Thesis (DPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 2001. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This thesis exanunes whether the historical consciousness of grade 10 youth would increase should there be an intervention facilitated for this purpose, that is that they would show a heightened consciousness of the relation between school history and current affairs, politics and other societal issues. This intervention comprises the My New World text produced within the populist historiographical tradition in South Africa. The notion of historical consciousness is defined as the complex relation between an interpretation of the past, a perspective of the present and expectations of the future ROsen (1989; 1994). The investigation comprised a theoretical and empirical component. The theoretical component is informed by the theories of epistemology, knowledge, schooling and curriculum. The empirical component is based on the Youth and History Survey conducted on historical consciousness amongst youth in Europe in the early 1990s. Both this study and the European study were conducted during periods of political transition. The chosen research methodology was that of triangulation, combining quantitative with qualitative methods. The quantitative component was based on the measurement used in the European study, and comprised an experimental pre-test and post-test research design, measuring "inside school" and "outside school" historical consciousness. The study was conducted in 8 grade 10 classrooms at 8 schools in Cape Town, representative of class, race, language and gender. The teachers acted as facilitators of the intervention. The conclusion reached in the research is that although the intervention resulted in an increased enthusiasm amongst individuals for school history and interest in political issues and an understanding for the present as in evidence from the qualitative data, this was not reflected in the quantitative data which showed no significant increase in the "inside school" nor "outside school" historical consciousness amongst youth of average 15 years in grade 10 history classrooms in Cape Town. It can therefore not be empirically concluded that when youth are exposed to populist history over a limited period that they would show an increased "outside school" or "inside school" historical consciousness even though an intervention might aim to increase such a consciousness. A significant finding is that the case for an already existent historical consciousness related to the variables of class and gender holds. Instead of increasing the levels of historical consciousness, the intervention resulted in a surfacing of long-held attitudes, perceptions and beliefs of people, society, the past, the present and the future. The intervention succeeded in bringing these complex layers of variables and related factors that impact on perceptions and attitudes to the surface. Given this complexity, it was also concluded that an empirical study of historical consciousness amongst youth through an intervention over a limited period of time is risky, if not of little value. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie tesis ondersoek die vraag of die historiese bewussyn van graad 10-leerders sal toeneem indien daar vir hierdie doe I 'n intervensie sou plaasvind, met ander woorde of hulle 'n verhoogde bewussyn van die verhouding tussen die yak Geskiedenis op skool en sake van die dag, die politiek en ander gemeenskapsake sal aantoon. Die tersaaklike intervensie behels die teks van My New World wat daargestel is binne die raamwerk van die populistiese historiografiese tradisie in Suid-Afrika. Die begrip 'historiese bewussyn' kan omskryf word as 'n komplekse verhouding tussen die interpretasie van die verlede, 'n perspektief oor die hede, en verwagtinge oor die toekoms (Rusen 1989; 1994). Die ondersoek bevat 'n teoretiese sowel as 'n empiriese komponent. Die teoretiese komponent is gebaseer op epistemologiese, onderwys- en kurrikulumteoriee. Die empiriese komponent vind sy grondslag in die Youth and History Survey ondersoek oor historiese bewussyn wat in die vroee 1990' s onder Europese jongmense geloods is. Beide hierdie studie en die Europese navorsing is in tye van politieke oorgang onderneem. Die navorsingsmetode wat gebruik is, is die van triangulasie wat uit 'n kombinasie van kwantitatiewe en kwalitatiewe metodes bestaan. Die kwantitatiewe komponent lS gebaseer op die meting wat in die Europese studie gebruik is, en bestaan uit 'n eksperimentele voor- en natoets navorsingsontwerp wat die historiese bewussyn "binne" en "buite" skoolverband meet. Die studie is geloods in agt graad 10-klaskamers by agt skole in Kaapstad wat klas, ras, taal en geslag verteenwoordig het. Die betrokke onderwysers het as fasiliteerders vir die intervensie opgetree. Die gevolgtrekking waartoe in die ondersoek geraak is, is dat, alhoewel die intervensie tot verhoogde entoesiasme vir Geskiedenis as skoolvak en tot belangstelling in politieke kwessies en 'n begrip van die hede onder individuele leerders gelei het (soos afgelei kon word uit kwalitatiewe data), hierdie tendens nie weerspieel is deur die kwantitatiewe data nie: eersgenoemde het nie 'n beduidende verhoging in die historiese bewussyn "binne" of "buite" skoolverband onder leerders met 'n gemiddelde ouderdom van 15 jaar getoon nie. Daar kan dus nie empiries tot die gevolgtrekking geraak word dat wanneer leerders vir 'n beperkte tyd aan populistiese geskiedenis blootgestel word, hulle 'n verhoogde historiese bewussyn "binne" of "buite" skoolverband sal aantoon nie, selfs al sou so 'n intervensie dit weI ten doel he om so 'n bewussyn te verhoog. 'n Beduidende bevinding is dat daar 'n saak uitgemaak kan word vir 'n reeds bestaande historiese bewussyn wat in verband staan met die veranderlikes van klas en geslag. In plaas daarvan om die vlakke van historiese bewussyn te verhoog het die intervensie die gevolg gehad dat lank bestaande houdings, persepsies en oortuigings oor mense, die gemeenskap, die verlede, die he de en die toekoms, na die oppervlak beweeg het. Die intervensie het dus daarin geslaag om hierdie komplekse lae veranderlikes en verwante faktore wat persepsies en houdings beinvloed, na die oppervlak te bring. In die lig van die kompleksiteit hiervan, is daar ook tot die gevolgtrekking geraak dat 'n empiriese studie van historiese bewussyn onder jongmense oor 'n beperkte tyd deur middel van intervensie riskant is, indien nie van min waarde nie.

Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2014. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Urbanization in Sub-Saharan Africa has led to the proliferation of peri-urban settlements close to cities. Development policy in these areas is multi-pronged. Residents with local tribal, as well as migrant backgrounds take land matters into their own hands. This leads to diverse land transactions and changing household survival strategies. My research investigates the complex interactions between land transactions, Rural Development Policy (RDP), and the emergent household survival strategies between 2002 and 2012 in the peri-urban communal area of Domboshava in Zimbabwe located northeast of Harare the capital city. Domboshava is classified as 'rural' and is administered by traditional authority as well as a local authority called Goromonzi Rural District Council. This Council considers RDP as a solution to increased individualized land transactions. My thesis is based on field research of a case study comprising four villages of Domboshava. Forty-one local residents, as well as a number of key informants such as Traditional Leaders and local government officials were sampled for the study. Qualitative data were collected through structured interviews, review of pertinent documents, as well as observation. The research findings reveal that the rapid pace of urbanization across Africa is widespread and poses key challenges to policies on rural development and land tenure more generally. Research evidence shows the changing practice in access to land rights in Domboshava by migrants from other parts of the country. As a result, land transactions shift from customary inheritance in the tribal line to individualized land transactions such as direct land sales and renting thereby privileging financially better-off households. Household survival strategies also shift from farm based to off-farm and non-farm activities because of the influence of land transactions and a multi-pronged RDP. Changes in household survival strategies of community residents of Domboshava were however not influenced by land transactions and RDP alone, but also by wider political and economic shifts and state interventions such as Operation Restore Order/Operation Murambatsvina and the Fast Track Land Reform Programme. The practice of a multi-pronged RDP as a solution to land transactions in Domboshava became part of the problem as land transactions proliferated unabated. This research is an important topic within the Sociology of Development, and provides useful insights regarding debates on land, policy, and survival strategies in peri-urban communal areas, not only in Domboshava in Zimbabwe, but in sub-Saharan Africa. Appropriate policies that address these peri-urban challenges in Zimbabwe are sorely needed. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Verstedeliking in Afrika het gelei tot die vermenigvuldiging van buite-stedelike nedersettings naby stede. Ontwikkelingsbeleid in hierdie areas het vele vertakkings. Inwoners van plaaslike stamsgebiede asook van migrante agtergronde neem grondsake in eie hande. Dit lei tot uiteenlopende grondtransaksies en veranderende huishoudelike oorlewingstategiëe. My navorsing ondersoek die komplekse interaksies tussen grondtransaksies, landelike ontwikkelingsbeleid (LOB), en die opkomende huishoudelike oorlewingstategiëe tussen die jare 2002 en 2012 in die buite-stedelike kommunale area van Domboshava in Zimbabwe, gelëe noord-oos van Harare, die hoofstad van Zimbabwe. Dombashava is geklassifiseer as 'landelik' en word geadministreer deur 'n tradisionele owerheid sowel as 'n plaaslike owerheid wat bekend staan as die 'Goromonzi Rural District Council'. Ontwikkelingsbeleid word deur hierdie Raad gesien as oplossing vir toenemende individuele grondtransaksies. Die huidige navorsing is gebasseer op veldwerk van 'n gevallestudie van vier dorpies in Dombashava. Een-en-veertig plaaslike inwoners sowel as 'n aantal sleutelinformante soos tradisionele leiers en plaaslike regeringsamptenare was deel van 'n steekproef vir die studie. Kwalitatiewe data is ingesamel deur middel van gestruktureerde onderhoude, bestudering van pertinente dokumente asook waarneming. Die navorsingsresultate toon dat die vinnige pas van verstedeliking deur Afrika 'n algemene verskynsel is en dat dit belangrike uitdagings bied vir beleid oor landelike ontwikkeling, en grondpag in die besonder. Navorsingsbevindinge wys die veranderende patrone in toegang tot grondregte van migrante van ander dele van die land. Dit toon dat grondtransaksies verskuif het van gewone oorerwing binne stamverband na geindiwidualiseerde grondtransakies soos bv. direkte grondverkope en verhuring om dan sodoende huishoudings wat finansieel beter daaraan toe is, te bevoordeel. Huishoudelike oorlewingstategiëe het ook verskuif vanaf boerderygebasseer na nie- boerderygebasseerde aktiwiteite as gevolg van die invloed van nuwe grondtransaksies en komplekse LOB. Die veranderings in huishoudelike oorlewingstategiëe van inwoners van Dombashava was egter nie slegs beïnvloed deur grondtransaksies en LOB nie, maar ook deur wyer politieke en ekonomiese veranderinge en deur intervensies deur die staat soos “Operation Restore Order/ Operation Murambatsvina” en die “Fast Track Land Reform Programme”. Die praktyk vangrondbeleid met vele vertakkings as oplossing vir grondtransakies in die Dombashava area het deel geword van die probleem soos wat grondtransaksies ongekontrolleerd toegeneem het. Hierdie navorsing is 'n belangrike onderwerp binne die Sosiologie van Ontwikkeling en gee bruikbare insigte in die debatte rondom grond, beleid en oorlewingstategiëe in buite-stedelike kommunale gebiede naby stede, nie alleenlik in Dombashava in Zimbabwe nie, maar ook elders in Afrika. Toepaslike beleid wat hierdie buite-stedelike uitdagings in Zimbabwe aanspreek is dringend noodsaaklik.

Thesis (MA)--University of Stellenbosch, 1944. / 218 Leaves printed single pages, preliminary pages i-vi and numberd pages 1-212.Includes bibliography,photo’s and figures. Digitized at 330 dpi color PDF format (OCR),using ,KODAK i 1220 PLUS scanner. Digitised, Ivan Jacobs on request of Niel Hendriksz 1 Augustus 2011 / No abstract available

Thesis (MPhil)--University of Stellenbosch, 2005. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The study focuses on tracking the developments accompanying the rise of indigenous knowledge (IK) and its positioning on the science policy and national research agenda in South Africa (SA). The historical occasion, the variety of policy developments in a diverse ‘new’ SA and how IK evolved, presented the impetus and context of the study. The objectives of the study were to consider more closely the roles and actions of the participants in the overall process, how they interacted and to identify broad patterns that occurred. Other areas included positioning IK as strategic science and how it was refracted through the national research system. To achieve these objectives, a significant part of the methodology involved a historical reconstruction of developments in IK. The data obtained from this reconstruction provided the basis for further analysis and closer scrutiny of the issues. Reconstructing the history assisted with providing some answers regarding the sources of concern and motivation which led to formulating policy on IK, the processes that advanced IK to its position in 2002, looking at how the various players in the research system were mobilized and how the prelegislative stage of activity determined the outcome of the IK legislative process. In addition to these questions, there was an opportunity to consider Wally’s Serote’s role as ‘moral entrepreneur and to try to understand both his personal trajectory and the role he played in the system. The historical reconstruction provided a periodization comprising three chronological phases, namely • Genesis (1994 – 1996) • Awareness Creation (1997 – 1998) • Programmes and Implementation (1999 – 2002) New policy directions in SA provided a context for positioning IK within strategic science. The leadership and passion displayed by Serote also required an understanding of his personal trajectory and the role he played in the system. IK as strategic science is positioned within framework of the moral entrepreneur’s cycle in a changing system. The historical reconstruction raised the issue of how easy or difficult it is to embed processes and how these processes co-evolve in the system. It also showed how IK was refracted through the national research system. The broad ‘success’ of the IK initiative is discussed with respect to its legislative and policy journey in SA and its current position in the research system. The ‘lesser successful’ side is also discussed in terms of the intended objectives and the eventual outcomes. Protecting IK, a central issue throughout the process, led to struggles and tensions that required rethinking both the policy and epistemic aspects of both western science and IK. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie studie fokus daarop om dié ontwikkelinge te volg wat deel was van die opkoms van inheemse kennis (IK) en die posisionering daarvan op die agenda vir wetenskapsbeleid en nasionale navorsing in Suid-Afrika (SA). Die historiese gebeurlikhede, die verskeidenheid in beleidsontwikkelinge in 'n diverse "nuwe" SA en die manier waarop IK ontwikkel het, het die stukrag en die konteks vir hierdie studie verskaf. Die doelwitte van die studie was as volg: om die rolle en die aksies van die deelnemers aan die proses as geheel in meer detail te oorweeg; om hulle interaksie waar te neem en om die breë aksiepatrone te identifiseer. Ander ondersoekareas was om IK as strategiese wetenskap te posisioneer en om vas te stel hoe dit deur middel van die nasionale navorsingstelsel gerefrakteer is. Om hierdie doelwitte te kan bereik, het 'n belangrike deel van die metodologie die historiese rekonstruksie van ontwikkelinge in IK behels. Die data wat deur middel van hierdie rekonstruksie verkry is, het die basis voorsien vir die verdere analise en nadere beskouing van die relevante kwessies. Deur die geskiedenis te rekonstrueer kon sommige van die vrae oor die volgende beantwoord word: die oorsprong van sake wat kommer gewek het en die motivering wat gelei het tot die formulering van beleid oor IK; die prosesse wat IK tot die posisie daarvan in 2002 bevorder het deur te kyk hoe die onderskeie rolspelers in die navorsingstelsel gemobiliseer is; en hoe die pre-wetgewende fase van aktiwiteite die uitkoms van die IK-wetgewende proses bepaal het. Bo en behalwe die beantwoording van hierdie vrae, kon Serote se rol as morele entrepreneur ook ondersoek word om sodoende beide sy persoonlike trajektorie en die rol wat hy in die stelsel gespeel het te probeer verstaan. Die historiese rekonstruksie het 'n periodisering, bestaande uit drie chronologiese fases, verskaf, naamlik 􀂃������� Genesis (1994 – 1996) 􀂃������� Skepping van 'n Bewussyn (1997 – 1998) 􀂃������� Programme en Implementering (1999 – 2002) Nuwe beleidsrigtings in Suid-Afrika het 'n konteks verskaf vir die posisionering van IK binne die strategiese wetenskap. Die leierskap en passie wat Serote geopenbaar het, het ook begrip vir sy persoonlike trajektorie en die rol wat hy in die stelsel gespeel het, gevra. IK as 'n strategiese wetenskap is geposisioneer binne-in die raamwerk van die morele entrepreneur se siklus in 'n veranderende stelsel. Die historiese rekonstruksie het die kwessie geopper van hoe maklik of hoe moeilik dit is om prosesse in te bed, en hoe hierdie prosesse saam in die stelsel ontwikkel. Dit het ook gewys hoe IK deur middel van die nasionale navorsingstelsel gerefrakteer is. Die breë "sukses" van die IK-inisiatief word bespreek met betrekking tot die pad wat dit geloop het in die wetgewende en die beleidsvormende proses in Suid-Afrika en die huidige posisie daarvan in die navorsingstelsel. Die "minder suksesvolle" kant word ook bespreek met betrekking tot die vooropgestelde doelwitte en die uiteindelike uitkomste. Die beskerming van IK, 'n sentrale kwessie regdeur die proses, het gelei tot worstelinge en spanninge wat vereis het dat die beleids- én die epistemiese aspekte van beide die westerse wetenskap en IK herbedink moes word.

Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2011. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: When the South African wine industry re-entered the global wine markets in the early 1990’s, it faced a number of profound challenges. The most significant of these has been to gain a foothold in the international markets where both New and Old World wine producers fiercely compete for the consumer’s purse. In the effort to bolster its competitiveness and in response to a growing global trend towards ‘environmentally-friendly’ food production the industry launched the Integrated Production of Wine (IPW) scheme in 1998.This voluntary regulatory system provides guidelines for best agricultural practices and a producer must pass either the audit or the annual self-evaluation questionnaire in order to comply. A new Integrity & Sustainability seal has been introduced which advertises this compliance on each bottle of wine. This home-grown regulatory scheme is the first and only of its kind in the world and is now accepted by markets globally. The Biodiversity & Wine Initiative (BWI) is a collaboration between the wine industry and conservationists which aims to protect endangered species of the Cape Floral Kingdom, promote sustainable practices and rehabilitate indigenous flora and fauna on wine farms. Wines of South Africa (WOSA) is a marketing organisation which promotes the interests of South African wines in international markets. WOSA’s marketing slogan, ‘Variety is in Our Nature’ seeks to create a ‘common language’ which promotes the environmental aspects of South African wine production and a platform from which producers can establish their own marketing strategies. On the surface it would appear that the industry stands united behind this innovative initiative. But is this really the case? This thesis explores the views and attitudes of key industry informants as well as the responses of 14 different cellars from across the Western Cape. Each respondent was questioned on his/her notion of ‘environmentallyfriendly’, the cellar’s environmental practices, as well as their views IPW, BWI and WOSA’s efforts of promoting the South African wine industry’s new environmental identity. This study has found that the ‘greening’ of the South African wine industry enjoys broad support and compliance at both industry and cellar level. However, the results also show that there is serious criticism against the three-pronged ‘project’ which, if not addressed, could damage the integrity and credibility of industry’s new ‘image’ and undo its innovative edge. At the theoretical level, the study challenges aspects of both Global Value Chain Theory and Conventionalisation Theory. Regarding the former, the ‘home-grown’ way in which the industry has created its own ‘environmentally-friendly’ regulating scheme challenges the role lead firms take in international value chains. Regarding the latter, because IPW works within conventional agricultural practices and is far more cost effective than international ‘environmentally-friendly’ regulations, both large and small farmers can implement IPW regulations with the same effectiveness. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Toe die Suid-Afrikaanse wynbedryf in die vroeë 1990s her-toegetree het tot die globale wynmark, het dit ‘n aantal ernstige uitdagings in die gesig gestaar. Die belangrikste hiervan was om’n vastrapplek te bekom in die internasionale markte, waar Nuwe, sowel as Ou Wêreld wynprodusente fel met mekaar kompeteer vir die verbruiker se beursie. In ‘n poging om die bedryf se mededingendheid te verbeter en in respons tot ‘n groeiende tendens na ‘omgewingsvriendelike’ voedselproduksie, het die bedryf in 1998 die sogenoemde Integrated Production of Wine (IPW) skema van stapel gestuur. Hierdie vrywillige regulasie-sisteem verskaf riglyne vir optimale landboukundige praktyke en die produsent moet òf die oudit slaag, òf aan die vereistes van ‘n jaarlikse self-evaluering voldoen. ’n Nuwe Integrity & Sustainability seël is in gebruik geneem wat die nakoming van die IPW reëls op elke bottel wyn adverteer. Hierdie tuis-ontwikkelde reguleringskema is die eerste en enigste van sy soort in die wêreld. Die Biodiversity & Wine Initiative (BWI) is ’n samewerkingsooreenkoms tussen die wynbedryf en omgewingsbewaarders wat ten doel het om die bedreigde spesies van die Kaapse Blommeryk te beskerm, volhoubare praktyke te bevorder en inheemse flora en fauna op wynplase te rehabiliteer. Wines of South Africa (WOSA) is ’n bemarkingsorganisasie wat die belange van Suid-Afrikaanse wyne op die internasionale markte bevorder. WOSA se bemarkingsleuse, ‘Variety is in our Nature’, het ten doel om ’n ‘gemeenskaplike taal’ te skep wat die omgewingsaspekte van die Suid-Afrikaanse wynproduksie bevorder en ‘n platvorm daarstel waarop produsente hulle eie bemarkingstrategieë kan lanseer. Op die oog af wil dit voorkom asof die bedryf verenig staan agter hierdie vernuwende inisiatief. Maar is dit werklik so? Hierdie tesis ondersoek die perspektiewe en houdings van sleutel mense in die bedryf, asook die response van 14 verskillende kelders van dwarsoor die Wes-Kaap. Elke respondent is gepols oor sy/haar opvatting oor wat ‘omgewingsvriendelik’ behels, die kelder se omgewingsvriendelike praktyke, hulle siening van IPW en BWI, sowel as WOSA se poging om die Suid-Afrikaanse wynbedryf se nuwe omgewingsidentiteit te bevorder. Die studie het bevind dat die ‘vergroening’ van die Suid-Afrikaanse wynbedryf breë steun geniet en die geïnstitusionaliseerde regulasies grootliks nagekom word. Die resultate wys egter ook dat daar ernstige kritiek is teen die bedryf se driedubbele ‘projek’ – soveel so dat as hierdie kritiek nie aangespreek word nie, dit die integriteit en geloofbarigheid van die bedryf se nuwe ‘beeld’ kan beskadig, en daarmee saam sy innoverende voorsprong ongedaan kan maak. Op ‘n teoretiese vlak bevraagteken die studie aspekte van beide Globale Waardeketting Teorie en Konvensionaliseringsteorie. Wat eg. betref bevraagteken die ‘tuisgemaakte’ manier waarop die bedryf sy eie ‘omgewingsvriendelike’ reguleringssisteem geskep het, die rol wat ‘leiersfirmas’ in internasionale waardekettings speel. M.b.t laasgenoemde: omdat IPW funksioneer binne die raamwerk van konvensionele landboupraktyke en baie meer koste-effektief is as internasionale ‘omgewingsvriendelike’ regulasies, kan klein sowel as groot produsente IPW regulasies met ewe veel effektiwiteit implementeer.

Thesis (MPhil (Sociology and Social Anthropology))--University of Stellenbosch, 2006. / Human resources are one of the most valuable assets of any country’s economy. Countries invest millions in the education and development of their citizens to improve knowledge, skills and productivity that will sustain and enhance their economic growth. Previously governments regarded money spent on education and training of its current and potential workforce as a ‘safe’ investment, but the situation has changed drastically in the past 50 years. Today, many highly skilled professionals are leaving their native country to work and live in another.

Thesis (MPhil (Sociology and Social Anthropology))--University of Stellenbosch, 2008. / It has been said that anthropology operates in “liminal spaces” which can be defined as “spaces between disciplines”. This study will explore the space where the fields of art and anthropology meet in order to discover the epistemological and representational challenges that arise from this encounter. The common ground on which art and anthropology engage can be defined in terms of their observational and knowledge producing practices. Both art and anthropology rely on observational skills and varying forms of visual literacy to collect and represent data. Anthropologists represent their data mostly in written form by means of ethnographic accounts, and artists represent their findings by means of imaginative artistic mediums such as painting, sculpture, filmmaking and music. Following the so-called ‘ethnographic turn’, contemporary artists have adopted an ‘anthropological’ gaze, including methodologies, such as fieldwork, in their appropriation of other cultures. Anthropologists, on the other hand, in the wake of the ‘writing culture’ critique of the 1980s, are starting to explore new forms of visual research and representational practices that go beyond written texts.

Thesis (MPhil (Sociology and Social Anthropology))--Stellenbosch University, 2008. / Rising crime rates among the youth in South Africa is a major problem. In the Western Cape this concern is particularly urgent and is compounded by issues relating to gangsterism and drugs. This study analyses why youth offenders, based at Lindelani become involved in crime and how they subsequently see their future. The first part of the study reviews theories of crime and deviance, such as the classical school of criminology, psychological, biological and sociological explanations of crime. The usefulness of the criminological developmentalist approach toward identifying risk factors statistically correlated to the perpetration of crime is discussed. Common factors associated with crime in the South African context are identified including family, peers, gang, drug, school, media and neighbourhood related factors as well as the absence of spirituality. Thereafter the literature associated with the development of aspirations, life goals and the concept of possible selves is explained. The relationship between possible selves, aspirations and life goals are discussed and details regarding how possible selves influence delinquency are presented. Following the theoretical analysis, the problem of crime in South Africa with reference to the youths interviewed is outlined. The strategies pursued by government to combat crime are discussed and the effective potential of these approaches are evaluated. An overview of government’s policy toward youth in South Africa is given followed by specific reference to the issues surrounding youth and crime in the Western Cape, with explicit reference to the Cape Flats and gangs. This provides the background to the Lindelani case study. An overview of the operations and challenges facing Lindelani Place of Safety and the profile of offences typically committed by youth are given. Hereafter the findings are presented. The findings are divided into two sections; the first explores the life world of youth at Lindelani by discussing why youth in the Western Cape perpetrate crime and identifies factors that are associated with their involvement. The findings report on the influence of family and household structure, peers, neighbourhood environment, gangs, drugs, school, media, perceived aptitude of youth offenders, role models and spirituality. Section two presents the findings regarding the possible selves, life goals and aspirations of the youth. The general aspirations, possible selves, family aspirations, friendship, neighbourhood, spiritual, educational and occupational aspirations are explored. The study thereby presents the voices of these young offenders.

Thesis (MPhil (Sociology and Social Anthropology))--University of Stellenbosch, 2009. / This thesis is about children who are vulnerable in the context of HIV/AIDS. The epidemic leaves children vulnerable in a number of ways. The education sector is confronted with vulnerable children and this has caused the roles and responsibilities of teachers to be extended. The research is aimed at determining whether teachers see a role for themselves in this context that extends beyond formal education and also to find out how teachers view this role. The research was conducted at three schools in the Llingelethu community in Malmesbury: a pre-primary school (the Siphumeze Educare Centre), a primary school (Naphakade Primary School) and a high school (Naphakade Secondary School). The research determined that teachers do feel that they have a role in this context, but there were also those who felt that other role players must rather fulfil this role. One of the most important findings of the research was that teachers often view their role in the context of HIV/AIDS in a limited way. In this regard, teachers often think only in terms of children who are infected by die virus, while not taking into account children who are affected in other ways. Teachers, as well as schools, also often still focus on their role in HIV/AIDS prevention. A further aim of the research was to determine which challenges prevent teachers from playing an extended role in the lives of vulnerable children. The participants in the research identified various challenges, including those that are a result of keeping HIV status secret, because of stigma and a lack of trust. A further challenge that was identified is a lack of background information about learners, sometimes as a result of the fact that teachers do not come from the community. Factors that make it difficult for teachers to conduct follow up work were also identified, as well as emotional exhaustion and other facors that prevent teachers from playing an extended role. A lack of support was also identified by participants as a challenge and different dimensions of support were identified.

Thesis (MPhil (Sociology and Social Anthropology))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010. / ENGLISH SUMMARY: This study explores the application of Web 2.0 thinking to development studies. It specifically addresses ‗online social lending for development' as an example of ‗Development 2.0,‘ the subject of an ongoing conversation between the fields of information and communication technologies (ICTs) and international development. The paper has two aims: to develop a definition of Development 2.0, and to explore an empirical example of a Web 2.0 model that seeks to alleviate poverty. Reflecting on the literature pertaining to ICT for development (ICT4D), the investigator establishes preliminary principles of Development 2.0: facilitating citizen participation and voice, encouraging collaboration, increasing transparency and enabling relationships. These principles are then considered in the context of online social lending for development, with a particular look at Kiva.org, the microlending website at the center of the study. The empirical research for this case involved several months of interaction with some of Kiva‘s primary stakeholders in San Francisco, CA and Kisumu, Kenya. As a Kiva Fellow, the investigator engaged in participant observation, focus groups, analysis of secondary data, email interviews and weblog interviews with various people involved in the Kiva system. Stemming from this investigation, the author offers a descriptive and exploratory case study of Kiva‘s operations and its level of Development 2.0 integration. With reference to this Kiva case study and the initial Development 2.0 principles, the investigator offers a new definition: Development 2.0 is the application of Web 2.0 thinking to development studies. Development 2.0 practice takes advantage of networked social interaction and data generation, reaching the ‘long tail’ of the world’s poor; it actively employs transparency, collaboration, and citizen participation with the aim of continual, reflexive improvement in sustainable human-centered development. The author concludes that Kiva is a relevant example of Development 2.0, but it does not offer full transparency to all stakeholders, nor does it take advantage of the full possibilities of networked social interaction, which could lead to more holistic development for Kiva borrowers. The author argues that Development 2.0 principles have intrinsic value, and should be pursued as both a means and an end for ICT4D practice. The paper ends with a call for further research into Kiva, Development 2.0, and the practice of online social lending for development. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie studie stel ondersoek in na die toepassing van Web 2.0 beginsels vir ontwikkelingstudies. Dit spreek spesifiek ‗aanlyn sosiale lenings vir ontwikkeling‘ aan, 'n onderwerp wat debat ontlok tussen die velde van Inligting en Kommunikasie Tegnologie (IKT) en Internasionale Ontwikkeling. Die verhandeling het twee doelwitte: om 'n definisie vir Ontwikkeling 2.0 te ontwikkel en om ondersoek in te stel na 'n empiriese voorbeeld van 'n Web 2.0 model wat die verligting van armoede nastreef. Na 'n refleksie oor die literatuur wat met IKT‘s verband hou, stel die navorser die voorwaardelike beginsels van Ontwikkeling 2.0 vas: die fasilitering van burgerlike deelname en inspraak, bevordering van samewerking, verhoogde deursigtigheid en instaatstellende verhoudings. Hierdie beginsels word dan oorweeg in die konteks van aanlyn sosiale lenings vir ontwikkeling, met spesifieke ondersoek na Kiva.org, 'n mikro-lening webwerf wat sentraal tot hierdie studie staan. Die empiriese ondersoek vir hierdie gevallestudie het verskeie maande van navorser-interaksie met van Kiva se primêre rolspelers in San Francisco (VSA) en Kisumu (Kenia) behels. Die ondersoeker het as 'n 'Kiva Fellow‘ deur middel van deelnemende waarneming, fokusgroep onderhoude, benutting van sekondêre bronne, e-pos- en webblog onderhoude met verskeie persone betrokke in die Kiva stelsel in wisselwerking getree. Na aanleiding van hierdie studie, bied die navorser 'n beskrywende en verklarende gevallestudie van Kiva se werksaamhede en vlak van Ontwikkeling 2.0 integrasie aan. Met verwysing na hierdie Kiva gevallestudie en die aanvanklike Ontwikkeling 2.0 beginsels, bied die ondersoeker ‗n hersiene definisie aan: Ontwikkeling 2.0 is die toepassing van Web 2.0 beginsels tot ontwikkelingstudies. Ontwikkeling 2.0 praktyk trek voordeel uit netwerk-sosiale interaksie en data-generering, wat die ‘verste punt’ van die wêreld se armes bereik; dit streef aktief deursigtigheid, samewerking en burgerlike deelname na; tot die bevordering van die aaneenlopende, refleksiewe verbetering in volhoubare mens-gesentreerde ontwikkeling. Die ondersoeker kom tot die gevolgtrekking dat Kiva 'n relevante voorbeeld van Ontwikkeling 2.0 is, maar dat dit nie volwaardige deursigtigheid vir alle rolspelers bied nie, en nog minder van die geleentheid gebruik maak om voordeel te trek van die volle moontlikhede van netwerk-sosiale interaksie, wat tot meer holistiese ontwikkeling vir Kiva leners kan lei. Die ondersoeker argumenteer dat Ontwikkeling 2.0 beginsels 'n intrinsieke waarde het en nagestreef behoort te word in die praktyk as beide ‗n middel tot en ‗n einde vir ‗IKT vir Ontwikkeling‘ (ICT4D). Die verhandeling word afgesluit met 'n oproep vir verdere navorsing oor Kiva, Ontwikkeling 2.0 en die gebruik van aanlyn sosiale lenings vir ontwikkeling.