pu ainsi décrire qualitativement des résultats expérimentaux obtenus avec une cavité non-planaire constituée de quatre miroirs. Nous avons aussi modélisé l’effet des déformations thermoélastiques des miroirs de cavité en utilisant le modèle simplifié de Winkler. Sur le plan expérimental, nous avons effectué des études sur le résonateur optique prototype du projet EQUIPEX THOMX. Nous avons tout d’abord proposé une nouvelle méthode d’asservissement laser-cavité basée sur l’utilisation d’une possible différence de phase induite par la réflexion des ondes s et p. Comparée à la méthode de Pound-Drever-Hall, notre méthode ne nécessite pas de modulation et démodulation de fréquence. Nous avons effectué les calculs de modélisation ainsi qu’une démonstration expérimentale. En parallèle, nous avons effectué des expériences de stockage de puissance dans la cavité prototype de finesse 26000 et nous avons obtenu une puissance moyenne de 383 kW correspondant à un gain de 10000. Nous avons atteint un niveau de puissance pour laquelle des instabilités modales induites par les déformations thermoélastiques des miroirs de notre cavité deviennent dominantes et perturbent l’asservissement laser-cavité. Une machine à rayon X Thomson, TTX, existe aussi à l’université de Tsinghua. Celle-ci est basée sur un accélérateur linéaire et une source laser femtoseconde terawatt. Un nouveau projet basé sur un anneau de stockage compact d’électrons, TTX2, voit actuellement le jour à l’université de Tsinghua. Nous présentons le design du système optique de ce futur projet. / At present, X-rays imaging is widely applied in solid-state physics, in the life sciences, in medical applications and in other disciplines. An X-ray source based on laser-electron interaction, that is, a Thomson scattering X-ray source, can be used to produce high-quality X-rays at a low cost and small footprint. The construction of compact laser electron sources, consisting of an electron storage ring and an optical enhancement cavity, has recently attracted the interest of many institutions. The optical enhancement cavity is mainly used to amplify the injected power, circulate the pulses at a high repetition frequency (tens of megahertz) and produce a beam with a small waist at the interaction point. When introduced into the electron storage ring, the laser pulses produced in the high-average-power cavity scatter off high-energy electrons at a high repetition frequency. Thus, a high X-ray flux of more than 10^{11} ph/s can be obtained.In order to study the physical process inside a high-power resonator a model has been developed. As a first step, we establish a precise transient model of the laser pulse stacking technique considering the CEP (carrier-envelope phase) effect and time detuning leading to secondary resonances. The results of this model in the time and frequency domains match very well. A cavity with a given finesse and no detuning has a narrower linewidth than a detuned cavity with a higher finesse if both cavities have the same gain; consequently, it is easier to lock a laser to the latter cavity. Next, for the first time, we derived the non-paraxial corrections for general astigmatic beams so as to explain the S-shaped cavity mode observed in a non-planar four-mirror cavity. We solved Lax perturbation series of the wave equation for general elliptic Gaussian beams and S-shaped beam modes appear as the beam propagates away from the cavity symmetry point. This feature agrees qualitatively with observations made on a highly divergent non-planar four-mirror cavity. In addition, we study the thermal effect by using Winkler’s deformation model. The cavity gain is very sensitive to the mirror deformation in open loop. A strong feedback and ultra-low expansion mirrors are indispensable to reach a high power stored in the cavity.Several significant experiments were performed on a prototype cavity of the EQUIPEX project THOMX. Firstly, we proposed a new frequency stabilization method based on the polarization of a folded cavity and tuning of the cavity mirror reflectivity. Sufficient s- and p-wave phase detuning can be obtained by special design of the cavity mirrors’ coatings, which gives rise to an error signal that can be used for locking. Compared to the traditional Pound-Drever-Hall method, this technique is simpler without need for frequency modulation and demodulation. Theoretical calculations and experimental results demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed method. Meanwhile, high-power experiments on the prototype cavity for ThomX were demonstrated. A cavity finesse of approximately 26,000 is measured using four different methods, and the deposition of dust on the cavity mirrors is found to have an enormous effect on the finesse. We achieved a stable average power as high as 383 kW with a cavity gain of 10,000. In addition, modal instabilities which limit this power were observed. We believe that this effect originates from cavity modal frequency degeneracy induced by thermal effect.Tsinghua University hosts a compact, low-repetition-frequency X-ray source knownas TTX, which is based on a linac system and a terawatt femtosecond laser system. The next step is to upgrade TTX to a high-repetition-frequency X-ray machine called TTX2, consisting of an optical cavity and an electron storage ring. We present the complete design of a prototype optical cavity for TTX2.

External gear machines (EGMs) are used in a variety of industries ranging from fluid power machinery to fluid handling systems and fuel injection applications. Energy efficiency requirements and new trends in hydraulic technology necessitate the development of novel EGMs optimized for efficiency and reliability in all of these applications. A crucial piece in the novel EGM development process is a numerical model that can simulate the operation of EGM and predict its volumetric and hydro-mechanical performance.<div><br></div><div>The EGM simulation models developed in the past have focused mostly on the challenges related to the modeling of the theoretical behavior and elementary fluid dynamics, and determining appropriate modeling schemes. Key aspects related to the flow and geometry are either considered in a simplified manner or not considered at all. In particular, the current simulation models assume the fluid to be Newtonian and the leakage flows to be laminar. However, EGMs working in fluid handling applications operate with non-Newtonian fluids. Further, in fuel injection applications, due to low fluid viscosity and high operating speed, the internal leakage flows may not remain laminar.</div><div><br></div><div>With respect to the geometric aspects, the gears in EGMs are prone to manufacturing errors that are not accounted by any simulation model. In addition, there is no method available in the literature for accurately modeling the leakage flows through curve-constricted geometries in EGMs. Further, the goal of current simulation tools is related to the prediction of the volumetric performance of EGMs. However, an equally important characteristic, hydro-mechanical performance, is often ignored. Finally, the energy flow during EGM operation can result in the variation of the fluid temperature. Thus, the isothermal assumption of current simulation tools is another major limitation.</div><div><br></div><div>The work presented in this dissertation is focused on developing numerical methodologies for the modeling of EGMs that addresses all the aforementioned limitations of the current models. In this work, techniques for evaluating non-Newtonian internal flows in EGMs is developed to permit an accurate modelling of EGMs working with non-Newtonian fluids. For fuel injection EGMs, flow regime at the tooth tips of the gears is investigated and it is shown that the flow becomes turbulent for such EGMs. A methodology for modeling this turbulent flow is proposed and its impact on the performance of EGMs is described. To include gear manufacturing errors in the simulation model, numerical techniques are developed for modeling the effects of two common gear manufacturing errors: conicity and concentricity. These two errors are shown to have an opposite impact on the volumetric efficiency of the EGM. For the evaluation of flows through curve-constricted leakage paths in EGMs, a novel flow model is developed in this work that is applicable for a wide range of geometry and flow conditions. Modeling of the hydro-mechanical efficiency of EGMs is accomplished by developing methodologies for the evaluation of torque losses at key interfaces. Finally, to account for the thermal effects in EGMs, a thermal model is developed to predict the temperature distribution in the EGM and its impact on the EGM performance.</div><div><br></div><div><div>To validate the numerical methodologies developed in this work, several experiments are conducted on commercial gear pumps as well as on a custom apparatus designed and manufactured in the course of this research work. The results from the experiments are found to match those obtained from the simulations which indicates the validity of the methodologies developed in this work. </div><div><br></div><div>These numerical methodologies are based on the lumped parameter approach to allow the coupling with mechanical models for gear micromotion and permit fast computations so that the model can be used in optimization algorithms to develop energy efficient and reliable EGMs.</div><div><br></div><div>The methodologies described in the dissertation are useful for accurate analysis of a variety of EGMs working with different types of fluids and at wide range of operating conditions. This capability will be valuable for pump designers in developing novel better performing EGM designs optimized for various applications.</div><div><br></div></div>

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