Neste trabalho investigamos a porosidade nanométrica de materiais lignocelulósicos derivados do bagaço de cana-de-açúcar que foram submetidos à compressão úmida. A produção dos materiais estudados a partir do bagaço de cana-de-açúcar utilizou processos de tratamento hidrotérmico seguido de processos de deslignificação organossolve (etanol-água) e soda (hidróxido de sódio). Os tratamentos hidrotérmicos utilizaram a fração fibra do bagaço de cana-de-açúcar, no estado bruto e moído, seguindo planejamento experimental fatorial de 2² com ponto central mais configuração estrela. O tratamento hidrotérmico ocorreu em temperaturas de 150-190°C com tempos de 20-60 minutos. Os processos de deslignificação utilizaram temperaturas de 160°C e 190°C para o processo soda e organossolve respectivamente, com tempos de 20, 40, 60, 80 e 100 minutos de tratamento. Os ensaios de compressão úmida foram realizados com cargas de 5, 10, 15, 20 e 25 toneladas e mostraram que materiais mais homogêneos e com menor granulometria, como o material moído e as polpas, são mais fáceis de comprimir. No entanto, os ensaios mostraram que os materiais comprimidos não são homogêneos, apresentando uma variação no teor de humidade do material comprimido (o centro da pastilha é mais seco que a periferia). O adensamento dos materiais também não é homogêneo, sendo o centro mais denso que a periferia das pastilhas. A perda de água durante a compressão foi de 74-85% para o material tratado hidrotermicamente, 66-85% para as polpas obtidas no processo soda e 81-94% para as polpas obtidas no processo organossolve. As análises de termoporometria mostraram que fração apreciável da porosidade nanométrica dos materiais deslignificados é colapsada com as menores pressões aplicadas (21 MPa). Incrementos de pressão (até carga de 107 MPa) promovem reduções comparativamente muito menores na porosidade nanométrica. / In this work we investigate the nanometric porosity of lignocellulosic materials derived from sugarcane bagasse and tested for wet pressing. The production of the studied materials from sugarcane bagasse employed hydrothermal treatments followed by organosolv (ethanol-water) and soda (sodium hydroxide) delignifications. For the hydrothermal treatments, we used bagasse fiber fractions in crude and milled states, following the factorial experimental design of 2² with central point plus star configuration. Hydrothermal treatment used temperatures of 150-190°C and times of 20-60 minutes. The delignification processes used temperatures of 160°C and 190°C for the soda and organosolv, respectively, with treatment times of 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 minutes. Wet pressing was carried out with loads of 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 tons and showed that materials with small and homogeneous particles such as the ground materials and the pulps are easier to compress and form a mass of material. However, the tests showed that the compressed materials are not homogeneous, presenting variations in the moisture content of the compressed materials (the center of the tablets were dryer than the periphery). Densification of the materials is also not uniform, the center being denser than the periphery. Water loss during compression was 74-85% for hydrothermally treated material, 66-85% for soda pulps and 81-94% for organosolv pulps. Thermoporometry analysis showed that appreciable fraction of the nanoscale porosity of the delignified materials collapse with the lowest applied pressures (21 MPa). Pressure increments (up to 107 MPa) promotes comparatively much lower reduction on nanoscale porosity.

Neste trabalho investigamos a porosidade nanométrica de materiais lignocelulósicos derivados do bagaço de cana-de-açúcar que foram submetidos à compressão úmida. A produção dos materiais estudados a partir do bagaço de cana-de-açúcar utilizou processos de tratamento hidrotérmico seguido de processos de deslignificação organossolve (etanol-água) e soda (hidróxido de sódio). Os tratamentos hidrotérmicos utilizaram a fração fibra do bagaço de cana-de-açúcar, no estado bruto e moído, seguindo planejamento experimental fatorial de 2² com ponto central mais configuração estrela. O tratamento hidrotérmico ocorreu em temperaturas de 150-190°C com tempos de 20-60 minutos. Os processos de deslignificação utilizaram temperaturas de 160°C e 190°C para o processo soda e organossolve respectivamente, com tempos de 20, 40, 60, 80 e 100 minutos de tratamento. Os ensaios de compressão úmida foram realizados com cargas de 5, 10, 15, 20 e 25 toneladas e mostraram que materiais mais homogêneos e com menor granulometria, como o material moído e as polpas, são mais fáceis de comprimir. No entanto, os ensaios mostraram que os materiais comprimidos não são homogêneos, apresentando uma variação no teor de humidade do material comprimido (o centro da pastilha é mais seco que a periferia). O adensamento dos materiais também não é homogêneo, sendo o centro mais denso que a periferia das pastilhas. A perda de água durante a compressão foi de 74-85% para o material tratado hidrotermicamente, 66-85% para as polpas obtidas no processo soda e 81-94% para as polpas obtidas no processo organossolve. As análises de termoporometria mostraram que fração apreciável da porosidade nanométrica dos materiais deslignificados é colapsada com as menores pressões aplicadas (21 MPa). Incrementos de pressão (até carga de 107 MPa) promovem reduções comparativamente muito menores na porosidade nanométrica. / In this work we investigate the nanometric porosity of lignocellulosic materials derived from sugarcane bagasse and tested for wet pressing. The production of the studied materials from sugarcane bagasse employed hydrothermal treatments followed by organosolv (ethanol-water) and soda (sodium hydroxide) delignifications. For the hydrothermal treatments, we used bagasse fiber fractions in crude and milled states, following the factorial experimental design of 2² with central point plus star configuration. Hydrothermal treatment used temperatures of 150-190°C and times of 20-60 minutes. The delignification processes used temperatures of 160°C and 190°C for the soda and organosolv, respectively, with treatment times of 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 minutes. Wet pressing was carried out with loads of 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 tons and showed that materials with small and homogeneous particles such as the ground materials and the pulps are easier to compress and form a mass of material. However, the tests showed that the compressed materials are not homogeneous, presenting variations in the moisture content of the compressed materials (the center of the tablets were dryer than the periphery). Densification of the materials is also not uniform, the center being denser than the periphery. Water loss during compression was 74-85% for hydrothermally treated material, 66-85% for soda pulps and 81-94% for organosolv pulps. Thermoporometry analysis showed that appreciable fraction of the nanoscale porosity of the delignified materials collapse with the lowest applied pressures (21 MPa). Pressure increments (up to 107 MPa) promotes comparatively much lower reduction on nanoscale porosity.

Le contact entre l'électrode et l'électrolyte est primordial pour le bon fonctionnement d'une batterie Lithium-Ion. L'imprégnation de l'électrode positive par un électrolyte liquide a toujours été considérée comme totale, cependant les phénomènes ne sont pas exactement connus. Ainsi, ces travaux s'intéressent à l'influence de la composition de l'électrode positive (matière active et agent conducteur) sur cette imprégnation. Après une première étude des propriétés conductrices, électrochimiques et morphologiques d'électrodes présentant des formulations plus ou moins éloignées des formulations industrielles, une méthode utilisant l'équation de Washburn a été développée afin d'étudier l'imprégnation des pores modélisés par un ensemble de tubes capillaires. L'utilisation de l'hexadecane, considéré comme un liquide parfaitement mouillant, a permis de déterminer la taille effective des pores indépendamment de l'électrolyte, et celle-ci a pu être comparée à des résultats obtenus grâce à la méthode de thermoporosimétrie. Puis, les régimes de Washburn obtenus lors de la diffusion de l'électrolyte ont mis en évidence les cinétiques d'ascension. Par la suite, la méthode de Washburn a été utilisée afin de caractériser les propriétés d'imprégnation d'électrodes élaborées avec un nouveau liant et selon un procédé innovant s'affranchissant de l'utilisation de solvant. L'utilisation d'un additif permettant la création de porosité d'une part, et la réticulation du liant d'autre part permettent d'obtenir une imprégnation de l'électrolyte comparable à celle observée pour les électrodes fabriquées par voie solvant / The contact between the electrode and the electrolyte is essential for a Lithium-Ion battery functioning. The impregnation of a positive electrode by the electrolyte has always been considered as total; however the phenomena are not exactly known. Thus, in this work, the influence of the positive electrode composition (active material, conductive agent and binder) on the impregnation has been investigated. After a first study focusing on the conductive, electrochemical and morphological properties of the electrodes, with different types of formulation, a method using Washburn equation has been developed in order to study the impregnation of the electrode’s pores, which were modeled as capillary tubes. With the use of hexadecane, considered as a perfectly wetting liquid, the effective pore size has been determined and then compared to the results given by the thermoporosimetry method. Then, the kinetics of ascension have been identified with the Washburn regimes obtained with the diffusion of the electrolyte in the cathodes. Afterwards, Washburn method has been used in order to characterize the impregnation properties of electrodes elaborated with an innovative process without solvent. Thanks to the use of an additive allowing the creation of porosity in one hand and the reticulation of the binder in the other hand, an impregnation of these new electrode by the electrolyte has been considered as comparable to the one observed for the cathodes made with solvent

Alterations of fluid phase transitions in porous materials are conventionally employed for the characterization of mesoporous solids. In the first approximation, this may be based on the application of the Kelvin equation for gas–liquid and the Gibbs–Thomson equation for solid–liquid phase equilibria for obtaining pore size distributions. Herein, we provide a comparative analysis of different phase coexistences measured in mesoporous silica solids with different pore sizes and morphology. Instead of comparing the resulting pore size distributions, we rather compare the transitions directly by using a common coordinate for varying the experiment’s thermodynamic parameters based on the two equations mentioned. Both phase transitions in these coordinates produce comparable results for mesoporous solids of relatively large pore sizes. In contrast, marked differences are found for materials with smaller pore sizes. This illuminates the fact that, with reducing confinement sizes, thermodynamic fluctuations become increasingly important and different for different equilibria considered. In addition, we show that in the coordinate used for analysis, mercury intrusion matches perfectly with desorption and freezing transitions.