La thermographie infrarouge est un moyen d'analyse du comportement mécanique des matériaux. Elle a connu un essor considérable depuis les années 80 avec l'apparition des premiers capteurs. Deux techniques principales ont pu être développées ; la calorimétrie quantitative et l'analyse des contraintes par thermoélasticité (TSA en anglais). Jusqu'à aujourd'hui, la majorité des travaux a été réalisée sur les métaux et les polymères. Le présent manuscrit relève le challenge d'appliquer ces techniques aux matériaux verres, en développant une méthodologie de débruitage des films thermiques, permettant de conserver la résolution spatiale des mesures thermiques. Cela permet de caractériser de forts gradients dans des champs de variations de température de faible intensité. Cette méthodologie a été utilisée pour débruiter des films thermiques d'échantillons de verre soumis à un chargement mécanique cyclique. Dans un premier temps, elle a été appliquée pour étudier la réponse thermique d'une empreinte à l'échelle microscopique. Dans un second temps, elle a été utilisée pour remonter à des champs de contraintes et de sources de chaleur à l'échelle macroscopique. Ce travail ouvre de nouvelles perspectives à l'étude du comportement thermomécanique des matériaux fragiles présentant une faible réponse thermique sous sollicitation mécanique et de forts effets de gradients spatiaux. Les applications visées sont la fissuration et l'identification de paramètres constitutifs. / The infrared thermography is used to analyse the mechanical behavior of materials. Since the 80's, it has rised with the appearance of the first sensors. Two principal techniques has been developed; the quantitative calorimetry and the thermoelastic stress analysis (TSA). Until today, most of the works has been carried out on metals and polymers. This manuscript takes-up the challenge of applying these techniques to glassy materials by developing a methodology to denoise infrared movies, which allows to preserve the spatial resolution of the thermal measurement. It allows to caracterise high gradients of low temperature variation fields. This methodology has been used to denoised thermal movies of glass samples submitted to a cyclic mechanical test. In a first time, it has been applied to study the thermal response of an imprint at the microscopic scale. In a second time, stress and heat sources fields have been determined at the macroscopic scale. This work provides new possibilities to study the thermomechanical behavior of brittle materials which present a low thermal response and high spatial gradients under mechanical loading. The target applications are the cracking phenomenom and the identification of constitutive parameters.

This work is focused on thermomechanical and electric analyses of microelectronic structures in the ANSYS program. Firstly an analysed model was formed in the program Solidworks. Then structures with components SOT23, SMD 1206, FlipChip and chip with wire bonding interconnection were analyzed. The analyses were performed for the temperatures 50, 100, 150 °C and various materials. The simulations outputs are presented as pictures in colours with models deformations and calculated values. The results will be utilised in education and presented on the web. The Flash, ActionScript and XML technologies were used for application to present results of the research.

Les constructeurs automobiles utilisent des aciers auto-trempant à haute résistance au bore manganèse (22MnB5) pour des questions de sécurité et environnementale. La mise en forme à chaud de tôles constituées de cet acier impose aux outillages des contraintes mécaniques sévères et un échauffement intense. L'intégration d'une fonction de cisaillage sous presse à suivre permet de répondre à des problématiques rentabilité de production, mais les lames sont confrontées à des problèmes similaires de durabilité. L'objectif de cette thèse est de comprendre la dégradation des outils de cisaillage à chaud afin de proposer des guides de choix de matériaux d'outil (X38CrMoV5-3 ou X70CrMoV5-2) et de paramètres du procédé. Cela requiert l'estimation des sollicitations mécaniques et thermiques dans la partie active de l'outil. La méthodologie développée passe par quatre étapes : une recherche bibliographique, des essais de cisaillage à chaud sur un module spécifique du pilote MEFISTO de l'ICA, le développement d'un modèle thermomécanique éléments finis de l'opération et des analyses des microstructures. Un état de l'art portant sur la définition de l'opération de découpage de tôles, sur les propriétés physiques et mécaniques du matériau de tôle et des lames, le comportement à l'interface tôle/outil et sur les techniques permettant de simuler le découpage a été proposé. Des essais sur le module de découpage ont permis d'accéder à des résultats d'effort et des observations des endommagements des lames de cisaillage. Ces informations sont utilisées pour valider le modèle de calcul éléments finis. Ce modèle montre que les contraintes mécaniques sont locales, intenses et se déplacent dans l'arête de coupe. De plus, l'échauffement de l'outil engendre une température de surface proche des températures de revenu des matériaux d'outil. La comparaison des résultats de simulation numérique et de l'étude expérimentale permettent de comprendre le lien entre les dégradations observées et les sollicitations thermomécaniques. / Car manufacturers are building using a self-hardening high strength boron steel (22MnB5) for safety and environmental concerns. But the shaping of sheets made of these kind of steel imposes on tools severe mechanical stresses and strong thermal transfer. The integration of a blanking function in transfer presses is a response to reach high profitability, but blades are subjected to the same durability problems. The aim of this thesis is to understand how hot blanking tools are wearing in order to give to manufacturers tool material guidelines (X38CrMoV5-3 or X70CrMoV5-2) and process parameters guidelines. To do so, an estimation of mechanical stresses and thermal solicitation is required. The methodology is based on four steps: literature search, hot blanking trials on a specific module of ICA laboratory industrial pilot MEFISTO, finite element simulations of the operation, and microstructural analysis. The state of art is focused on the description of the operation, the physical and mechanical properties of the blank material and tools materials, the blank/tool interface behavior, and the techniques used simulate the hot blanking process. Trials on the hot blanking module provided blanking force and observations of worn blades. These informations are needed to validate the finite element model. This model shows that mechanical stresses are local, intense and slides in the blade cutting edge. Moreover, the blade heating generates a surface temperature close to tool steel tempering temperature. Experimental results compared to numerical ones allow to understand the link between thermo-mechanical stresses and how the damage occurs.

<p>A battery assembly experiences both mechanical and thermal loadings during its operation. It is critical to perform the thermomechanical analysis to propose a novel design for the highest efficiency.In this study,two main goals include mechanical characterization and deformation responses for a battery cell and assembly, as well as air-cooled concepts design and analysis.Initially, the cell dimensions were measured by cell-sectioning method, and then the mechanical properties were empirically measured by both 3-point flexural, and nanoindentation experiments. Moreover, three pairs of experiments and simulations were conducted to study mechanical behaviors on both a single cell and a battery assembly. They include (1) point-force loading for single, open cell; (2) internal pressurization for single, sealed cell; and (3) internal pressurization for battery assembly.Additionally, both parametric and experimental studies were executed to design, analyze,and validate air-cooled concepts based on the idea of microchannel heatsink. The proposed concepts have the features, which are integrated into the battery cell for generating the cooling channels. A series of thermomechanical simulations and a forced convection testbed were built for computationally and empirically analyzing the performances of the concepts. The results from the mechanical characterization showed a significant difference between the actual and nominal values of both cell dimensions and mechanical properties. Therefore, the effect of the manufacturing process to such values must be considered before inputting for analyzing the deformation responses. From the thermomechanical analyses, it was found that the mechanical loading might negatively influence the thermal performance if there were not enough mechanical supports from the air-cooling structure. The impact was minimal in the tapered-channel battery assembly. This configuration also significantly reduced the temperature difference on the cell compared with other concepts and the reference design.<br></p>

Thermo-stabilized lignin fibers from pH-fractionated softwood kraft lignin were carbonized to various temperatures during thermomechanical analysis (TMA) under static and increasing load and different rates of heating. The aim was to optimize the carbonization process to obtain suitable carbon fiber material with good mechanical strength potential (high tensile strength and high E-modulus). The carbon fibers were therefore mainly evaluated of mechanical strength in Dia-Stron uniaxial tensile testing. In addition, chemical composition, in terms of functional groups, and elemental (atomic) composition was studied in Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and in energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), respectively. The structure of carbon fibers was imaged in scanning electron microscope (SEM) and light microscopy. Thermogravimetrical analysis was performed on thermo-stabilized lignin fibers to evaluate the loss of mass and to calculate the stress-changes and diameter-changes that occur during carbonization. The TMA-analysis of the deformation showed, for thermo-stabilized lignin fibers, a characteristic behavior of contraction during carbonization. Carbonization temperatures above 1000°C seemed most efficient in terms of E-modulus and tensile strength whereas rate of heating did not matter considerably. The E-modulus for the fibers was improved significantly by slowly increasing the load during the carbonization. The tensile strength remained however unchanged. The FTIR-analysis indicated that many functional groups, mainly oxygen containing, dissociate from the lignin polymers during carbonization. The EDS supported this by showing that the oxygen content decreased. Accordingly, the relative carbon content increased passively to around 90% at 1000°C. Aromatic structures in the carbon fibers are thought to contribute to the mechanical strength and are likely formed during the carbonization. However, the FTIR result showed no evident signs that aromatic structures had been formed, possible due to some difficulties with the KBr-method. In the SEM and light microscopy imaging one could observe that porous formations on the surface of the fibers increased as the temperature increased in the carbonization. These formations may have affected the mechanical strength of the carbon fibers, mainly tensile strength. The carbonization process was optimized in the sense that any heating rate can be used. No restriction in production speed exists. The carbonization should be run to at least 1000°C to achieve maximum mechanical strength, both in E-modulus and tensile strength. To improve the E-modulus further, a slowly increasing load can be applied to the lignin fibers during carbonization. The earlier the force is applied, to counteract the lignin fiber contraction that occurs (namely around 300°C), the better. However, in terms of mechanical performance, the lignin carbon fibers are still far from practical use in the industry.

Le sujet de cette thèse concerne les applications hautes températures, où les moteurs doivent être capables de fonctionner à 400°C pendant 2 heures, selon la norme en vigueur. Il convient dans ce type d’applications de disposer de matériaux assez stables pour que leurs propriétés isolantes restent inchangées, ce qui est le cas du fil émaillé PolyImide (PI). Ce fil émaillé pose néanmoins des problèmes économiques et de fournisseurs, d’où la nécessité de trouver d’autres alternatives. Ce travail de thèse a eu pour but de mettre au point et valider des techniques d’analyses (ATG / ATM / ATR-FTIR / DRS) adaptées au fil émaillé, et ce jusqu’à 400°C. Le PEI présente des propriétés insuffisantes pour ce type d’application car il se dégrade avant 350°C et perd ses propriétés d’isolation électrique. Le PAI est un matériau qui ne se dégrade que peu avant 400°C, et présente des caractéristiques électriques (propriétés diélectriques et de conduction) déjà plus proche du PolyImide. Nous avons pu établir la comparaison de deux PAI dont l’un est conventionnel et l’autre est un nanocomposite à base d’alumine. Ce dernier PAI est plus stable en température mais ne semble pas avoir de propriétés électriques très supérieures. Pour confronter les résultats expérimentaux obtenus dans des conditions particulières aux conditions réelles d’utilisation, des moteurs avec ces fils émaillés ont été fabriqués. Les moteurs équipés des fils PEI/PAI (fil standard) et PAI sont défaillants après 40 minutes au lieu de 2h, contrairement aux moteurs équipés de fil PI. La dégradation du PEI et le fluage du PAI, caractérisé au-delà de sa Tg (280°C), peuvent être la cause des dysfonctionnements de ces moteurs / This work is related to the high temperature application where motors have to withstand severe conditions - 400°C during 2 hours - according to the standard. Electrical insulation becomes a serious challenge for such application where materials have to remain stable, which is the case of PolyImide enameled wire. Other alternatives have to be found because this is a very expensive material with a small number of suppliers. The thermal, structural, mechanical and electrical properties of these systems have been investigated in-situ until 400°C by thermogravimetric analysis, ATR-FTIR microscopy, thermomechanical analysis, dielectric spectroscopy and DC voltage experiments. Dielectric spectroscopy has indicated a loss of insulating properties during the thermal cycle especially for PEI-containing enamels that degrades before 350°C. PAI enameled wires degrade just before 400°C, and electrical properties (dielectric properties and conductivity) are closer to PI‘s in this temperature range. A comparison between a conventional PAI and a PAI filled with nanoparticules of aluminium oxide has been made. The nanocomposite is thermally more stable but does not show better electrical behavior. To correlate all these results to the real test conditions (combined thermal, electrical and mechanical stresses), electrical motors have been fabricated using the enameled wires said before. They all breakdown after 40 minutes running, except motors made with PI enameled wires. The degradation of PEI ad the creeping of PAI up to its Tg (280°C) can explain the breakdown of these motors

No description available.

[pt] Ao longo dos anos, a produção de energia tem dependido de recursos não sustentáveis, como os combustíveis fosséis. No entanto, com o aquecimento global e a crise energética urge-se investir em recursos de energia renovável, como o hidrogênio. O gás deve ser armazenado em um ambiente seguro para evitar vazamentos. Portanto, este trabalho foca no armazenamento de hidrogênio em cavernas de sal, uma vez que essas rochas possuem propriedades relevantes, como a baixa permeabilidade. Um fluxo de trabalho para análise de integridade de cavernas desde a construção até a operação é proposto, implementado e aplicado para o estudo de casos sintéticos e reais. O armazenamento de hidrogênio provoca variações de temperatura e pressões dentro da caverna. A termodinâmica do gás segue uma solução diabática, atualizando a pressão e a temperatura do gás a cada instante para representar cenários de campo. A formulação termomecânica é implementada no simulador GeMA, que acopla diferentes físicas. Casos sintéticos consideram modelos homogêneos e diferentes geometrias de caverna. Os resultados demonstraram a importância dos efeitos térmicos, pois as amplitudes térmicas podem comprometer a integridade da rocha, por exemplo, induzindo tensões de tração e afetando a permeabilidade. Um estudo hidráulico demonstrou risco mínimo de migração de gás para o exterior. Por último, dois casos reais foram investigados, litologia heterogênea e uma caverna irregular baseada em dados de sonar. Os resultados evidenciaram alguns desafios na operação de cavernas. / [en] Over the years, energy has been highly dependent on non-sustainable resources. However, global warming and the energy crisis urge for investments in renewable energy resources, such as hydrogen. The gas must be stored in a secure medium to avoid migration to the external environment. Thus, this work focuses on hydrogen storage in salt caverns, as these rocks present relevant properties for a storage site, such as low permeability. A workflow for cavern analysis from construction to operation is proposed, implemented, and applied to synthetic and actual field cases. Hydrogen storage provokes variations in temperature and pressure inside the cavern. The gas thermodynamics follows a diabatic solution, which updates gas pressure and temperature to represent the field conditions. The thermomechanical formulation is implemented into an in-house framework GeMA, which couples different physics. Synthetic case studies include homogeneous deposits and different cavern geometries. The results demonstrate the importance of thermal effects, as temperature amplitudes may compromise rock integrity, inducing tensile stresses and affecting its permeability. A hydraulic study demonstrated minimal hydrogen migration risk. Finally, two real field conditions were investigated, considering heterogeneous salt stratifications and a sonar-based cavern geometry. The results highlight some integrity challenges to be faced during cavern operation.

The aim of this work is to describe the influence of temperature on the structure and chemical composition of electrode materials for Li-ion accumulators. Theoretical part of this thesis contains described terminology and general issues of batteries and their division. Every kind of battery is provided with a closer description of a specific battery type. A separate chapter is dedicated to lithium cells, mainly Li-ion batteries. Considering various composition of Li-ion batteries, the next subchapters deeply analyzes the most used cathode (with an emphasis on the LiFePO4, LiMn1/3Ni1/3Co1/3O2) and anode materials (with an emphasis on the Li4Ti5O12). The next chapters describe the used analytical methods: electron microscopy, energy dispersion spectroscopy and thermomechanical analysis. The practical part is devoted to the description of the individual experiments and the achieved results.