A lama vermelha é o resíduo gerado pela Indústria do Alumínio. Assim como outros resíduos industriais apresenta características complexas com inúmeras dificuldades de manipulação, além de ser um material perigoso pela sua baixa granulometria e alcalinidade. É um resíduo com potencial poluidor alto, agravado pela forma de disposição vulnerável geralmente adotada, sendo esta a disposição do resíduo em lagoas projetadas para esta finalidade. O estudo e desenvolvimento de alternativas sustentáveis para a utilização da lama vermelha devidamente tratada como matérias-primas de outros processos são tendências importantes e necessárias no contexto mundial de preservação do meio ambiente. O objetivo deste estudo é compreender o comportamento da lama vermelha sob a influência de diferentes temperaturas de tratamento térmico. Baseados nos efeitos de redução de área e transformações de fases, característicos dos processos térmicos, adotou-se um foco de análise voltado para a redução pH e dos íons livres. A identificação dos pHs adequados de análise da concentração de íons solúveis foi feita com base nas curvas de mobilidade eletroforética e condutividade. Os resultados obtidos para as amostras calcinadas mostraram queda do pH inicial das dispersões e da concentração dos íons solubilizados. Esse efeito pode ser atribuído a redução de área e a incorporação de íons à estrutura, o que assegura ao resíduo menor reatividade. / Red mud is the waste generated by Aluminium Industry, like other industrial wastes, has complex features with several difficulties in handling, as well as being a hazardous material because of its low particle size, alkalinity and high amount generated. It is a waste with high pollution potential, compounded by the vulnerability of the disposition generally adopted, usually in lagoons designed for this purpose. The study and development of sustainable alternatives for the use of properly treated red mud, as raw material of other processes, are important tendencies and necessaries in the global context of environmental preservation. However, this work deals the thermal treatment as method to modify the characteristics of the waste, suggesting the reduction of alkalinity with the lower leaching of alkaline ions. This approach can be a discarding alternative most reliable and safe for the environment. The objective of this study is understand the red muds behavior using thermal treatment. Based on the reduction effects of the area and phase transformations characteristic of thermal process, the analysis was taken observing the reduction of free ions and pH. Identification of correct pH of analyse of soluble ions concentration was based at mobility electrophoretic and conductivity graphics. The results of calcined samples showed reduction of initial pH and the concentration of soluble ions. This effect could be assigned to the area reduction and ions incorporation at structure, which ensures the residue lower reactivity.

Le traitement thermique de déchets industriels dangereux à forte teneur en soufre peut engendrer des difficultés de conduite des installations d'incinération du fait des brusques variations de charges en soufre. Ce travail de thèse a pour objectif l'optimisation de la formation d'espèces minérales soufrées stables à haute température lors de l'incinération de déchets dangereux. Les mécanismes de décomposition thermique de deux déchets (le Mancozeb et un charbon actif soufré) sous air et sous azote ont dans un premier temps été élucidés en thermogravimétrie. La connaissance des espèces soufrées émises en fonction de la température lors de la décomposition thermique a permis la sélection de composés minéraux dits "piégeants" pour capter le soufre sous forme solide. Des modélisations thermodynamiques par minimisation de l'enthalpie libre du système ainsi que des essais en four à moufle ont pour cela été conduits. Les conditions de piégeage du soufre par la chaux ont par la suite été optimisées dans un four horizontal de laboratoire. Pour chacun des deux déchets, la formation et la conservation au cours du temps d'espèces réductrices au sein du lit de déchet permet de piéger le soufre sous forme de sulfure de calcium à 1100 °C sous air. Des essais dans un pilote de laboratoire équipé d'un four à grille ont permis de confirmer les résultats obtenus au laboratoire et ont produit suffisamment de résidus pour soumettre le mâchefer contenant les sulfures à des tests de lixiviation selon la norme NF-EN 12457-2. Ils révèlent que le mâchefer produit est admissible en centre de stockage de déchet ultime de classe 1 conformément à la réglementation en vigueur. / Thermal treatment of dangerous wastes with high sulfur contents may lead to difficulties in thermal treatment unit control because of strong variation in sulfur contents. This work aims at favoring the in-situ formation of high temperature stable minerals in which sulfur is trapped. Thermal decomposition mechanism of two dangerous wastes (Mancozeb and a soiled activated carbon) have been investigated under both air and nitrogen atmosphere through thermogravimetric analysis. Knowing the temperature of gaseous emissions and the speciation of emitted sulfur compounds, made it possible to simulate the reactivity of sulfur with several calcium based products using the Enthalpy minimization model. Tests were then performed in a horizontal laboratory furnace to optimize the formation of sulfur minerals from lime and wastes, at 1100°C under air atmosphere. The occurrence of reducing conditions in some parts of the load leads to the formation of calcium sulfide, stable provided the reducing conditions are kept locally. Upscale tests were then performed in a grid furnace and confirmed the obtained at laboratory scale : sulfur is trapped by lime in calcium sulfide only in default of oxygen. The obtained sulfide containing residues were submitted to standardized leaching test NF-EN 12457-2. These residues respect the prevailing regulations concerning its admission in dangerous ultimate wastes storage center.

<p>The disposal of combustible wastes by incineration is a controversial issue that is strongly debated by both scientists and environmental activists due to the resulting emissions of noxious compounds, including (<i>inter alia</i>) polychlorinated dibenzo-<i>p</i>-dioxins (PCDDs), dibenzofurans (PCDFs), heavy metals and acid gases like sulfur dioxide. Currently available air pollution control devices are capable of effectively cleaning flue gases, and PCDD/F emissions to air from modern municipal solid waste (MSW) incinerators are low. However, the PCDD and PCDF end up in ash fractions that, in Sweden, are usually deposited in landfills.</p><p>The European Union has recently set a maximum permitted total concentration of 15 µg TEQ/kg for PCDD/F species in waste. Fly ash from municipal solid waste (MSW) incineration containing PCDD/Fs at concentrations above this limit will have to be remediated to avoid disposing of them in landfills; an expensive and environmentally unfriendly option. Therefore, effective, reliable and cost-effective methods for degrading PCDD/F in fly ash are required, and a better understanding of the behavior of PCDDs and PCDFs during thermal treatment will be needed to develop them.</p><p>In the studies this thesis is based upon both the formation and degradation of PCDDs and PCDFs in ashes from MSW incineration were studied.</p><p>The main findings of the investigations regarding PCCD/F formation were:</p><p>- The concentrations of PCDD and PCDF in fly ash increased with reductions in the temperature in the post-combustion zone.</p><p>- The homologue profile in the ash changed when the temperature in the post-combustion zone changed.</p><p>- The final amounts of PCDD and PCDF present were affected by their rates of both formation and degradation, and the mechanisms involved differ between PCDDs and PCDFs.</p><p>The main findings from the degradation studies were:</p><p>- The chemical composition of ash has a major impact on the degradation potential of PCDD and PCDF.</p><p>- The presence of oxygen during thermal treatment can enhance the degradation of PCDD and PCDF.</p><p>- Thermal treatment is a viable option for degrading PCDD and PCDF in ashes from MSW.</p><p>- Shifts in chlorination degree occur during thermal treatment.</p><p>- Rapid heat transfer into the ash is a key factor for ensuring fast degradation of PCDD and PCDF.</p><p>- Degradation of other chlorinated organic compounds, e.g. PCB and HCB, also occurs during thermal treatment of ash.</p><p>- Reductions in levels of PCDD and PCDF were not solely due to their desorption to the gas phase.</p><p>- Differences between the behavior of 2378-substituted congeners of PCDD and PCDF and the other congeners during thermal treatment were observed.</p><p>- Differences in isomer patterns of both PCDD and PCDF were observed between the ash and gas phases after thermal treatment at both 300 and 500 oC.</p><p>Overall, the results show that the formation and degradation mechanisms of PCDDs differ substantially from those of PCDFs. Thus these groups of compounds should be separately considered in attempts to identify ways to reduce their concentrations.</p>

Das Ziel dieser Arbeit ist die Untersuchung der aktiven Komponenten und ihrer Wechselwirkungen in teilorganischen Hybrid-Solarzellen. Diese bestehen aus einer dünnen Titandioxidschicht, kombiniert mit einer dünnen Polymerschicht. Die Effizienz der Hybrid-Solarzellen wird durch die Lichtabsorption im Polymer, die Dissoziation der gebildeten Exzitonen an der aktiven Grenzfläche zwischen TiO2 und Polymer, sowie durch Generation und Extraktion freier Ladungsträger bestimmt. Zur Optimierung der Solarzellen wurden grundlegende physikalische Wechselwirkungen zwischen den verwendeten Materialen sowie der Einfluss verschiedener Herstellungsparameter untersucht. Unter anderem wurden Fragen zum optimalen Materialeinsatz und Präparationsbedingungen beantwortet sowie grundlegende Einflüsse wie Schichtmorphologie und Polymerinfiltration näher betrachtet. Zunächst wurde aus unterschiedlich hergestelltem Titandioxid (Akzeptor-Schicht) eine Auswahl für den Einsatz in Hybrid-Solarzellen getroffen. Kriterium war hierbei die unterschiedliche Morphologie aufgrund der Oberflächenbeschaffenheit, der Film-Struktur, der Kristallinität und die daraus resultierenden Solarzelleneigenschaften. Für die anschließenden Untersuchungen wurden mesoporöse TiO2–Filme aus einer neuen Nanopartikel-Synthese, welche es erlaubt, kristalline Partikel schon während der Synthese herzustellen, als Elektronenakzeptor und konjugierte Polymere auf Poly(p-Phenylen-Vinylen) (PPV)- bzw. Thiophenbasis als Donatormaterial verwendet. Bei der thermischen Behandlung der TiO2-Schichten erfolgt eine temperaturabhängige Änderung der Morphologie, jedoch nicht der Kristallstruktur. Die Auswirkungen auf die Solarzelleneigenschaften wurden dokumentiert und diskutiert. Um die Vorteile der Nanopartikel-Synthese, die Bildung kristalliner TiO2-Partikel bei tiefen Temperaturen, nutzen zu können, wurden erste Versuche zur UV-Vernetzung durchgeführt. Neben der Beschaffenheit der Oxidschicht wurde auch der Einfluss der Polymermorphologie, bedingt durch Lösungsmittelvariation und Tempertemperatur, untersucht. Hierbei konnte gezeigt werden, dass u.a. die Viskosität der Polymerlösung die Infiltration in die TiO2-Schicht und dadurch die Effizienz der Solarzelle beeinflusst. Ein weiterer Ansatz zur Erhöhung der Effizienz ist die Entwicklung neuer lochleitender Polymere, welche möglichst über einen weiten spektralen Bereich Licht absorbieren und an die Bandlücke des TiO2 angepasst sind. Hierzu wurden einige neuartige Konzepte, z.B. die Kombination von Thiophen- und Phenyl-Einheiten näher untersucht. Auch wurde die Sensibilisierung der Titandioxidschicht in Anlehnung an die höheren Effizienzen der Farbstoffzellen in Betracht gezogen. Zusammenfassend konnten im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wichtige Einflussparameter auf die Funktion hybrider Solarzellen identifiziert und z.T. näher diskutiert werden. Für einige limitierende Faktoren wurden Konzepte zur Verbesserung bzw. Vermeidung vorgestellt. / The main objective of this thesis is to study the active components and their interactions in so called organic hybrid solar cells. These consist of a thin inorganic titanium dioxide layer, combined with a polymer layer. In general, the efficiency of these hybrid solar cells is determined by the light absorption in the donor polymer, the dissociation of excitons at the heterojunction between TiO2 and polymer, as well as the generation and extraction of free charge carriers. To optimize the solar cells, the physical interactions between the materials are modified and the influences of various preparation parameters are systematically investigated. Among others, important findings regarding the optimal use of materials and preparation conditions as well as detailed investigations of fundamental factors such as film morphology and polymer infiltration are presented in more detail. First, a variety of titanium dioxide layer were produced, from which a selection for use in hybrid solar cells was made. The obtained films show differences in surface structure, film morphology and crystallinity, depending on the way how the TiO2 layer has been prepared. All these properties of the TiO2 films may strongly affect the performance of the hybrid solar cells, by influencing e.g. the exciton diffusion length, the efficiency of exciton dissociation at the hybrid interface, and the carrier transport properties. Detailed investigations were made for mesoporous TiO2 layer following a new nanoparticle synthesis route, which allows to produce crystalline particles during the synthesis. As donor component, conjugated polymers, either derivatives of cyclohexylamino-poly(p-phenylene vinylene) (PPV) or a thiophene are used. The preparation routine also includes a thermal treatment of the TiO2 layers, revealing a temperature-dependent change in morphology, but not of the crystal structure. The effects on the solar cell properties have been documented and discussed. To take advantage of the nanoparticle synthesis, the formation of crystalline TiO2 particles by UV crosslinking and first solar cell measurements are presented. In addition to the nature of the TiO2 layer, the influence of polymer morphology is investigated. Different morphologies are realized by solvent variation and thermal annealing. It is shown that, among other factors, the viscosity of the polymer solution and the infiltration into the TiO2 layer mainly affects the efficiency of the solar cell. Another approach to increase the efficiency is the development of new hole-conducting polymers that absorb over a wide spectral range and which are adjusted to the energy levels of TiO2. Also new concepts, for example, the combination of thiophene- and phenyl-units into a copolymer are investigated in more detail. In summary, important parameters influencing the properties of hybrid solar cells are identified and discussed in more detail. For some limiting factors concepts to overcome these limitations are presented.

The purpose of this research is to study the effect of the thermal treatment on the devices. We dissolved polymer light emitting materials in different solvents to discuss the influence on polymer thin film and device efficiency at different thermal conditions. We confirmed that the best thermal condition was changed as that of solvent changes. In this study, we dissolved polymer blue light material¡ÐBP105 in Toluene and o-xylene. The glass transition temperature (Tg) of BP105 is 120.7¢J, and the boiling point of Toluene and o-xylene were 110 and 145¢J. That is namely the boiling point of Toluene and o-xylene are lower and higher, respectively, than the Tg of BP105. This makes us to compares the thermal treatment conditions on different influence from different boiling point of solvents. The interrelations between the thermal treatment temperature, the boiling point of solvents and the glass transition temperature of polymer is an interesting topic to study, because it does affect the surface morphology of polymer thin films and the characteristic of devices. The device structure is as follows: ITO/ PEDOT:PSS/ BP105/ LiF/ Ca/ Al. Known from the experimental results that the spectra and the morphologies of polymer thin films will change in the different thermal treatment condition, and the choice of different solvent will also affect the best thermal treatment condition for device processing. We observed the surface roughness of polymer thin film is one of the important factors to affect the device efficiency in this study. We found that if the boiling point of used solvent was higher than the thermal treatment temperature, which was higher than the Tg of polymer, the surface roughness of polymer thin film is more smooth resulting in higher current injecting and higher stability of the device. The best thermal treatment temperature is 130¢J by using o-xylene as solvent. The surface roughness of polymer thin film is 0.393 nm, and the maximum brightness of the device is 8593 cd/m2 at 12.5 V as a configuration of ITO(1500&#x00C5;)/PEDOT:PSS(800&#x00C5;)/BP105(650&#x00C5;)/LiF(10&#x00C5;)/ Ca(100&#x00C5;)/ Al(2000&#x00C5;). The luminous and the power efficiencies are 3.98 cd/A, and 1.43 lm/W, respectively, at the current density 100 mA/cm2.

Titanium Dioxide (TiO 2) has been considered an ideal photocatalyst due to factors such as its photocatalytic properties, chemical stability, impact on the environment and cost. However, its application has been primarily limited to ultraviolet (UV) environments due to its high band gap (3.2 eV). This high band gap limits the harvesting of photons to approximately 4% of sunlight radiation. Research today is focused on lowering this gap by doping or coupling TiO 2 with other semiconductors, transition metals and non-metal anions, thereby expanding its effectiveness well into the visible range. This thesis explores the effects of thermal and thermochemical ammonia treatment of nano-particulated TiO 2. The objective is to synthesize a photocatalytic activity in the visible range while at the same time retaining its photocatalytic properties in the UV range. Specifically, this study utilizes pure commercial nano-particulated TiO 2 powder (Degussa P-25), and uses this untreated TiO2 as a baseline to investigate the effects of thermal and thermochemical treatments. Nitrogen-doping is carried out by gas phase impregnation using anhydrous ammonia as the nitrogen source and a tube furnace reactor. The effects of temperature, time duration and gas flow rate on the effectiveness of thermally and thermochemically treated TiO 2 are examined. Thermally treated TiO 2 was calcinated in a dry inert nitrogen (N2) atmosphere and the effects of temperature and treatment duration are investigated. The band gap of the thermally treated and thermochemically ammonia treated TiO 2 have been measured and calculated using an optical spectrometer. The photocatalytic properties of all materials have been investigated by the degradation of methyl orange (MO) in an aqueous solution using both visible simulated solar spectrum (VSSS) and simulated solar spectrum (SSS) halogen light sources. Methyl orange degradation has been measured and calculated using an optical spectrometer. The phase structure and particle size of the materials is determined using x-ray diffraction (XRD). The BET surface area of the samples has been obtained using an Autosorb. Surface or microstructure characterization has also been obtained by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM).

The disposal of combustible wastes by incineration is a controversial issue that is strongly debated by both scientists and environmental activists due to the resulting emissions of noxious compounds, including (inter alia) polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), dibenzofurans (PCDFs), heavy metals and acid gases like sulfur dioxide. Currently available air pollution control devices are capable of effectively cleaning flue gases, and PCDD/F emissions to air from modern municipal solid waste (MSW) incinerators are low. However, the PCDD and PCDF end up in ash fractions that, in Sweden, are usually deposited in landfills. The European Union has recently set a maximum permitted total concentration of 15 µg TEQ/kg for PCDD/F species in waste. Fly ash from municipal solid waste (MSW) incineration containing PCDD/Fs at concentrations above this limit will have to be remediated to avoid disposing of them in landfills; an expensive and environmentally unfriendly option. Therefore, effective, reliable and cost-effective methods for degrading PCDD/F in fly ash are required, and a better understanding of the behavior of PCDDs and PCDFs during thermal treatment will be needed to develop them. In the studies this thesis is based upon both the formation and degradation of PCDDs and PCDFs in ashes from MSW incineration were studied. The main findings of the investigations regarding PCCD/F formation were: - The concentrations of PCDD and PCDF in fly ash increased with reductions in the temperature in the post-combustion zone. - The homologue profile in the ash changed when the temperature in the post-combustion zone changed. - The final amounts of PCDD and PCDF present were affected by their rates of both formation and degradation, and the mechanisms involved differ between PCDDs and PCDFs. The main findings from the degradation studies were: - The chemical composition of ash has a major impact on the degradation potential of PCDD and PCDF. - The presence of oxygen during thermal treatment can enhance the degradation of PCDD and PCDF. - Thermal treatment is a viable option for degrading PCDD and PCDF in ashes from MSW. - Shifts in chlorination degree occur during thermal treatment. - Rapid heat transfer into the ash is a key factor for ensuring fast degradation of PCDD and PCDF. - Degradation of other chlorinated organic compounds, e.g. PCB and HCB, also occurs during thermal treatment of ash. - Reductions in levels of PCDD and PCDF were not solely due to their desorption to the gas phase. - Differences between the behavior of 2378-substituted congeners of PCDD and PCDF and the other congeners during thermal treatment were observed. - Differences in isomer patterns of both PCDD and PCDF were observed between the ash and gas phases after thermal treatment at both 300 and 500 oC. Overall, the results show that the formation and degradation mechanisms of PCDDs differ substantially from those of PCDFs. Thus these groups of compounds should be separately considered in attempts to identify ways to reduce their concentrations.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:23:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-05-13Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:50:24Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 botaro_ja_me_arafcf.pdf: 1079828 bytes, checksum: e3d6aa320e7262e913df25c024a8740c (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Recentemente, a indústria de alimentos está preocupada em desenvolver novos produtos, usando ingredientes inovadores, que promovam benefícios à saúde. O uso de proteínas de leguminosas como uma alternativa para a proteína animal tem sido estudada. O tremoço branco (Lupinus albus L.) apresenta elevada concentração de proteína e óleo, principalmente ácidos graxos insaturados e poliinsaturados, fibra alimentar, açúcares e vitaminas B1 e B2. Por outro lado, o tremoço não pode ser consumido diretamente porque possui alcaloides, que além de serem tóxicos, atribuem gosto amargo ao grão. Como a maioria dos alcaloides é solúvel em água, a quantidade de alcaloide do grão pode ser diminuída através de água corrente, fervente ou salmoura. Sucos de frutas são bastante consumidos no Brasil, especialmente no verão, não somente pelo sabor, mas como fonte de hidratação e por serem ricos em nutrientes. Os sucos de frutas tropicais conquistam cada vez mais o mercado consumidor, sendo o Brasil, um dos principais produtores. A pitanga, fruto da pitangueira (Eugenia uniflora L.) é uma planta frutífera nativa do Brasil (das regiões Sul e Sudeste e que tem se adaptado favoravelmente às condições climáticas e edáficas da região Nordeste), da Argentina e do Uruguai. A pitanga é uma fruta cuja polpa apresenta excelentes condições para industrialização, devido ao seu alto rendimento, aroma agradável e sabor exótico. O objetivo do presente estudo foi o de verificar, através da metodologia de superfície de resposta, as melhores condições para a utilização simultânea de extrato aquoso de tremoço branco e de suco tropical de pitanga, no desenvolvimento de uma bebida. Para tanto, as variáveis independentes foram representadas pelo volume de extrato aquoso de tremoço (mL) e pelo volume de suco de pitanga... / Recently, the food industry is concerned about developing new products, using innovative ingredients that promote health benefits. The use of vegetable protein as an alternative to animal protein is being studied. The white lupine (Lupinus albus L.) has high concentrations of protein and oil, especially non saturated fatty acids and polynonsaturated fats, dietary fiber, sugars and vitamins B1 and B2. On the other hand, the lupine bean can’t be consumed straight because it has alkaloids which besides being toxic, add a bitter taste to the bean. As most alkaloids are water soluble, the amount of alkaloid in the beans can be reduced by running water, boiling or brine. Fruit juices are widely consumed in Brazil, especially in the summer, not only for their flavor, but as a source of hydration and because they are rich in nutrients. The tropical fruit juices are conquering the market more and more, with Brazil being one of the main producers in the world. The Pitanga (Eugenia uniflora L.) is the fruit of the Pitangueira, a native plant of southern Brazil (which has adapted positively to weather and soil conditions in the country’s Northeast), Argentina and Uruguay. Pitanga is a fruit which pulp presents excellent conditions for industrialization, due to its high yield, pleasant aroma and exotic flavor. The aim of the present study was to verify, through the response surface methodology, the optimum conditions for the combined use of aqueous extract of white lupine and tropical pitanga juice in the development of a drink. Therefore, the independent variables were represented by the volume of aqueous extract of lupine (mL) and by the volume of pitanga juice (mL). The dependent variables (responses) were obtained through sensory test of acceptance (appearance, aroma, taste and overall acceptability). The combined... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:24:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2008-03-28Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:08:05Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 lanca_ro_me_bauru.pdf: 595448 bytes, checksum: f49853b75fd24c2b1bd968ca3401ce67 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Neste trabalho realizou-se o levantamento de informações dos resíduos gerados em uma indústria alimentícia, suas formas e custo de tratamento, e o potencial energético que esses resíduos representam. O diagnóstico de todos os resíduos gerados por cada área desta indústria foi feito através do levantamento de aspectos e impactos ambientais, ferramenta esta utilizada por empresas que apresentam um sistema de gestão ambiental. Constatou-se que 97,6% dos resíduos produzidos nesta indústria do segmento alimentício é classificado como não perigoso podendo ter formas de tratamento como aterro sanitário, compostagem e reciclagem. Para resíduos perigosos, 2,4%, foram verificadas outras formas de tratamento, tecnicamente adequadas, que garantissem o mínimo impacto ao meio ambiente como a reciclagem e a incineração. No entanto, sendo perigosos ou não, e em função dos seus sistemas de tratamento pode-se estimar o potencial energético dos resíduos. / This research had diagnostic the quantity of waste that is produced in a candy industry, the kind and costs for treatments, and the energy potential insert. First, it was done the research of the waste that it is produced in which area by the aspects and impacts document. After, a study about the kinds of treatment was done to indicate the better one. As a result, non-hazardous waste were the mainly products (97,6%) that a food industry can produce and the treatments can be landfill, composting and recycle. For the hazardous waste (2,4%) other kinds of treatments were evaluated to sure the minimum impact to the environment as recycle and thermal treatment. Althout, being hazardous or non-hazardous, it can be estimate the waste potential energy by the kind of the treatment.

Submitted by Katiane Souza (katyane.souza@gmail.com) on 2016-04-09T22:48:29Z No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 1690588 bytes, checksum: 301426ac3ef435d5f993aa9eeca78c01 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-09T22:48:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 1690588 bytes, checksum: 301426ac3ef435d5f993aa9eeca78c01 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-04-30 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The fruits flies cause large damages for world fruticulture, much for the damages direct of the infestation in the fruits, how much for the indirect damages with fruits exportation prohibition. Considering crescent demand of importation countries and Brazil potentialities for attempt, it was has been required establishment of favorable conditions for exportation sector development, as well higher exigency of quality for product by consumer. Quarantine treatment for fruits disinfestations includes priority physical methods, applicable by simple form or in combination. Among those, are important vapour and hot water, because showed many vantages on chemical control, but important obstacle to heat treatment for postharvest fruits control against insects infestation in fruits susceptibility at temperature and time required for effective treatment, no affecting physiology and fruits quality. Treatments based on heat use, constituted alternatives applicable on tropical fruits by possibility disinfestations and simultaneous control of insects and pathogens. / As moscas-das-frutas causam enormes prejuízos à fruticultura mundial, tanto pelos danos diretos da infestação nos frutos, quanto pelos danos indiretos com o embargo às exportações de frutas. Em face da crescente demanda dos países importadores e da potencialidade do Brasil para atendêla, vem sendo requerido o estabelecimento de condições favoráveis ao desenvolvimento do setor de exportação, assim como também maior exigência de qualidade do produto pelo consumidor. O tratamento quarentenário visando a desinfestação de frutas inclui prioritariamente métodos físicos, aplicados de forma simples ou combinada. Dentre esses métodos destacam-se o vapor e a água quente, por apresentar inúmeras vantagens sobre o controle químico, porém o principal obstáculo ao uso do calor para controle pós-colheita de frutos contra a infestação de insetos é a suscetibilidade de muitos frutos à temperatura e os tempos requeridos para um tratamento efetivo, sem afetar a fisiologia e a qualidade dos frutos. Os tratamentos baseados no emprego de calor, constituem alternativas aplicáveis a fruteiras tropicais pelo fato de possibilitarem a desinfestação e o controle simultâneo de insetos e patógenos.