Orientador: Mariângela Spotti Lopes Fujita / Banca: Maria Isabel Asperti Nardi / Banca: Maria Cristiane Barbosa Galvão / Abstract: The teaching of indexing procedures by means of the "Documentary Reading Model for Indexing of Scientific Articles" offers to the apprentice indexer strategies of reading and development of his previous professional knowledgement. The "Documentary Reading Model for Indexing of Scientific Articles by Fujita (2003a) is a proposal of improvement and evolution of the methodology of indexing through the indexer's metacognition (non-automatized behaviour as the reader is conscious of how the reading is being carried out), using the knowledgement of textual structures of the reader, relying on strategies of systematic approach of concepts offered in his education. Considering the learning of the documentary reading process in classroom, it is searched into the applicability of this Model as pedagogical resource to apprentice indexers. By means of introspective technique of data collecting of the Interative Verbal Protocol, observing the process of apprehending the methodology, this research reveals difficulties by the apprentice and his development towards more satisfactory grades of carring out the indexing task. It was chosen three students from the second class of Librarianship that had not attended the discipline "Indexing and Abstracting" and were intested in taking part in the applying of the Verbal Protocol combined with the indexing task. The analysis of the Verbal Protocol's transcriptions shows that the apprentices had difficulties in identifying the concepts of this Model: to choose terms to represent the concepts, to understand the terminology of the medical science and to to set up the terms' form (singular or phrases). Such difficulty is relating to the using of the Reading Model adapted from the original where there was inversion of the concepts action and object. The Interactive Verbal Protocol consists of an innovative methodology functioning as pedagogical resource... (Complete abstract, click electronic address below) / Mestre

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T18:22:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ariane Mieco Sugayama.pdf: 16216932 bytes, checksum: 8edecb5b9d4c8f34d8d0313290c3f50a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-11-21 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / This work, which is within the area of Applied Linguistics, aims at: 1. investigating social practices of reading, that is, the reading mediation as cultural action (TEIXEIRA COELHO, 1989) and the group think-aloud (ZANOTTO, 1995; 2008), intending to search for theoretical-methodological convergences, in order to contribute to a paradigmatic change in teaching the reading of literary texts in the classroom, as well as to the reader s training; and 2. analyzing my own practice, through research-action (KINCHELOE, 1997), something which was carried out during the interaction with my female students, i.e., how I answered them and how they answered me. The questions I tried to answer were: 1. what are the theoretical-methodological differences and similarities between the reading mediation as social action and the group thinkaloud?; 1.1. in which aspects each of these practices contributes to a paradigmatic change in teaching the reading of literary texts in the classroom?; 1.2. in which sense these social practices of reading (BLOOME, 1983; STREET, 1984; 1993) can complete each other and enrich the mediator and students performance, based on the knowledge on how the questions emerge in my interaction with the students?; 1.3. in which sense these social practices of reading can contribute to training the reader of literary texts? This research has a qualitative design (BORTONI-RICARDO, 2008), a critical interpretive approach (MOITA LOPES, 2006; FIDALGO, 2006), and the data were analyzed through the interpretation of these reading practices, considering the meanings developed by the social subjects. The theoretical framework is related to reading, literacy, literature, metaphor, teaching-learning, and inquiry theories. The instruments for data generation were: 1. the group think-aloud; 2. reading diaries (MACHADO, 1998); and 3. group interview (FLICK, 2009). The subjects involved were the female students from the Project Reading Mediators Training, having the researcher as mediator. The results obtained revealed: 1. reading practices investigated favor the leading role of students in the development of readings; 2. the questions as important elements in the development of readings; and 3. the literary genre, when approached without interference of school tasks, can be a source of: critical reflections, aesthetical enjoyment, and sensitizing of the reader with regard to its humanizing character / Este trabalho, que se insere na área da Linguística Aplicada, tem por objetivo: 1. investigar práticas sociais de leitura, isto é, a mediação de leitura como ação cultural (TEIXEIRA COELHO, 1989) e o pensar alto em grupo (ZANOTTO, 1995; 2008), no intuito de buscar confluências teórico-metodológicas, a fim de contribuir para uma mudança paradigmática no ensino de leitura de textos literários em sala de aula, bem como para a formação do leitor; e 2. analisar minha prática, por meio da pesquisa-ação (KINCHELOE, 1997), que ocorreu na interação com as alunas, ou seja, como eu respondi a elas e como elas responderam a mim. As perguntas que busquei responder foram: 1. quais são as diferenças e semelhanças teórico-metodológicas entre a mediação de leitura como ação cultural e o pensar alto em grupo?; 1.1. em quais aspectos cada uma dessas práticas contribui para uma mudança paradigmática do ensino de leitura de textos literários em sala de aula?; 1.2. em quais termos essas práticas sociais de leitura (BLOOME, 1983; STREET, 1984; 1993) podem complementar-se enriquecendo a atuação do mediador e dos alunos, a partir do conhecimento de como ocorrem as perguntas na interação entre mim e os alunos?; 1.3. em qual sentido essas práticas sociais de leitura podem contribuir para a formação do leitor de textos literários? Esta pesquisa é de natureza qualitativa (BORTONI-RICARDO, 2008), de orientação interpretativista crítica (MOITA LOPES, 2006; FIDALGO, 2006), e os dados foram analisados a partir da interpretação dessas práticas de leitura, com interesse nos significados construídos pelos sujeitos sociais. A fundamentação teórica está relacionada a teorias de leitura, de letramento, de literatura, de metáfora, de ensino-aprendizagem e de perguntas. Os instrumentos de geração de dados foram: 1. o pensar alto em grupo; 2. diários de leitura (MACHADO, 1998); e 3. entrevista em grupo (FLICK, 2009). Os sujeitos envolvidos foram as alunas do Projeto Formação de Mediadores de Leitura, tendo a pesquisadora na condição de mediadora. Os resultados obtidos revelaram: 1. práticas de leitura investigadas favorecem o protagonismo dos alunos na construção das leituras; 2. as perguntas como elementos importantes na construção das leituras; e 3. o gênero literário, quando abordado sem a interferência de tarefas escolares, pode ser fonte de: reflexões críticas, fruição estética e sensibilização do leitor quanto ao seu caráter humanizador

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T18:22:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Arli Pires de Carvalho.pdf: 352442 bytes, checksum: 6c922ce55c289c5569ffead0dd66eae2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-05-14 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The main objective of this research is to investigate the actions of the teacher researcherin situations of interaction with a group of boys, in literacy events, as well as analyze and discuss how students and also teachers construct meanings and develop argumentation skills, reflection, collective reasoning, using the technique of Group Think-Aloud (GTA) (ZANOTTO, in press) or Verbal Protocol. In this sense, I seek grants for working with teachers in a group coordinated by me in a state school.The technique of GTA is inserted in Applied Linguistics Area. It is researched in Brazil by GEIM Study Group of Indeterminacy and Metaphor (ZANOTTO, 1995, 1998, 2008; ZANOTTO and PALMA, 2008, 2013), under the coordination of ZANOTTO and allowed the generation of research data in five experiences of reading, which were recorded, transcribed and analyzed in order to observe how students and teacher researcher constructed meanings during reading activity. In this sense, the focus is on the following research questions: (1) Howpractice of reading PAG may contribute about development of students asprotagonists of the read act? (2) How, from the analysis and discussion of the teacher researcher actions in literacy events PAG, is it possible to build a new discourse to interact with the students?The results showed ushow the interaction between teacher and students occurred;also showed how participants reasoned, constructed arguments, inferences, understanding, and how the teacher researcher orchestrated the voices of students through the literacy GTApractices, which enabled the group to respect the subjectivity of each participant, giving them voice. The analysis of theteacher researcher actions showed us the need to change from the traditional approach in the classroom, as well as mediating actions of reading as social and cultural practicesfrom the perspective of Group Think-Aloud / Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo geral investigar as ações da professora pesquisadora, em situações de interação com um grupo de meninos, num evento de letramento, assim como analisar e discutir como alunos e, também, professores constróem sentidos e desenvolvem capacidades de argumentação, reflexão, raciocínio coletivo, por meio da técnica do Pensar Alto em Grupo (PAG) (ZANOTTO, prelo) ou Protocolo Verbal, como também é chamada. Nessa direção, busco subsídios para a formação do grupo de professores sob minha coordenação em uma escola pública. A técnica do PAG está inserida na Linguística Aplicada, é pesquisada, no Brasil, pelo grupo GEIM, Grupo de Estudos da Indeterminação e da Metáfora(ZANOTTO,1998, 2008; ZANOTTO e PALMA, 1998, 2013),sob a coordenação de ZANOTTO, e possibilitou a geração dos dados de pesquisa em cinco vivências de leitura, denominadas vivências do PAG, que foramgravadas, transcritas e analisadas com a finalidade de observar como alunos e professora pesquisadora construíram sentidos durante a atividade de leitura. Nessa direção, o foco recai nas seguintes perguntas de pesquisa: (1) Como a prática de leitura do PAG pode contribuir para a formação do aluno como protagonista do ato de ler? (2) Como, partir da análise e discussão das ações da professsora pesquisadora em eventos de letramento do PAG, é possível construir um novo discurso para interagir com o aluno? Os resultados da análise dos dados revelaram como ocorreu a interação entre professora pesquisadora e alunos, além demostrarem como os participantes de pesquisa raciocinaram, como construíram argumentação, inferências, compreensão e, também, como a professora pesquisadora orquestrou as vozes dos alunospor meio da prática de letramento defendida pelo Pensar Alto em Grupo, que possibilitouao grupo respeitar a subjetividade de cada participante, dando-lhes voz. A análise das ações da professora pesquisadora mostraram a necessidade de mudança com relação à abordagem tradicional, em sala de aula, assim como a de atuar mediando leitura como prática social e cultural na perspectiva do Pensar Alto em Grupo

Centrado no campo dos Estudos da Tradução em confluência com o campo da Educação, este trabalho visou investigar, diretamente com as crianças leitoras, a recepção de poemas infantis traduzidos para o inglês, e contrastá-la à recepção dos respectivos poemas fonte, escritos em português, valendo-se, para a geração de dados, da prática de letramento Pensar Alto em Grupo (ZANOTTO, 2014). Os poemas fonte, \"As meninas\" e \"O menino azul\", pertencem à coleção de poemas Ou isto ou aquilo (1964), de Cecília Meireles. As versões para o inglês foram elaboradas pela pesquisadora, e pela poeta e tradutora britânica Sarah Rebecca Kersley, aplicando critérios que privilegiam a correspondência de atributos poéticos entre poema fonte e traduzido (BRITTO, 2002; 2005; 2010). O contraste entre as recepções fez-se com base nas interpretações infantis: cada poema fonte foi \'pensado-alto\' por dois grupos de crianças brasileiras e cada poema traduzido por dois grupos de crianças estrangeiras. Do lado brasileiro, crianças de 9 a 11 anos, matriculadas na EMEF Vera Lúcia Fusco Borba (São Paulo); do lado estrangeiro, crianças da mesma idade, matriculadas no correspondente Y5 das escolas inglesas Thriplow Primary School (Cambridge) e King David Primary School (Birmingham). No que concerne à Educação, este estudo contribuiu para confirmar a aplicabilidade do PAG como instrumento para promover a leitura de poesia no Ensino Fundamental I. No que concerne aos Estudos da Tradução, este estudo permitiu afiançar o PAG como ferramenta de apoio a tradutores e a estudiosos da tradução, em especial aos de literatura infantil e/ou aqueles voltados à recepção. Ao comparar as interpretações, foi possível apontar convergências de leituras entre os diferentes grupos, sugerindo que o horizonte de expectativas das crianças, no que concerne os valores afetivos na esfera doméstico-familiar é muito semelhante dentro de uma mesma cultura e também entre diferentes culturas. Foi possível também apontar divergências entre as interpretações, e distingui-las em pelo menos dois tipos: 1) aquelas motivadas pela ancoragem linguístico-cultural, a saber, os diferentes ambientes histórico-geográficos, em conjunto com a história de vida dos participantes, seu conhecimento de mundo, além do \"horizonte de expectativas\" dos leitores em face de uma nova obra (JAUSS, 1994 [1967]); e 2) aquelas provocadas por interferências na tradução e que, mesmo quando aparentemente inofensivas, podem provocar o popular \"efeito borboleta\" (ASLANOV, 2015) descrito na Teoria do Caos. Assim, no plano específico, a par dos dados gerados pelo PAG, o tradutor pode fazer escolhas mais conscientes e éticas. E num plano mais amplo, o estudioso pode se deparar com resultados que comprovem teorias já existentes ou apontem para novas hipóteses, novos caminhos. / This thesis, which encompasses both Translation Studies and Education Studies, examines how English-speaking young readers receive Brazilian childrens poems translated into English and compares their reactions to those of young Brazilian readers receiving the source poem in the childrens source language. This study uses data from the dialogical literacy practice known as Think Aloud in Group (ZANOTTO, 2014). The source poems, As meninas [Girls at the window] and O menino azul [The blue boy] are part of the collection Ou isto ou aquilo (1964) by Cecília Meireles. The English translation was rendered by the author together with British translator and poet Sarah Rebecca Kersley and subscribed to the criteria of correspondence of poetic attributes between the source poem and the translation (BRITTO, 2002; 2005; 2010). Comparison of how the poems were received was based on the childrens interpretations: each source poem was thought aloud with two groups of Brazilian children, and each translated poem was thought aloud with two groups of English-speaking children. In Brazil, the groups consisted of children ages 9 to 11 enrolled in the 4th grade at Vera Lúcia Fusco Borba Municipal State-Funded School (São Paulo); in England, the children were the same age and enrolled in the equivalent Y5 at Thriplow Primary School (Cambridge) and King David Primary School (Birmingham). In terms of education as a field of study, this research confirms the applicability of Think Aloud in Group as an instrument to encourage children in primary school to read poetry. In terms of Translation Studies, this work demonstrates the efficacy of Think Aloud in Group as a support tool for translators and scholars of translation, particularly for specialists studying childrens literature and/or how translated childrens literature is received by non-native speakers. A comparison of the childrens interpretations evidences convergences among the groups, suggesting that childrens horizons of expectations, in terms of home and family values, is very similar within the same culture as well as between different cultures. And two types of divergences in the interpretations are also apparent: 1) differences owing to linguistic and cultural references: the readers historical and geographic setting, individual life story, understanding of the world and \"horizon of expectations\" when exposed to a new poem (JAUSS, 1994 [1967]); and 2) differences caused by interferences in the translation that, even when seemingly innocuous, may lead to the popular butterfly effect\" expressed in chaos theory (ASLANOV, 2015). Thus, specifically speaking, using data from Think Aloud in Group practices allows translators to be more cognizant and ethical in their translating choices; and broadly speaking, these practices provide a rich data set that can be used both to test current theories and to generate new hypotheses.

<p>This dissertation investigates translation strategies and translation principles in technical translation. Five translation students and 5 professional translators from German-speaking Switzerland and 4 translation students and 6 professional translators from Sweden were asked to think aloud while translating a user guide from French into German and from French into Swedish, respectively. The focus of the analysis was on the strategies that could be observed by comparing the translation products with the source text; and on the principles underlying these strategies as revealed by the think-aloud protocols of the translation processes. In order to evaluate the extent to which the translation products complied with the fictitious translation brief given to the participants, 2 reviewers per language pair proofread the translation products. The analysis also included contrastive analyses of certain linguistic features of technical texts in French-German and French-Swedish. The results show that experience of translation does play a role in the choice of translation strategy. It is, however, an even more important factor with respect to knowing and applying translation principles in the translation process. Also, students more often display uncertainty regarding translation principles, and conflict between the principles verbalised and those actually followed. Language-pair specific differences were mostly found in connection with translation strategies. Comments about future directions include the need for clearer definitions and more systematic manipulations of the variables involved in translation, and the potential interest in investigating the principles governing how translations are revised through the use of think-aloud protocols.</p>

<p>Successful triage is the basis for sound emergency department (ED) care, whereas unsuccessful triage could result in adverse outcomes. ED triage is a rather unexplored area in the Swedish health care system. This thesis contributes to our understanding of this complex nursing task. The main focus of this study has been on the organisation, performance, and decision making in Swedish ED triage. Specific aims were to describe the Swedish ED triage context, describe and compare registered nurses’ (RNs) allocation of acuity ratings, use of thinking strategies and the way they structure the ED triage process.</p><p>In this descriptive, comparative, and correlative research project quantitative and qualitative data were collected using telephone interviews, patient scenarios and think aloud method. Both convenience and purposeful sampling were used when identifying the participating 69 nurse managers and 423 RNs from various types of hospital-based EDs throughout the country.</p><p>The results showed national variation, both in the way triage was organised and in the way it was conducted. From an organisational perspective, the variation emerged in several areas: the use of various triageurs, designated triage nurses, and triage scales. Variation was also noted in the accuracy and concordance of allocated acuity ratings. Statistical methods provided limited explanations for these variations, suggesting that RNs’ clinical experience might have some affect on the RNs’ triage accuracy. The project identified several thinking strategies used by the RNs, indicating that the RNs, amongst other things, searched for additional information, generated hypotheses about the fictitious patients and provided explanations for the interventions chosen. The RNs formed relationships between their interventions and the fictitious patients’ symptoms. The RNs structured the triage process in several ways, beginning the process by searching for information, generating hypotheses, or allocating acuity ratings. Comparison of RNs’ use of thinking strategies and the structure of the triage process based on triage accuracy revealed only slight differences.</p><p>The findings in this dissertation indicate that the way a patient is triaged, and by whom, depends upon the particular organisation of the ED. Moreover, the large variation in RNs triage accuracy and the inter-rater agreement and concordance of the allocated acuity ratings suggest that the acuity rating allocated to a patient may vary considerably, depending on who does the allocation. That neither clinical experience nor the RNs’ decision-making processes alone can explain the variations in the RNs triage accuracy indicates that accuracy might be influenced by individual and contextual factors. Future studies investigating triage accuracy are recommended to be carried out in natural settings.</p><p>In conclusion, Swedish ED triage is permeated by diversity, both in its organisation and in its performance. The reasons for these variations are not well understood.</p>

<p>The purpose of this experimental study is to examine the translation processes and the resulting translations of eight translators performing translation tasks from German into Swedish. The data about the translation processes were collected with the think-aloud technique, i.e. the translators were asked to verbalize as much of their thinking as possible while translating. The translators – four of whom had long working experience and the others substantially shorter experience – were asked to translate the same source text (a news item) for two different fictitious audiences: first for a morning newspaper and then for a children’s magazine.</p><p>With regards to the translation process, the results showed that the two categories of translators did not differ considerably from each other, neither in their dictionary use, nor in their overall accomplishment of the translation tasks. However, they did differ in their attitude. The less experienced translators were more involved in the process, which also led to quality improvements. At the same time, individual differences were substantial regarding all of the criteria examined.</p><p>The resulting translations (the products) were evaluated both by the researcher and by journalists from the newspapers or magazines in which the texts, according to the briefs, were to be published. The results showed small differences in text quality for the two categories of translators. According to the journalists, the less experienced translators even produced slightly better texts for the morning paper.</p>

The purpose of this experimental study is to examine the translation processes and the resulting translations of eight translators performing translation tasks from German into Swedish. The data about the translation processes were collected with the think-aloud technique, i.e. the translators were asked to verbalize as much of their thinking as possible while translating. The translators – four of whom had long working experience and the others substantially shorter experience – were asked to translate the same source text (a news item) for two different fictitious audiences: first for a morning newspaper and then for a children’s magazine. With regards to the translation process, the results showed that the two categories of translators did not differ considerably from each other, neither in their dictionary use, nor in their overall accomplishment of the translation tasks. However, they did differ in their attitude. The less experienced translators were more involved in the process, which also led to quality improvements. At the same time, individual differences were substantial regarding all of the criteria examined. The resulting translations (the products) were evaluated both by the researcher and by journalists from the newspapers or magazines in which the texts, according to the briefs, were to be published. The results showed small differences in text quality for the two categories of translators. According to the journalists, the less experienced translators even produced slightly better texts for the morning paper.

This dissertation investigates translation strategies and translation principles in technical translation. Five translation students and 5 professional translators from German-speaking Switzerland and 4 translation students and 6 professional translators from Sweden were asked to think aloud while translating a user guide from French into German and from French into Swedish, respectively. The focus of the analysis was on the strategies that could be observed by comparing the translation products with the source text; and on the principles underlying these strategies as revealed by the think-aloud protocols of the translation processes. In order to evaluate the extent to which the translation products complied with the fictitious translation brief given to the participants, 2 reviewers per language pair proofread the translation products. The analysis also included contrastive analyses of certain linguistic features of technical texts in French-German and French-Swedish. The results show that experience of translation does play a role in the choice of translation strategy. It is, however, an even more important factor with respect to knowing and applying translation principles in the translation process. Also, students more often display uncertainty regarding translation principles, and conflict between the principles verbalised and those actually followed. Language-pair specific differences were mostly found in connection with translation strategies. Comments about future directions include the need for clearer definitions and more systematic manipulations of the variables involved in translation, and the potential interest in investigating the principles governing how translations are revised through the use of think-aloud protocols.

Today, web sites are important communication channels that reach a wide group of people. Measuring the effectiveness of these web-sites has become a key issue for researchers as well as practitioners. However, there is no consensus on how to define web site effectiveness and which dimensions need to be used for the evaluation of these web sites. This problem is more noteworthy for information driven web sites like academic web sites. There is limited academic literature in this predominant application area. The existing studies measured the effectiveness of these academic web sites by taking into account their information architecture mostly using think-aloud methodology. However, there is limited study on web analytics tools which are capable of providing valuable information regarding the web site users such as their navigation behaviours and browser details. Although web analytics tools provide detailed and valuable information, the existing studies have utilized their very basic features. In this thesis, we have explored web analytic tools and think-aloud study method to improve information architecture of web sites. Taking METU Informatics Institute web site as a case study, we have used the reports of Google Analytics which is a commercial web analytics tool owned by Google and think-aloud study results to improve the information architecture of our case study web-site.