Grâce à son faible coût, sa grande résolution et son absence d’effet ionisant, l’imagerie ultrasonore haute fréquence est devenue une technique usuelle pour les applications médicales telles que l’imagerie de l’œil, de la peau ou du petit animal. Cette méthode repose sur la capacité de matériaux piézoélectriques à créer des ondes acoustiques hautes fréquences dans les tissus à explorer. Les dispositifs qui opèrent ces conversions électromécaniques sont appelés transducteurs ultrasonores et doivent délivrer des fréquences de résonance de plus de 20 MHz, nécessitant l’intégration des films piézoélectriques ayant une épaisseur de quelques dizaines de micromètres. La fabrication de tels matériaux pour les transducteurs mono- et multi-éléments est toujours difficile suivant les procédés choisis. Dans ce manuscrit, le procédé de dépôt par électrophorèse a été étudié. Il permet le dépôt de films épais sur de nombreux substrats de formes complexes en vue de la fabrication de transducteurs hautes fréquences. Dans cette thèse, il est clairement montré que l’électrophorèse est un procédé simple prometteur et performant pour préparer des films épais homogènes sans défaut avec des propriétés fonctionnelles élevées pour la réalisation de transducteurs hautes fréquences (40 MHz). / Thanks to its relatively low cost, high resolution and absence of ionizing radiations, high frequency ultrasonic imaging is becoming a popular technique for medical applications such as eyes, skin or small animal. It relies on the ability of piezoelectric materials to generate high frequency ultrasonic waves in the scanned media. Ultrasonic transducers are used to perform these electromechanical conversions and operated at resonant frequencies over 20 MHz. For this, piezoelectric layers of few tens of micrometers thick are required. Such thicknesses for single element transducers, and even more for multi-element transducers, is difficult to deliver due to limitations of current fabrication process. In the present dissertation we addressed the electrophoretic deposition (EPD) technique that enables deposition of piezoelectric thick films on various complex-shaped substrates. A procedure to prepare high frequency transducers by EPD was developed. In the dissertation it was demonstrated that EPD is a promising process to prepare homogeneous thick-film structures without significant defects. The procedure allowed obtaining high electromechanical performance transducers using a simple and low cost process.

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No. of bitstreams: 1 janini_apr_me_jabo.pdf: 1729959 bytes, checksum: ac65d4b7d77c1ab8a468de7f2909d978 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-06-01 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Objetivou-se, com o presente estudo, avaliar o efeito do tempo (dias – 0, 21, 42, 63) de suplementação de alto consumo (2% do peso corporal), so-bre o desempenho e características da carcaça e qualidade da carne de vacas de descarte da raça Nelore mantidas em pastejo contínuo em Brachiaria bri-zantha cv. Marandu, durante a estação seca. O delineamento foi em blocos casualizados (DBC), sendo os animais blocados de acordo com o peso inicial, com quatro tratamentos (dias de suplementação) e cinco repetições (piquetes), sendo três animais por piquete (unidade experimental). Não houve efeito do tempo no consumo de suplemento. O ganho médio diário (GMD) e ganho mé-dio diário em carcaça (GMDCar) se adequaram ao modelo quadrático, tendo o seu ponto máximo aos 42 dias de suplementação com 1,61 e 0,96 kg/dia, res-pectivamente. O peso corporal sem jejum (PSJ) e com jejum (PCJ) apresenta-ram efeito linear com o aumento nos dias de suplementação (P<0.01). Da mesma forma, peso de carcaça quente (PCQ) e fria (PCF) e rendimento de carcaça quente (RCQ) e fria (RCF). As variáveis de comprimento de carcaça (CCar), profundidade de carcaça (PCar) e tamanho de coxão (TCoxão) não foram verificados efeitos da suplementação. Perímetro de coxão (PCoxão), área de olho de lombo (AOL) e espessura de gordura subcutânea (EGS) res-ponderam linearmente ao incremento nos dias de suplementação. Os órgãos (fígado, coração, rins, baço, intestinos delgado e grosso), denominados de componentes não carcaça (CnC), bem como gordura renal pélvica inguinal (GRPI), somatório de CnC e ganho médio diário desses (GMDCnC) aumenta-ram linearmente ao longo dos dias de suplementação. O aumento no peso cor-poral e de carcaça dos animais resultou em maiores pesos de cortes primários, traseiro especial, dianteiro e ponta de agulha (PA) expressaram comportamen-to linear. O incremento nos dias de suplementação também resultou em cortes cárneos mais pesados, com exceção do filé mignon, que não houve efeito, os demais cortes comerciais do traseiro especial, não aparados e aparados, au-mentaram linearmente (P<0,01), da mesma forma os cortes de dianteiro e PA, não aparados e aparados, sofreram influência do aumento de peso corporal devido ao incremento dos dias de suplementação. Maiores porcentagens de aparas foram verificadas em todos os cortes com o aumento do tempo de su-plementação. As médias de temperatura se adequaram ao modelo quadrático de regressão com maior média (5,91°C) aos 63 dias de suplementação. Não houve diferença entre os tratamentos para os valores de pH, sendo a média de 5,8. Para as variáveis relacionadas à coloração da carne foi verificado efeito dos dias de suplementação, sendo quadrático (P<0.01) para L* e b* e linear (P<0.01) para a*. Não houve diferença significativa na composição química pa-ra os teores de lipídeos, carboidratos e matéria mineral. Umidade e proteína bruta se ajustarem ao modelo quadrático de regressão. Perdas por cocção (PPC) e força de cisalhamento (FC) se comportaram de forma linear crescente (P=0.04). A suplementação das vacas de descarte não influenciou os teores de colágeno muscular (P>0,10). Para colágeno insolúvel, solúvel, total e termosso-lúvel as médias foram de 0,18%, 0,018%, 0,20% e 9,6%, respectivamente. Desta forma, fêmeas mais pesadas apresentaram carcaças mais bem acaba-das e cortes cárneos mais pesados. Aos 42 dias suplementação, as vacas ob-tiveram a máxima produção de carcaça por dia e aos serem abatidas produzi-ram carcaças com acabamento adequado ao mercado consumidor. / This study aimed to evaluate the effect of time (days – 0, 21, 42, 63) on high intake supplementation (2% of body weight) on the performance and carcass traits and meat quality of Nellore cull cows in continuous grazing of Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu, during the dry season. The experimental de-sign was performed in randomized blocks (DBC), with the animals blocked ac-cording to the initial weight, with four treatments (days of supplementation) and five repetitions (paddocks), using three animals per paddock (experimental unit). There was no time effect in supplement intake. The average daily gain (ADG) and the average daily gain in carcass (ADGC) were adjusted to the quadratic model, with the maximum peak at 42 days of supplementation at 1.61 and 0.96 kg/day, respectively. Body weight without fasting (BWW) and fasting (BWF) presented a linear effect with the increase in days of supplementation (P <0.01), as well the warm carcass weight (WCW) and cold (CCW) and the warm carcass yield (WCY) and cold (CCY). For the variables of carcass length (CL), carcass depth (CD) and size of round (SR), no effects of supplementation were observed. Round perimeter (PRound), longissimus muscle area (LMA) and subcutaneous fat thickness (SFT) responded linearly to the increase of days of supplementation. The organs (liver, heart, kidneys, spleen, small and large in-testines), denominated non-carcass components (NCC), as well the inguinal pelvic renal fat (IPRF), NCC summation and average daily gain of non-carcass components (ADGNCC) increased linearly over the days of supplementation. The increase in animals’ body weight and carcass resulted in higher weights of primary cuts, special rear, front and needle tip (PA), also expressing a linear behavior. The increase in the days of supplementation also resulted in heavier meat cuts, except for filet mignon, which had no effect; others commercial cuts, such as the special rear, trimmed and not trimmed, increased linearly (P <0.01). In the same way, the front and AP cuts, trimmed and not trimmed, were influ-enced by the increase in body weight, due to the increment of days of supple-mentation. Higher percentages of shavings were observed in all cuts with the increase of the supplementation time. The temperature averages were adjusted to the quadratic regression model with the highest mean (5.91°C) at 63 days of supplementation. There was no difference between the treatments for pH val-ues, resulting in an average of 5.8. For the variables related to the meat color, the effect of supplementation days was observed, showing quadratic (P<0.01) for L* and b* and linear (P<0.01) for a*. There was no significant difference in the chemical composition for lipid, carbohydrate, and mineral matter contents. Humidity and crude protein fit the quadratic regression model. Cooking losses (CL) and shear force (SF) indicated an increasing linear shape (P = 0.04). The supplementation of cull cows did not influence the levels of muscle collagen (P>0.10). For insoluble, soluble, total and thermosoluble collagen, the averages reached were 0.18%, 0.018%, 0.20% and 9.6%, respectively. Therefore, heavi-er females had heavier carcasses and heavier meat cuts. At 42 days of sup-plementation, cows obtained the maximum carcass production per day and, when slaughtered, they produced carcasses with adequate finishing to the con-sumer market.

Ce travail de thèse s'est déroulé dans le cadre du programme H2E (Horizon Hydrogène Énergie) piloté par Air Liquide et en partenariat industriel avec Composites Aquitaine. Le stockage d’hydrogène sous forme gazeuse impose que les réservoirs bobinés en composite carbone/époxy utilisés résistent à des pressions internes en service allant de 350 à 700bar.L’état de l’art montre que le procédé d’enroulement filamentaire et son application à des épaisseurs de matériaux composites importantes peuvent générer des variations, dans l’épaisseur, des contraintes résiduelles d’origine thermique, de la teneur en fibres et en porosités et de l’épaisseur des couches. Ces hétérogénéités peuvent alors être à l’origine de modifications des propriétés mécaniques du composite. Notre travail s’est donc appuyé sur la caractérisation physico-chimique à l’échelle des constituants (mesure de températures, nano-indentation, analyse d’images et microtomographie) ainsi que la caractérisation mécanique à l’échelle de la couche de référence mais également à l’échelle de la structure (essais plans spécifiques sur éprouvettes bobinés et essais hors-plan).Les hétérogénéités de la matière ainsi identifiées sur le réservoir ont été intégrées dans un modèle de calcul analytique permettant d'étudier leurs influences sur sa pression d'éclatement. La conception d'un essai de mise sous pression interne d'un anneau a par ailleurs permis de vérifier le comportement mécanique de la structure réelle. / This PhD work was conducted in the H2E (Horizon Hydrogen Energy) program coordinated by Air Liquide and with the industrial partnership of Composites Aquitaine. The hydrogen storage under gaseous form needs the filament-wound carbon/epoxy composite vessels used to resist to service pressures between 350 to 700bar.The influences of the process and of the thickness of the structure on its mechanical behaviour were determined by precise bibliographic work and were supposed to generate thermal residual stresses and also to be responsible of variations in the thickness and fibre content of the plies. These heterogeneities could modify the mechanical properties of the composite material. Our work focuses, first of all, on the physical chemistry characterization at the constituents scale (temperature measurement, nano-indentation, image analysis and microtomography) and then on the mechanical characterization of the reference ply and also of the structure (dedicated tests on filament-wound samples and out-of-plane tests).The material heterogeneities identified on the vessel were integrated in an analytical calculation model to study their influences on its burst pressure. The development of an internal pressure test allows us to verify the global mechanical behaviour of the real structure.

Os materiais de estrutura perovskita compreendem um vasto grupo de compostos cuja estrutura na sua forma mais simples pode ser representada pela f&oacute;rmula qu&iacute;mica ABO3. Uma das principais vantagens que a estrutura perovskita apresenta &eacute; o alto grau de flexibilidade em acomodar uma grande variedade de &aacute;tomos nos s&iacute;tios A e B, permitindo um maior controle de suas propriedades f&iacute;sicas e qu&iacute;micas bem como a manuten&ccedil;&atilde;o de sua estrutura b&aacute;sica, mesmo para altas concentra&ccedil;&otilde;es de &aacute;tomos substituintes. Devido estas propriedades, estes materiais t&ecirc;m sido aplicados com sucesso como capacitores, varistores, fotoeletrodos, mem&oacute;riasferroel&eacute;tricas e sensores de gases. Nas &uacute;ltimas d&eacute;cadas, tem sido reportada a utiliza&ccedil;&atilde;o do titanato de estr&ocirc;ncio (SrTiO3, ST) na forma de filmes finos e espessos como sensor de g&aacute;s oxig&ecirc;nio em altas temperaturas (&gt;500 &deg;C). Recentemente, foi mostrado que o titanato de estr&ocirc;ncio dopado com Fe apresentava uma excelente sensibilidade ao g&aacute;s oz&ocirc;nio. Entretanto, neste trabalho, somente uma composi&ccedil;&atilde;o foi caracterizada e nem todas as propriedades importantes em rela&ccedil;&atilde;o a esta aplica&ccedil;&atilde;o foram completamente exploradas. Neste contexto, esta tese de doutorado teve como objetivo verificar o efeito da substitui&ccedil;&atilde;o do &aacute;tomo de estr&ocirc;ncio pelo lant&acirc;nio e do tit&acirc;nio pelo Ferro no composto SrTiO3 na forma de p&oacute; e filmes finos nanoestruturados com a finalidade de verificar o efeito destas substitui&ccedil;&otilde;es nas propriedades sensoras do material. Inicialmente, com o objetivo de avaliar a influ&ecirc;ncia da adi&ccedil;&atilde;o de La na estrutura do composto ST, amostras na forma de p&oacute; do sistema Sr1-xLaxTiO3.(SLT) foram preparadas atrav&eacute;s do m&eacute;todo dos precursores polim&eacute;ricos. Posteriormente, pelo mesmo m&eacute;todo, foram sintetizadas amostras do sistema SrTi1-xFexO3 (STF) e Sr1-XLaxTi1-yFeyO3 (SLTF). A partir das amostras na forma de p&oacute; e na forma de solu&ccedil;&atilde;o, filmes finos e espessos foram respectivamente obtidos atrav&eacute;s das t&eacute;cnicas de deposi&ccedil;&atilde;o por feixe de el&eacute;trons (EBD) e spin-coating (SC). As amostras nanoestruturadas na forma de p&oacute; e na forma de filmes foram caracterizadas por difra&ccedil;&atilde;o de raios X, espectroscopia de absor&ccedil;&atilde;o de raios X (XANES) na borda K do Ti e do Fe e espectroscopia de fotoel&eacute;trons excitados por raios X (XPS). A an&aacute;lise morfol&oacute;gica foi realizada atrav&eacute;s das t&eacute;cnicas de microscopia eletr&ocirc;nica de varredura (MEV) e microscopia de for&ccedil;a at&ocirc;mica (MFA). As amostras do sistema STF e SLTF na forma de filmes finos foram avaliadas em rela&ccedil;&atilde;o &agrave; sensibilidade aos gases O3, NO2, NH3 e CO. Os resultados indicaram que os filmes do sistema SLTF depositados pela t&eacute;cnica de deposi&ccedil;&atilde;o por feixe de el&eacute;trons apresentam uma maior sensibilidade ao g&aacute;s oz&ocirc;nio, enquanto o filme de mesma composi&ccedil;&atilde;o depositado pelo m&eacute;todo de spin-coating apresentou uma melhor estabilidade e tempo de recupera&ccedil;&atilde;o em rela&ccedil;&atilde;o a este mesmo g&aacute;s. / The perovskite structure materials comprise a large group of compounds with the structure in simple form can be represented by the ABO3. chemical formula. The main advantage that the perovskite structure presents is the high degree of flexibility to accommodate a wide variety of atoms in sites A and B, allowing a greater control of physical and chemical properties of the material, maintaining its structure even for a high concentrations of substituent\'s. Due to these properties, these materials have been successfully applied as capacitors, varistors, photoelectrodes, ferroelectric memories and gas sensors. In the last decade, strontium titanate (SrTiO3, ST) in the form of thin and thick films have been reported as oxygen gas sensor at higher temperatures (&gt; 500 &deg;C). Recently, strontium titanate doped with Fe was used as the first ozone sensor. However, the work was carried out only with a certain composition and some important properties for this application have not been fully exploited. In this context, this PhD thesis aimed to the synthesis of strontium titanate system in powder form and nanostructured thin films with the substitution of Sr for La and Ti for Fe. In order to verify the effect of these substitutions in material properties initially Sr1-xLaxTiO3 (SLT) samples were prepared in powder form by the polymeric precursor method in order to evaluate the influence of the addition of La in the structure of the compound ST. Subsequently, samples were synthesized from SrTi1-x Fex O3 (STF) and Sr1-XLaxTi1-yFeyO3 (SLTF) systems through the polymeric precursors, which were used for the deposition of thin and thick films, which were respectively obtained through electron beam deposition techniques (EBD) and spin-coating (SC). Samples in the form of nanostructured powder and thin films were characterized by X-ray diffraction, X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XANES) at Ti and Fe K-edges and by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Morphological analysis was performed using the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) techniques. The STF and SLTF samples in a thin film form were evaluated towards their sensitivity to O3, NO2, NH3 and CO gases. The results indicated that SLTF films deposited by electron beam deposition technique exhibit higher sensitivity to ozone gas. However the same composition deposited by spin-coating showed a better stability and recovery time relative to the same gas.

Dans ma thèse, je développe une analyse uniforme des insultes et des termes épais en termes de présuppositions. Je soutiens que les insultes et les termes épais - même si ils ont été étudiés par différentes disciplines - appartiennent à la même classe de «evaluatives hybrides». Mon travail vise à combler le fossé entre la recherche sur les termes d'épaisseur d'une part et la recherche sur les insultes de l'autre, en montrant que le mécanisme sous-jacents les insultes et les termes d'épaisseur est le même et que les différences phénoménales que on peut observer dépendent des particularités de leur contenu descriptif. / In this thesis I develop a uniform account of slurs and thick terms in terms of presuppositions. I argue that slurs and thick terms – even though they were studied by different disciplines – belong to the same class of ‘hybrid evaluatives’. My work aims to fill the gap between the research on thick terms on the one hand and the research on slurs on the other, by showing that the mechanisms underlying slurs and thick terms is one and the same and that the phenomenal differences that one can observe depend on the peculiarities of their descriptive content.

Les micros ou nanostructures diffractantes sont utilisées depuis de nombreuses années pour sécuriser les documents sensibles, comme les cartes d'identité, les documents de voyage tels que passeports, visas, ou encore les documents fiduciaires. Cependant, le développement des techniques de reprographie et l'implication croissante des organisations criminelles rendent la contrefaçon des documents imprimés de plus en plus accessible. Jusqu'ici, les techniques de fabrication et surtout de réplication des structures diffractantes utilisées pour la protection anti-fraude imposaient une limitation sur l'épaisseur des structures qui typiquement ne pouvaient pas dépasser quelques centaines de nanomètres. Mes travaux de thèse s'inscrivent dans la recherche puis le développement des techniques, très avant-garde, de réalisation et de réplication de structures comportant un relief vertical pouvant atteindre plusieurs microns. La disponibilité de ce type de structures épaisses ouvre de nombreuses possibilités de nouvelles fonctions optiques et donc une nouvelle barrière importante contre la falsification des documents de sécurité. / Diffractive micro/nano structures are used for many years to secure sensitive documents such as identity cards, travel documents (passports, visas...). However, the development of reprographic techniques and the increasing involvement of criminal organizations make counterfeiting of printed documents more accessible. Until now, the manufacturing techniques and especially replication of diffractive structures used for anti-fraud protection imposed a limitation on the thickness of the structures that typically could not exceed a few hundred nanometers. My PhD work is part of the research and the development of very advanced mastering and replication techniques which can, thereafter, realize structures with a vertical relief of up to several microns. The availability of this type of thick structure opens many possibilities for new optical functions and thus a new major barrier against counterfeiting.

The research on electrochemical sensor applications in combination with application-defined electronic circuits is a very fast developing field of modern sensorics. Device designing of unique integrated systems with specific properties and parameters is now becoming the everyday practice for producers of devices based on the latest technology progress in microelectronics. In the process of realization of a new device type, the main objective consists in increasing the possibility of detecting very low concentrations of heavy metals in the given chemical solution, extending the signal-to-noise ratio, and measuring the potential of a sensor. The general aim of this Master’s thesis is to design the topology of a sensor based on the thick film technology, to materialize the sensor, and to make experimental measurement using the sensor prototype. The practical reason for basing the measurement on the application of this thick film sensor is to find out whether the operational integration of the sensor and the circuit has been achieved according to the original hypothesis. Importantly, it is also necessary to determine whether the reproducibility of measured results has been reached. The innovative aspect of the created device consists in the improvement of output characteristics given by the integration of ASIC (IMAM CHIP). The integration of ASIC on the surface of the sensor eliminates the huge parasitic influence that affects the accuracy of measurement.

In recent years (Of late year)microelectronic technology significantly affected in the field of sensor technology, especially in the field of electrochemical sensors. This thesis deals with design and construction of thick-film voltammetric sensors array. The reason for proposal of voltammetric sensors array is to increase of speed, increase the accuracy and extension possibilities measurement compared with common systems.By reason of increase of sensitivity of these sensors it is efficient use the potentiostat chip for measurement output signal. Created sensors must fulfill the specified parameters and also requirements of thick-film technology. Next step is design the basic blocks of electronic circuit used to evaluate the measured values.

Tato diplomová práce se zabývá technologií tlustých vrstev a jejím možným použitím pro nekonvenční aplikace. První část práce je rešeršní a zaměřuje se především na aplikace tlustovrstvé technologie v různých oblastech použití. V teoretické části práce je dále popsána technologie LTCC, včetně technologických postupů výroby. V praktické části jsou řešeny dvě aplikace v tlustovrstvé technologii. Jedná se návrh a výrobu vysokofrekvenčního filtru a optického senzoru tlaku technologií LTCC. V závěru práce jsou provedena měření a jsou zhodnoceny dosažené výsledky.

The master‘s thesis is aimed on numerical simulation of autofrettage of high pressure fuel vessel – rail in Common Rail system. First there is described Chaboche model, which is later used for simulation of autofrettage. There are described different approaches which can be used to obtain sufficient material model. Then there is observed influence of these different approaches on stress state of rail within the process of autofrettage. Suitability of Chaboche model for autofrettage and re-autofrettage simulations is assessed by comparing with more complex Jiang model. In the end there is a study of influence of autofrettage pressure on different properties, especially on residual stresses.