Determinations of cardiac output (CO) by M-mode echocardio-graphy were compared with simultaneous determinations by thermodilution in 2 conscious and 5 anesthetized horses. A range of cardiac outputs was induced by use of a pharmacological protocol (dopamine, 4 ug/kg/min, dobutamine, 4 ug/kg/min, and 10 ug/kg detomidine plus 20 ug/kg butorphanol, in sequence). Changes from baseline CO in response to each drug were evaluated, and data was analyzed to determine whether there were any interactions between drug treatment and measurement method. The mathematical relationship between CO as determined by M-mode echocardio-graphy (COecho) and as determined by thermodilution (COTD) was described and used to predict COTD from COecho. The 2 methods were compared with respect to bias and variability in order to determine the suitability of COecho as a substitute for COTD . Sources of the variability for each method were determined. Determination of CO by either method in standing horses was prohibitively difficult due to patient movement. The pharmacologi-cal protocol was satisfactory for inducing a range of cardiac outputs for the purpose of method comparison; however, use of dopamine did not offer any additional benefit over the use of dobutamine and was generally less reliable for increasing CO. Inclusion of detomidine provided an additional change in CO but did not increase the overall range of CO over that produced by halothane and dobutamine. COecho and COTD were significantly related by the predictive equation COTD = (0.63 +/- 0.157) x COecho + (16.6 +/- 3.22). The relatively large standard errors associated with COecho measurements resulted in a broad 95% prediction interval such that COecho would have to change by more than 100% in order to be 95% confident that the determined value represents true hemodynamic change. COecho underestimated COTD by a mean of 10 +/- 6.3 l/min/450 kg. The large standard deviation of the bias resulted in broad limits of agreement (-22.3 to +2.3 l/min/450 kg). Measurement-to-measurement variability accounted for 28% of the total variation in COTD values and 64% of the total variation in COecho values. Results might be improved if the mean of 3-5 consecutive beats was used for each measurement, but as determined in this experiment, COecho is too variable to have confidence in its use for precise determinations of CO. / Master of Science

Das Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit war, die aktuelle Primärliteratur zum Thema Diagnostik der Hypovolämie zu einer Metastudie zusammenzufassen. Darauf aufbauend sollte analysiert werden, ob bereits verlässliche Methoden und Parameter zur Bestimmung des Volumenstatus verfügbar sind. Nach Durchsicht und Analyse der Datenlage zur Diagnostik der Hypovolämie in der aktuellen Primärliteratur im Zeitraum von 1995-2005 zeigte sich, dass die in die Studie eingeschlossenen Arbeiten nicht vergleichbar und nicht als Metastudie zusammenzufassen sind. Gründe hierfür sind die große Heterogenität im Versuchsaufbau, der detaillierten Versuchsdurchführung und der verwendeten Methoden und Parameter zur Bestimmung des Blutvolumens. Die Analyse der Primärliteratur zeigte, dass bisher keine verlässlichen Parameter zur Bestimmung des Blutvolumens und zur frühzeitigen Erkennung einer Hypovolämie existieren. Im klinischen Routinebetrieb erscheint die transpulmonalen Thermodilution (PiCCO) das derzeit sensitivste Verfahren zur Volumenbestimmung zu sein. Auf Grund der mangelnden Spezifität sind Fehleinschätzungen der tatsächlichen Volumensituation auch bei dieser Technik häufig. Die zusätzliche Durchsicht der nach 2005 erschienen Arbeiten machte deutlich, dass die Methoden zur Volumenbestimmung zwar verbessert wurden, trotzdem aber noch etlichen Limitationen unterliegen, die einen verlässlichen Einsatz im klinischen Alltag zur sicheren Bestimmung der Volumenssituation nicht erlauben. Es sind daher weitere experimentelle und klinische Arbeiten auf diesem Gebiet nötig, um verlässliche Parameter und Methoden zur Volumendiagnostik zu schaffen. / The aim of this thesis was to create a meta-analysis by summarizing the primary literature of studies that investigated diagnostic methods to detect hypovolemia. Based on these data, it was tested whether the existing methods and parameters used in the literature are reliable to identify acute blood loss early and sufficiently. Studies in the time range from 1995 to 2005 which investigated diagnostic methods of hypovolemia were analysed. In all these studies a great heterogeneity in experimental setup as well as a large variety of the methods and parameters used for diagnosis of hypovolemia were evident. Therefore, it was not possible to perform a valid metaanalysis from these data. Detailed individual analyses of the data in these studies showed that there are no reliable parameters and methods for early detection of hypovolemia. However, according to the literature the transpulmonary thermodilution (PiCCO) appears to be the most reliable method to estimate blood loss at present. Additional review of the studies beyond 2005 showed that the methods to detect hypovolemia were improved, but still have severe limitations that do not allow reliable and sufficient detection of blood loss in the routine clinical setting. Taken together there is still a need for additional experimental and clinical studies to further improve methods and parameters to reliably estimate the amount of hypovolemia.

Based on data from my in-vitro investigation in the non-pulsatile flow test rig, my best estimate for the random (inter-reading) error was +/-10.0% (95% c.i.) for single and +/-5.8% for triplicate readings and the systematic (between catheters) error was +/-11.6%. Thus, the overall error was +/-15.3% for a single, and +/-13.0% for triplicate readings. / For the in-vitro model, a test rig through which water circulated at different rates with ports to insert catheters into a flow chamber was assembled. Flow rate was measured by an externally placed transonic flow probe and meter. The meter was calibrated by timed filling of a cylinder. Arrow and Edwards 7Fr thermodilution catheters, connected to a Siemens SC9000 cardiac output monitor, were tested. Thermodilution readings were made by injecting 5 mL of ice-cold water. Measurement error was divided into random and systematic components, which were determined separately. Between-readings (random) variability was determined for each catheter by taking sets of 10 readings at different flow rates. Coefficient of variation (CV) was calculated for each set and averaged. Between-catheters systems (systematic) variability was derived by plotting calibration lines for sets of catheters. Slopes were used to estimate the systematic component. Performances of three cardiac output monitors were compared: Siemens SC9000, Siemens Sirecust 1261, and Philips MP50. After the constant rate model, I also developed a pulsatile model and did a similar evaluation. / For the in-vivo model, ten domestic pigs, weight 27--32kg, were anaesthetized with propofol and ketamine infusion. The aortic flow probe was surgically placed via a left thoracotomy. A pulmonary artery catheter sheath was inserted in the right internal jugular vein. Both Arrow and Edwards catheters were used. A 10 ml, room temperature, saline injectate was used and cardiac output was calculated using the Seimens SC9000 monitor. Sets of cardiac output readings were taken over 5 minute intervals of stable haemodynamics. Catheters were frequently changed and cardiac output increased (e.g. Dopamine and Adrenaline) and decreased (e.g. Trinitrate and Beta-Blocker) using drug infusions. Baseline (e.g. no drug intervention) and drug treatment data were analyzed separately. / For the pulsatile model, the best estimate for the random (inter-reading) error (95% c.i.) was +/-16.7% for single and +/-9.7% for triplicate readings and the systematic (between catheters) error was +/-21.1 %. Thus, the overall error was +/-26.9% for a single, and +/-23.2% for triplicate readings. / I set out to evaluate in the pig model two types of measurement errors, random and systematic errors, which I defined using the test rig in-vitro, the coefficient of variation (CV) was +2.8% (95% c.i.), with random error (95% c.i.) of + 5.5%. But if the ranges of cardiac output was widened, the error was increased to + 19.3% . The systematic component ofthe error (95% c.i.) was +20.0%. / There was a good linear regression relationship between the two methods (e.g. thermodilution and flow probe). The mean correlation coefficient was 0.95 (0.9--0.99, 95% c.i.) based on data from 8 pigs'. However, there were significant systematic errors due to calibration of the measurement systems between pig experiment and catheter testings. By eliminating the systematic errors based on the calibration line corrections, I was able to draw modified Bland and Altman plots for the 8 pigs. The bias was eliminated and become 0 L/min. The limits of agreement or percentage errors of this analysis, were within the +/-30% limits. / Thermodilution cardiac output, measured using a pulmonary artery catheter and cardiac output monitor, is the reference standard against which all new methods of cardiac output measurement are judged. There has been a recent decline in the use of pulmonary artery thermodilution cardiac output in favour of less invasive methods. When validating these new methods comparisons are made using Bland and Altman analysis with single bolus thermodilution as the accepted reference method. 95% confidence intervals and percentage errors are generated that rely on a precision of +/-20% (Stetz et al (1982)) for thermodilution measurements. However, this precision is now being questioned as it is based on data collected over 30-years ago. Lack of precision of this reference standard, and uncertainty about its true values, causes difficulty when validating new cardiac output technology. Thus, the aim of this thesis was to reappraise the error of thermodilution by testing currently available catheters in both in-vitro and in-vivo settings. / When testing in haemodynamically unstable conditions (e.g. high and low flow states), the percentage error was increased by about +/-15% in the treatment groups comparing with baseline group data. This finding was in agreement with the growing world opinion that thermodilution may not be as accurate as originally thought, in extreme haemodynamic conditions, such as hypovolaemia or high cardiac output states. / Yang, Xiaoxing. / Adviser: Lester August Hall Critchley. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 73-06, Section: B, page: . / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2011. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 165-178). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. [Ann Arbor, MI] : ProQuest Information and Learning, [201-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstract also in Chinese.

Das extravaskuläre Lungenwasser (EVLW) bezeichnet eine Akkumulation extravaskulärer Flüssigkeit im Lungengewebe und ist charakteristisch für das akute Lungenversagen (ALI/ARDS). Die bettseitige Messung des EVLWs eröffnet dem Kliniker die Möglichkeit einer frühzeitigen Detektion und Quantifizierung eines Lungenödems. Neben gravimetrischen und bildgebenden Methoden ist das transpulmonale Thermodilutionsverfahren ein bettseitiges Verfahren zur EVLW Bestimmung. Das transpulmonale Thermodilutionsverfahren findet entweder als Doppel- oder als Einzelindikatorverfahren Anwendung. Das Einzelindikatorverfahren ist aufgrund der einfacheren und kosteneffektiveren Handhabung zu einer weitverbreiteten Methode geworden. Trotz guter Validierung an einer Vielzahl von alternativen Methoden zur EVLW Messung ist die Einzelindikatormethode nicht vollends etabliert. Daher bedarf es der Überprüfung der Zuverlässigkeit der EVLW Bestimmung durch das Einzelindikator-Thermodilutionsverfahren anhand anderer Methoden, die zur Quantifizierung von Lungenödemen eingesetzt werden können. Diese Arbeit ist Teil eines interdisziplinären Forschungsprojektes der veterinär- und humanmedizinischen Fakultäten der Universität Leipzig zur Quantifizierung eines durch Applikation des alpha2-Rezeptotagonisten Xylazin induzierten Lungenschadens im Großtiermodell der Spezies Schaf. Neben der quantitativen Computertomographie (qCT) wurde das Einzelindikator-Thermo¬dilutions¬verfahren zur Quantifizierung eines möglichen Lungenödems eingesetzt. Hierfür wurden 16 Versuchsschafe narkotisiert und maschinell beatmet. In zwei Experimenten wurde niedrig dosiertes Xylazin (0,15 mg/kg) und in einem dritten Experiment hoch dosiertes Xylazin (0,3 mg/kg) intravenös verabreicht. Alle drei Versuchsabschnitte wurden in denselben Tieren mit jeweils mindestens 8 Wochen Zeitabstand durchgeführt. Vor und wiederholt nach der Xylazinapplikation wurden mittels qCT das Gesamtlungengewicht (MLunge) und das Gesamtlungenvolumen (VLunge), sowie mittels Einzelindikatorverfahren das EVLW bestimmt. Für die Auswertung wurde auch der auf das Körpergewicht bezogene EVLW Index (EVLWI) verwendet. In allen drei Versuchsabschnitten stiegen nach Xylazinapplikation MLunge und EVLWI an, VLunge hingegen sank erheblich ab. Der EVLWI Anstieg erreichte nach Xylazingabe nicht die Schwellenwerte für das akute Lungenversagen, sondern war vereinbar mit einem gering bis mäßig ausgeprägten Lungenödem. Die CT-basierten Parameter bestätigten dies. Vielmehr konnte mit der qCT der Nachweis von Atelektasen als wesentliche Ursache der Belüftungsstörung nachgewiesen werden. Die EVLW Messung ermöglichte darüber hinaus die Differenzierung zwischen einem mäßigen und einem ausgeprägten Lungenödem. Die vorliegende Arbeit zeigte weiterhin, dass das EVLW mit dem simultan mittels qCT bestimmten Parameter MLunge korrelierte. Für die vorliegende Xylazin-induzierten Lungenveränderung wies das Einzelindikator-Thermodilutionsverfahren jedoch bei der Überwachung von Veränderungen des EVLWs, d.h. im Sinne eines Verlaufsparameters, Schwächen auf. Zusammenfassend war die Detektion des erhöhten EVLWs nach Xylazinapplikation durch die Einzelindikator-Thermodilutionsmethode zum Nachweis und zur Quantifizierung und Differenzierung der Xylazin-induzierten Belüftungsstörung übereinstimmend mit den Ergebnissen der qCT gut möglich. Für die quantitative und differentialdiagnostische Beurteilung von CT Infiltraten ist das mittels Einzelindikator-Thermodilutionsverfahren bestimmte EVLW damit ein hilfreicher, bettseitig bestimmbarer Parameter.

Tierärztliche Hochsch., Diss., 2005--Hannover.

La circulation artérielle coronaire est un système complexe dont les méthodes de mesures invasivespermettent une évaluation en pratique clinique.Matériels et méthodes Nous développons, dans deux revues, les principes et méthodes des différentes techniques invasivesde mesure du flux coronaire en pratique clinique. Puis nous étudions l’impact clinique de l’utilisationde la Fractional Flow Reserve (FFR) dans l’évaluation des sténoses coronaires intermédiaires, lesmoyens pharmacologiques pour mesurer la FFR et sa corrélation avec l’évaluation angiographique enfonction des facteurs de risque cardiovasculaires. Enfin, nous décrivons les principes et méthodesd’une technique de mesure du flux coronaire segmentaire permettant d’obtenir la FFR, le flux et lesrésistances absolues avec un microcathéter de perfusion qui, sur un principe de thermodilutionpermet d’évaluer distinctement la macro et la microcirculation coronaire.Résultats Nous recommandons une valeur seuil de FFR de 0,80 pour guider la revascularisation car le nombred’événements cardiovasculaires et la mortalité sont spontanément supérieurs chez les patients avecune FFR <0,80 comparativement à une FFR ≥0,80 (9,4 vs. 4,8%, P=0,06 et 7,5 vs. 3,2%, P=0,06;respectivement). Nous avons étudié différents agents hyperémiants permettant de mesurer la FFR:l’adénosine (100 μg à 200 μg) permettant d’obtenir une hyperémie maximale, et le produit decontraste permettant d’atteindre 65% de cette hyperémie maximale. La mesure de la FFR avec duproduit de contraste permet de meilleures performances diagnostiques que les indices de reposcomparé à la FFR sous adénosine. Nous avons établi que la corrélation entre la FFR et le degré desténose angiographique est faible et inversement proportionnel au nombre de facteurs de risquecardiovasculaires, particulièrement chez les patients diabétiques. Enfin, nous avons décrit dans troisétudes, le principe de thermodilution coronaire et la méthode de mesures du flux coronaire et desrésistances microvasculaires avec un microcathéter de perfusion intracoronaire spécifique. Nousavons montré que cette technique est précise (R=0,98), qu’elle induit une hyperémie maximale etlocale sans agent hyperémiant et quelle est reproductible chez l’homme (R=0,91).Conclusion La compréhension de la circulation coronaire et l’application chez l’homme des techniques demesure du flux coronaire segmentaire sont essentielles tant en pratique clinique courante qu’enrecherche. / Coronary circulation is complex and highly regulated while invasive coronary flow measurements techniques allow the assessment of coronary physiology in clinical practice. Material et methods We describe in two reviews the principles and methods of different invasive coronary flowmeasurements techniques in clinical practice. We study the clinical impact of fractional flow reserve(FFR) in intermediate coronary stenosis, the hyperemic agents and dosage to measure FFR and FFRcorrelation with angiographic indices according to risk factors accumulation. Finally, we describe the principle and method of coronary flow and microvascular resistances measurements with a dedicated infusion microcatheter for coronary thermodilution to obtain assessment of macro and microvascular components of coronary circulation. Results We recommend the FFR cut off value of 0.80 to guide revascularization based on our study showing higher myocardial infarction and death rate in patients treated with medical therapy and FFR<0.80compared to those with FFR>0.80, respectively 9.4 versus 4.8%, P=0.06 and 7,5 versus 3,2%, P=0.06. We studied different hyperemic agents and dosages and showed that intracoronary adenosine at 100μg to 200 μg induce maximal hyperemia while contrast medium induce 65% of maximal hyperemia. Therefore, FFR measurements with contrast medium is feasible and has better accuracy than restindices compared to FFR. We establish the weak correlation between FFR and angiographic indicesand weakens correlation as risk factors accumulates, especially in diabetic patients. Finally, we described in three studies the method of absolute coronary flow and microvascular resistancesmeasurements based on thermodilution principle with a dedicated infusion catheter. We showed anaccurate measurement with this technique (R=0.98), which induces maximal hyperemia without theneed of hyperemic agent with reproducible measurements in humans (R=0,91).Conclusion The use of invasive coronary flow measurements to study the coronary circulation is essential inclinical practice and in research.

Thèse d'exercice : Médecine : Nancy 1 : 2008. / Titre provenant de l'écran-titre.

Reproduction de : Thèse d'exercice : Médecine. Anesthésie-Réanimation : Paris 12 : 2008. / Thèse consultable uniquement au sein de l'Université Paris 12 (Intranet). Titre provenant de l'écran-titre. Bibliogr. f. 17-20.

Orientador: Francisco José Teixeira-Neto / Resumo: Introdução e objetivos: Mensurações do débito cardíaco (DC) pela técnica termodiluição transpulmonar (DCTP) e pela análise de contorno de pulso com calibração pela técnica transpulmonar (DCACP) são alternativas menos invasivas em comparação ao DC fornecido pela técnica de termodiluição de artéria pulmonar (DCP). Entretanto, instabilidades hemodinâmicas podem alterar o desempenho destes métodos. A Fase I do estudo objetivou avaliar se a utilização de 10 mL de indicador térmico (solução fisiológica a ≤ 5oC) para o DCTP (artéria femoral) promoveria melhor concordância e habilidade em detectar alterações no DCP em comparação a 5 mL de indicador. Na Fase II, objetivou-se verificar se alterações na resistência vascular sistêmica (RVS) influenciariam a concordância e a habilidade em detectar tendências entre o DCACP e o DCP. Métodos: Em 8 cães adultos (20,8–31,5 kg), mensurações simultâneas em triplicata do DCTP e DCP foram obtidas utilizando 5 e 10 mL de indicador térmico durante anestesia com isoflurano associado ou não com a infusão contínua intravenosa de remifentanil (0,3 e 0,6 μg/kg/min) ou de dobutamina (2,5 e 5,0 μg/kg/min) (Fase I). Durante a Fase II, o DCACP e o DCP foram mensurados simultaneamente (triplicata) antes e durante alterações na RVS induzidas pela infusão contínua de fenilefrina (1,0 μg/kg/min) ou de nitroprussiato (1,0 μg/kg/min). A acurácia e a precisão da concordância entre métodos foram estudadas pela análise de Bland-Altman para medidas múltiplas (Fase I) ... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Background and objectives: Cardiac output (CO) measurements by transpulmonary thermodilution (TPTDCO) and by pulse contour analysis calibrated with transpulmonary thermodilution (PCACO) are less invasive alternatives to pulmonary artery thermodilution (PATDCO). However, hemodynamic instability could affect the performance of these methods. The objective of Phase I of the study was to determine if the use of 10 mL of thermal indicator (physiological saline at ≤ 5oC) for TPTDCO (measured in the femoral artery) would improve the agreement and trending ability with PATDCO in comparison to 5 mL of indicator. During Phase II, the aim was to verify if changes in systemic vascular resistance (SVR) would alter the agreement and trending ability between PCACO and PATDCO. Methods: In eight adult dogs (20.8–31.5 kg), simultaneous TPTDCO and PATDCO measurements (averaged from 3 repetitions) using 5 and 10 mL of thermal indicator were obtained during isoflurane anesthesia combined or not with intravenous remifentanil (0.3 e 0.6 μg/kg/min) or dobutamine (2.5 e 5.0 μg/kg/min) (Phase-1). During Phase-2, triplicate PCACO and PATDCO measurements were recorded before and during phenylephrine (1.0 μg/kg/min) or nitroprusside (1.0 μg/kg/min) induced changes in SVR. The accuracy and precision of agreement was evaluated by the Bland-Altman method for multiple measurements (Phase I) and for single measurements per subject (Phase 2). The ability of the test methods (PCACO and TPTDCO) to detect changes... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

Orientador: Paulo Sergio Patto dos Santos / Resumo: Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar os efeitos na hemodinâmica, respiração, motilidade ruminal e sedação, da associação de detomidina e nalbufina em ovinos. Foram utilizados 8 ovinos hígidos, jovens, fêmeas ou machos, pesando 54,85 ± 20,31kg. Foi instalado na veia jugular esquerda um introdutor e, posteriormente, posicionado um cateter de Swan-Ganz com a extremidade distal alocada no lumen da artéria pulmonar. Foi administrado pela via intramuscular detomidina (10μg/kg) associado a nalbufina (0,1mg/kg). Foram avaliadas FC, PAS, PAD, PAM, PVC, PAPm, IC, IS, IRVS, FR, pH, PaO2, PaCO2, HCO3, TC, sedação e motilidade ruminal antes do início da administração dos fármacos (MB) e a cada quinze minutos após a aplicação durante sessenta minutos (M15, M30, M45 e M60). Houve redução do IC, FR e aumento da PAS, PAPm, temperatura central, PaCO2 e HCO3 após administração dos fármacos. A sedação foi considerada satisfatória durante 45 minutos. Com os resultados obtidos neste estudo, conclui-se que a neuroleptoanalgesia promovida pela associação de detomidina e nalbufina em ovinos, nas doses utilizadas, promove sedação satisfatória. As alterações hemodinâmicas, respiratórias e na motilidade ruminal observadas podem ser bem toleradas por animais sadios. / Abstract: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects on hemodynamics, respiration, ruminal motility and sedation of the combination of detomidine and nalbuphine in sheep. Were used eight healthy young, female or male sheep, weighing 54.85 ± 20.31kg. A Percutaneous Sheath Introducer was placed in the left jugular vein and then a Swan-Ganz catheter was positioned with the distal port allocated to the lumen of the pulmonary artery. Association of detomidine (10µg/kg) and nalbuphine (0,1mg/kg) was administered intramuscular. HR, SAP, DAP, MAP, CVP, MPAP, CI, SI, SVRI, RR, pH, PaO2, PaCO2, HCO3, CT, sedation and ruminal motility before drug administration (MB) and at each fifteen minutes after application for sixty minutes (M15, M30, M45 and M60). There was a reduction in CI, RR and increase in SAP, mPAP, CT, PaCO2 and HCO3 after drug administration. Sedation was considered satisfactory for 45 minutes. The results of this study allowed us to conclude that neuroleptoanalgesia promoted by the association of detomidine and nalbuphine in sheep at the doses used, promotes satisfactory sedation for short procedures. The hemodynamic, respiratory and ruminal motility changes observed can be well tolerated by healthy animals. / Mestre