No description available.

O conhecimento da resistência ao dano por choque térmico de materiais refratários é uma das características mais importantes para determinar seu desempenho em muitas aplicações, pois quando os refratários são submetidos a abruptas e severas variações de temperatura, estes podem sofrer danos. A resistência ao dano por choque térmico de um material pode variar com o tamanho de grão, com o tipo e valor da tensão, com a taxa de carregamento e com outras condições de aplicação da tensão, ou seja, não é uma propriedade intrínseca do material. Os métodos correntemente utilizados para prever o comportamento da resistência ao dano por choque térmico são baseados nos trabalhos de Hasselman, responsável pelo estudo da determinação dos parâmetros de resistência ao choque térmico, R (oC), o parâmetro de resistência ao dano por choque térmico R\'\'\'\' (m), e o parâmetro de estabilidade da trinca sob tensão térmica Rst (m1/2.oC). As equações previstas por ele levam em consideração o módulo de Young, o módulo de ruptura, a energia de fratura e o coeficiente de expansão térmica do material a ser analisado. A resistência ao dano por choque térmico pode ser avaliada por meio de ciclos térmicos, isto é, sucessivos testes de aquecimento e subseqüente resfriamento, com análise da queda do módulo de Young a cada ciclo. Para prever e avaliar a resistência ao dano por choque térmico, amostras de um concreto refratário comercial fornecido pela IBAR (Indústrias Brasileiras de Artigos Refratários), foram sinterizadas a 1000ºC e 1450ºC por cinco horas. Essas temperaturas foram definidas em virtude de o concreto em questão apresentar agregados de andaluzita, que sofrem mulitização após 1280ºC. Logo esse concreto exibe um comportamento distinto em função da temperatura de tratamento térmico, pois seu agregado pode se transformar em mulita e sílica. Para esse estudo, amostras prismáticas sinterizadas a 1000ºC e 1450ºC, foram submetidas a ciclos de choque térmico, permanecendo 20 minutos no forno com temperatura de 1000ºC e subseqüente resfriamento em água circulante a 25ºC. Também foram realizadas análises de porosidade aparente, de absorção de água, de massa específica aparente, de difração de raios X e microscopia eletrônica de varredura. Foi verificado que os parâmetros de Hasselman previram que o refratário sinterizado a 1450ºC apresentaria menor resistência ao choque térmico, previsão esta confirmada pelos testes experimentais. Sendo assim é importante avaliar o comportamento do concreto refratário desde a temperatura ambiente até a temperatura de trabalho, a fim de que se conheçam todas as mudanças envolvidas, e que sejam evitados problemas que possam gerar prejuízos na instalação industrial e ao processo pertinente à sua aplicação. / The thermal shock resistance of refractory materials is one of the most important characteristics that determine their performance in many applications, since abrupt and drastic differences in temperature can damage them. A material1s thermal shock resistance may vary according to grain size, the type and intensity of the stress to which it is subjected, the loading rate, and other loading conditions; hence, this resistance is not an intrinsic property of the material. The method currently employed to predict thermal shock behavior is based on the work of Hasselman, whose studies involved the determination of the parameters of thermal shock resistance, R (ºC), thermal shock damage resistance, R\"\" (m), and thermal stress crack stability, Rst (m1/2.ºC). Hasselman\'s equations take into consideration Young\'s modulus, the modulus of rupture, the energy at fracture and the coefficient of thermal expansion of the material under analysis. Resistance to thermal shock damage can be evaluated based on thermal cycles, i.e., successive heating and cooling cycles followed by an analysis of the drop in Young\'s modulus occurring in each cycle. In the present study, samples of a commercial refractory produced by IBAR (Indústrias Brasileiras de Artigos Refratários) were sintered at 1000ºC and 1450ºC for 5 hours to predict and evaluate their thermal shock resistance. These temperatures were chosen because this refractory contains andalusite aggregates that become mullitized at temperatures above 1280ºC. Therefore, this castable displays a particular behavior as a function of the heat treatment temperature, since its aggregates can transform into mullite and silica. In this study, prismatic samples from each sintering temperature were subjected to thermal shock cycles, soaking in the furnace for 20 minutes at a temperature of 1000ºC, and subsequent cooling in circulating water at 25ºC. Apparent porosity, water absorption, apparent density, X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy analyses were also performed. It was found that Hasselman\'s parameters predicted that the refractory sintered at 1450ºC would show lower thermal shock resistance than the refractory sintered at 1000ºC, a prediction that was confirmed by the results of the thermal shock tests. Hence, is important to evaluate the behavior of refractory castables from ambient temperature to working temperature in order to be aware of all the changes that occur, thus avoiding problems leading to losses in industrial installations and in the processes involved in the specific applications of these refractories.

O amortecimento, fenômeno pelo qual energia mecânica em um sistema dinâmico é dissipada, é uma das propriedades mais sensíveis dos materiais quanto a presença de trincas e microtrincas. O estudo do amortecimento já é bem estabelecido em áreas como engenharia civil, em que é de importância na resistência mecânica de um sistema sujeito a abalos sísmicos e vibrações, porém vem sendo cada vez mais estudado na indústria de materiais para analisar e quantificar o dano em concretos refratários que sofrem ciclos de choque térmico. Este trabalho apresenta uma metodologia e algoritmo para a determinação do amortecimento das ressonâncias de um material, para avaliação de danos em concretos refratários, através da análise espectral de tempo-frequência. São também apresentados os resultados obtidos para um sinal simulado, uma barra de alumina densa e um par de barras de concreto refratário comercial de alta alumina, sendo uma com e outra sem dano por choque térmico. Com o uso do método foi possível recuperar o valor do amortecimento e a frequência usada para gerar o sinal simulado. O resultado apresentado para a alumina é compatível com o valor encontrado em literatura e, com o resultado obtido para os concretos refratários, foi possível mostrar o potencial de aplicação do método para caracterização de dano, sendo significativa a diferença do amortecimento do concreto com dano para o concreto sem dano. / Damping, phenomenon by which mechanical energy is reduced in dynamic systems, is one of the most sensible properties of materials in relation to the presence of cracks and micro-cracks. The study of the damping is well stablished in areas such as civil engineering, where it has fundamental importance in the mechanical resistance of a system exposed to seismic waves or vibration, although it is beginning to be used more often in the material industry to analyze and quantify the damage in castables that suffered thermal-shock cycles. This work presents a methodology and an algorithm to determine the resonances damping factors of a material, to evaluate the damage caused by thermal shock in castables, through the use of time-frequency spectral analysis. Results are presented for a simulated signal, an alumina beam, a pair of commercial high alumina with low-aggregate content castable, a pair of high alumina with high-aggregate content castable and a pair of silico-aluminous castable impregnated with coke. Each pair contains one sample with damage through thermal-shock cycle(s) and the other without. By using this method it was possible to retrieve the damping value and frequency used to generate the simulated signal. The result for the alumina beam was in accordance to the literature values and, with the results achieved for the castables, it was possible to expose the potential application of the method to characterize damage: there were a considerable difference between the damping value of the castables with and without damages.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-10T10:44:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MARIO GONCALVES.pdf: 4657209 bytes, checksum: bfb4c209e8d19b82748ffe5490dbd89d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-05-29 / The objective of the present study was to evaluate the germination of the seeds of pequi (Caryocar brasiliense Camb.) after storage and submission to various thermal (temperatures of 30°C, 40°C and 50°C) and a period of immersion in warm water of five to ten minutes, besides personal observation. Seeds from twenty-five plants were selected by size (medium and large) and period of storage (90 and 120 days). All seeds were subjected to incisions for removing the pulp but preserving the thorns. The experiment was set up in a totally random delineation in factorial scheme of 3 X 2 X 2 + 2 ( three temperatures, two times, two storage periods, two sizes of seeds and two observations) with four repetitions of ten weeks each. After the treatments the seeds were planted in beds of sand evaluated throughout 270 days. Under the conditions of this experiment, considering all the treatments, the results show a 1 cm germination of the pequi and do not establish a significant difference between the treatments. More studies of the storage conditions of pequi are needed. / Objetivou-se com o presente trabalho avaliar a germinação das sementes de pequi (Caryocar brasiliense Camb.) após armazenamento e submissão a diferentes tratamentos térmicos (temperaturas de 30°C, 40°C e 50°C) e tempo de imersão em banho-maria de 5 e 10 minutos, além da testemunha. Sementes de 25 plantas foram selecionadas por tamanho (médias e grandes) e por período de armazenamento (90 e 120 dias). Todas as sementes passaram por escarificação para a retirada da polpa, preservando os espinhos. O experimento foi arranjando em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 3x2x2x2+2 (três temperaturas, dois tempos, dois períodos de armazenamento, dois tamanhos de sementes e duas testemunhas) com quatro repetições de dez sementes cada. Após os tratamentos, as sementes foram plantadas em canteiros de areia e avaliadas durante 270 dias. Nas condições desse experimento e considerando-se todos os tratamentos, os resultados mostraram baixa germinação do pequi e não se constatou diferença significativa entre os tratamentos. São necessários mais estudos sobre as condições de armazenamento de sementes de pequi.

O amortecimento, fenômeno pelo qual energia mecânica em um sistema dinâmico é dissipada, é uma das propriedades mais sensíveis dos materiais quanto a presença de trincas e microtrincas. O estudo do amortecimento já é bem estabelecido em áreas como engenharia civil, em que é de importância na resistência mecânica de um sistema sujeito a abalos sísmicos e vibrações, porém vem sendo cada vez mais estudado na indústria de materiais para analisar e quantificar o dano em concretos refratários que sofrem ciclos de choque térmico. Este trabalho apresenta uma metodologia e algoritmo para a determinação do amortecimento das ressonâncias de um material, para avaliação de danos em concretos refratários, através da análise espectral de tempo-frequência. São também apresentados os resultados obtidos para um sinal simulado, uma barra de alumina densa e um par de barras de concreto refratário comercial de alta alumina, sendo uma com e outra sem dano por choque térmico. Com o uso do método foi possível recuperar o valor do amortecimento e a frequência usada para gerar o sinal simulado. O resultado apresentado para a alumina é compatível com o valor encontrado em literatura e, com o resultado obtido para os concretos refratários, foi possível mostrar o potencial de aplicação do método para caracterização de dano, sendo significativa a diferença do amortecimento do concreto com dano para o concreto sem dano. / Damping, phenomenon by which mechanical energy is reduced in dynamic systems, is one of the most sensible properties of materials in relation to the presence of cracks and micro-cracks. The study of the damping is well stablished in areas such as civil engineering, where it has fundamental importance in the mechanical resistance of a system exposed to seismic waves or vibration, although it is beginning to be used more often in the material industry to analyze and quantify the damage in castables that suffered thermal-shock cycles. This work presents a methodology and an algorithm to determine the resonances damping factors of a material, to evaluate the damage caused by thermal shock in castables, through the use of time-frequency spectral analysis. Results are presented for a simulated signal, an alumina beam, a pair of commercial high alumina with low-aggregate content castable, a pair of high alumina with high-aggregate content castable and a pair of silico-aluminous castable impregnated with coke. Each pair contains one sample with damage through thermal-shock cycle(s) and the other without. By using this method it was possible to retrieve the damping value and frequency used to generate the simulated signal. The result for the alumina beam was in accordance to the literature values and, with the results achieved for the castables, it was possible to expose the potential application of the method to characterize damage: there were a considerable difference between the damping value of the castables with and without damages.

Ce travail de thèse porte sur l’effet de la fluoration sur la réactivité du dioxyde de titane. Dans ce travail, trois familles de TiO2, dont l’anatase pure, le rutile pure et le TiO2 de la phase mixte anatase/rutile ont été fluorées par la méthode dite du choc thermique à différentes températures, de 400 – 950°C. Les influences de la fluoration sur les propriétés et la composition élémentaire de leur surface ont été étudiées par spectroscopie photoélectronique à rayonnements X (XPS). L’évolution de la structure cristalline, la morphologie et les propriétés optiques de ces catalyseurs en fonction de la fluoration a été également étudiée en détail par diffraction des rayons X, nanosonde Auger et spectroscopie de réflectance diffuse UV - Visible. Leur activité photocatalytique a été évaluée par la dégradation du bleu de méthylène en solution. Jusqu’à 500°C, la fluoration est uniquement surfacique et ne modifie ni la structure ni la morphologie des particules TiO2. Cependant la fluoration augmente la teneur en groupement OH de surface, ce qui contribue à l’augmentation de l’activité photocatalytique. Par contre, au-delà de 500°C, la méthode de fluoration forme une phase parasite anisotrope, K2Ti6O13 qui réduit les performances photocatalytiques. La réactivité de surface des catalyseurs fluorés a été également évaluée par l’adsorption de sondes gazeuses acide SO2 et basique NH3, couplée à l’analyse XPS. Les résultats montrent que tous les catalyseurs possèdent des surfaces amphotères dont l’acidité et la basicité sont significativement influencées par la fluoration. / The thesis aimed to investigate the influences of fluorination on the reactivity of titanium dioxide. In this work, three crystallographic families of TiO2: pure anatase, pure rutile and TiO2 P25 (mixed phase anatase/rutile), were fluorinated by thermal shock method at different temperatures, from 400 to 950°C. The influence of fluorination on the properties and elementary composition of their surface was studied by X ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The evolution of crystal structure, morphology and optic properties of these catalysts versus the fluorination was also studied in detail by X ray diffraction, Auger nanoprobe and diffuse reflectance UV – Visible spectroscopy. Their photocatalytic activity was evaluated by the degradation of methylene blue in solution. According to the results, the fluorination below 600°C only occurs on the surface and does not modify the structure and the particle size of TiO2. However, the fluorination enhances the surface hydroxyl groups, which are assigned to the improvement of photocatalytic activity. For the fluorination over 600°C, the parasite anisotropic K2Ti6O13 phase is formed, resulting in the reduction of photocatalytic performances.The surface reactivity of our catalysts was also evaluated by the adsorption of probe molecules acid SO2 and basic NH3, coupled with XPS analysis. The results show that the surface of all catalysts is amphoteric with the acidity and basicity significantly affected by fluorination.

O conhecimento da resistência ao dano por choque térmico de materiais refratários é uma das características mais importantes para determinar seu desempenho em muitas aplicações, pois quando os refratários são submetidos a abruptas e severas variações de temperatura, estes podem sofrer danos. A resistência ao dano por choque térmico de um material pode variar com o tamanho de grão, com o tipo e valor da tensão, com a taxa de carregamento e com outras condições de aplicação da tensão, ou seja, não é uma propriedade intrínseca do material. Os métodos correntemente utilizados para prever o comportamento da resistência ao dano por choque térmico são baseados nos trabalhos de Hasselman, responsável pelo estudo da determinação dos parâmetros de resistência ao choque térmico, R (oC), o parâmetro de resistência ao dano por choque térmico R\'\'\'\' (m), e o parâmetro de estabilidade da trinca sob tensão térmica Rst (m1/2.oC). As equações previstas por ele levam em consideração o módulo de Young, o módulo de ruptura, a energia de fratura e o coeficiente de expansão térmica do material a ser analisado. A resistência ao dano por choque térmico pode ser avaliada por meio de ciclos térmicos, isto é, sucessivos testes de aquecimento e subseqüente resfriamento, com análise da queda do módulo de Young a cada ciclo. Para prever e avaliar a resistência ao dano por choque térmico, amostras de um concreto refratário comercial fornecido pela IBAR (Indústrias Brasileiras de Artigos Refratários), foram sinterizadas a 1000ºC e 1450ºC por cinco horas. Essas temperaturas foram definidas em virtude de o concreto em questão apresentar agregados de andaluzita, que sofrem mulitização após 1280ºC. Logo esse concreto exibe um comportamento distinto em função da temperatura de tratamento térmico, pois seu agregado pode se transformar em mulita e sílica. Para esse estudo, amostras prismáticas sinterizadas a 1000ºC e 1450ºC, foram submetidas a ciclos de choque térmico, permanecendo 20 minutos no forno com temperatura de 1000ºC e subseqüente resfriamento em água circulante a 25ºC. Também foram realizadas análises de porosidade aparente, de absorção de água, de massa específica aparente, de difração de raios X e microscopia eletrônica de varredura. Foi verificado que os parâmetros de Hasselman previram que o refratário sinterizado a 1450ºC apresentaria menor resistência ao choque térmico, previsão esta confirmada pelos testes experimentais. Sendo assim é importante avaliar o comportamento do concreto refratário desde a temperatura ambiente até a temperatura de trabalho, a fim de que se conheçam todas as mudanças envolvidas, e que sejam evitados problemas que possam gerar prejuízos na instalação industrial e ao processo pertinente à sua aplicação. / The thermal shock resistance of refractory materials is one of the most important characteristics that determine their performance in many applications, since abrupt and drastic differences in temperature can damage them. A material1s thermal shock resistance may vary according to grain size, the type and intensity of the stress to which it is subjected, the loading rate, and other loading conditions; hence, this resistance is not an intrinsic property of the material. The method currently employed to predict thermal shock behavior is based on the work of Hasselman, whose studies involved the determination of the parameters of thermal shock resistance, R (ºC), thermal shock damage resistance, R\"\" (m), and thermal stress crack stability, Rst (m1/2.ºC). Hasselman\'s equations take into consideration Young\'s modulus, the modulus of rupture, the energy at fracture and the coefficient of thermal expansion of the material under analysis. Resistance to thermal shock damage can be evaluated based on thermal cycles, i.e., successive heating and cooling cycles followed by an analysis of the drop in Young\'s modulus occurring in each cycle. In the present study, samples of a commercial refractory produced by IBAR (Indústrias Brasileiras de Artigos Refratários) were sintered at 1000ºC and 1450ºC for 5 hours to predict and evaluate their thermal shock resistance. These temperatures were chosen because this refractory contains andalusite aggregates that become mullitized at temperatures above 1280ºC. Therefore, this castable displays a particular behavior as a function of the heat treatment temperature, since its aggregates can transform into mullite and silica. In this study, prismatic samples from each sintering temperature were subjected to thermal shock cycles, soaking in the furnace for 20 minutes at a temperature of 1000ºC, and subsequent cooling in circulating water at 25ºC. Apparent porosity, water absorption, apparent density, X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy analyses were also performed. It was found that Hasselman\'s parameters predicted that the refractory sintered at 1450ºC would show lower thermal shock resistance than the refractory sintered at 1000ºC, a prediction that was confirmed by the results of the thermal shock tests. Hence, is important to evaluate the behavior of refractory castables from ambient temperature to working temperature in order to be aware of all the changes that occur, thus avoiding problems leading to losses in industrial installations and in the processes involved in the specific applications of these refractories.

In order to meet the need of metallurgical industry in the world, a new MgAlON-BN composite which can be used for example in special refractory nozzles, tubes and break rings for the continuous casting of steel was studied in the present thesis. The aim was to understand the mechanism of synthesis and their physicochemical properties during the application. Thus, the thermodynamic properties, synthesis process, mechanical properties, thermal shock behaviour, thermal diffusivity/conductivity as well as corrosion resistance to molten iron containing oxygen and molten slag of MgAlON and MgAlON-BN composites have been investigated. The Gibbs energy of formation of MgAlON was estimated using the method proposed by Kaufman. The phase stability diagram of Mg-Al-O-N-B was investigated, and consequently the synthesis parameters were determined. MgAlON and MgAlON-BN composites were fabricated by hot-pressing method. The composites obtained this way were characterized by XRD, SEM, TEM and HREM analyses. A Matrix-flushing method was employed in the quantitative XRD analysis for the multi-component samples to understand the mechanism of synthesis. The relationship between mechanical properties and microstructure of the composites was investigated. The experimental results indicated that BN addition has significant influence on the mechanical properties of the composites. These can be explained by the fact that BN has low Young’s modulus, density and non-reactive nature as well as considerable anisotropy of many properties such as thermal expansion, thermal diffusivity/conductivity. Thus, the addition of BN in MgAlON is likely to lead to the presence of microcracks caused by the mismatch of thermal expansion coefficient. The microcracks result in the enhancement of the strength at elevated temperature and thermal shock durability of the composites. Effective thermal conductivities were evaluated from the present experimental results of thermal diffusivities, heat capacity and density. A model suitable for present composites has been derived based on Luo’s model. The predicted lines calculated by the model were in good agreement with experimental results. The reactions between the composites and molten iron as well as the slag were investigated by ‘‘finger’’ experiments and sessile drop experiments. Both experimental results indicated that the BN addition has positive influence on the corrosion resistance. These are attributed to the excellent corrosion resistance of BN to molten iron and slag, such as the higher contact angle between BN substrate and liquid iron and molten slag compared with that obtained for pure MgAlON. / QC 20100929

The goal of the work described in this report was the experimental investigation of the mixing of coolant with different quality (temperature, boron concentration) in nuclear reactors on the way from the cold leg through the downcomer and lower plenum to the core inlet in a systematic way. The obtained data were used for the clarification of the mixing mechanisms and form a data basis for the validation of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) codes. For these purposes, experiments on slug mixing have been performed at two test facilities, modelling different reactor types in scale 1:5, the Rossendorf and Vattenfall test facilities. The corresponding accident scenario is the start-up of first main coolant pump (MCP) after formation of a slug of lower borated water during the reflux-condenser mode phase of a small break loss of coolant accident (LOCA). The matrices for the experiments were elaborated on the basis of the key phenomena, being responsible for the coolant mixing during pump start-up. Slug mixing tests have also been performed at the VVER-1000 facility of EDO Gidropress to meet the specifics of this reactor type. The mixing of slugs of water of different quality is also very important for pre-stressed thermal shock (PTS) situations. In emergency core cooling (ECC) situations after a LOCA, cold ECC water is injected into the hot water in the cold leg and downcomer. Due to the large temperature differences, thermal shocks are induced at the reactor pressure vessel (RPV) wall. Temperature distributions near the wall and temperature gradients in time are important to be known for the assessment of thermal stresses. One of the important phenomena in connection with PTS is thermal stratification, a flow condition with a vertical temperature profile in a horizontal pipe. Due to the fluctuating character of the flow, this may cause thermal fatigue in the pipe. Besides of thermal fatigue, a single thermal shock can also be relevant for structural integrity, if it is large enough, especially in the case, that the brittle fracture temperature of the RPV material is reduced due to radiation embrittlement. Therefore, additional to the investigations of slug mixing during re-start of coolant circulation, the mixing of slugs or streams of water with higher density with the ambient fluid in the RPV was investigated. The aim of these investigations was to study the process of turbulent mixing under the influence of buoyancy forces caused by the temperature differences. Heat transfer to the wall and thermal conductivity in the wall material have not been considered. Experiments on density driven mixing were carried out at the Rossendorf and the Fortum PTS facilities.

Um einen dauerhaften Einsatz Al2O3-basierter Feuerfestwerkstoffe in Hochtemperaturanlagen zur Synthesegaserzeugung zu ermöglichen, erfolgte die Entwicklung neuer Materialien mit verbesserter Thermoschock- und Korrosionsbeständigkeit gegenüber flüssiger Kohleschlacke. In einem industrienahen Spinell-Alumina-Verbundwerkstoff lässt sich die Mikro- und Porenstruktur durch Zugabe von 6 Gew.-% eines Spinell-reichen Zements optimieren, wodurch die Infiltration und zugleich die Korrosion durch saure Braunkohleasche erheblich reduziert werden konnte. Die Zugabe von 2,5 Gew.-% TiO2 zu einer Al2O3-Gießmasse führt ebenfalls zur Verbesserung der Thermoschockbeständigkeit und verhindert während des Tiegeltests die weitere Auflösung der Al2O3-Matrix, indem sich auf dem Werkstoff durch Reaktion mit MgO der Schlacke eine dichte in situ Spinell-Schutzschicht ausbildet. So erfolgte die Entwicklung von Materialien mit hervorragenden thermomechanischen Eigenschaften und ausreichender Korrosionsbeständigkeit, welche als umweltfreundliche und kostengünstige Alternative zu den derzeit eingesetzten Cr2O3-reichen Werkstoffen angesehen werden können.