The Southern Ocean is an important region for the sequestration of heat, carbon dioxide and other tracers. The Southern Ocean circulation is typically described in a circumpolarly averaged sense as a Meridional Overturning Circulation (MOC), but the detailed 3-D pathways that make up this circulation remain poorly understood. We use Lagrangian particle trajectories, obtained from eddy permitting numerical models, to map out and quantify different aspects of the 3-D circulation. We first introduce various definitions used to quantify efficient export from the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) to the subtropical gyres. Using these definitions, we show that the permanent northward export varies by water mass and occurs in localised regions; with 11 key pathways identified. We then examine the dynamics setting the location and efficiency of the identified pathways, which includes the investigation of the role of diapycnal mixing and the impact of short and long time variability in the flow. Although we show that the flow of particles in the 3-D model is predominantly isopycnal, we find that particles that are forced to remain on isopycnals lead to approx. 60% lower export (mainly via three pathways) than identical releases where the diapycnal component of advection is included. Enhanced upward mixing near rough topography, and downward mixing in the southeast Pacific, were shown to be mostly responsible for the export. In addition, we show that most of the export pathways are mainly influenced by timescales from 90 days to 20 years, which suggests that mesoscale eddies are not the leading-order importance in the northward export from the ACC to the subtropical gyres. However, we also find that mesoscale eddies and the mean-ACC flow play a significant role in setting the export from the ACC in some pathways. These results highlight the role of temporal variability and vertical transport in enhancing the northward flow from the ACC by allowing transport across barotropic streamlines and onto more efficiently exporting isopycnals. In addition, the asymmetrical response of the studied quantities emphasises the importance of the three dimensions in understanding the dynamics driving the overturning circulation. We also demonstrated that the annually repeating velocity fields, which are commonly used for trajectory calculations, increase the diapycnal transport of particles and as a consequence, increase the overall 20-year northward export from the ACC by approx. 10%. In the study of the meridional overturning circulation, we diagnose the geographical distribution of the streamwise averaged diffusivity calculated from meridional displacements of the Lagrangian particles. We examine streamwise averaging using both latitude and equivalent latitude and argue that the latter gives a more useful measure. Reconciling tracer and particle horizontal diffusivities, we show that in the ACC, the average diffusivity peaks between 1500m and 2500m with an average value of 1500 m$^{2}$/s and that it is highest near the topographic features. We compare the exact diffusivity and its approximation to show that an assumption of time homogeneity does not hold and therefore that standard expressions for diffusivity that assume time homogeneity are of limited usefulness. Finally, we use the calculated trajectories to provide a streamwise averaged 2-D advection-diffusion model of the Southern Ocean MOC and then examine the extent to which this 2-D model can capture the overall effect of the actual 3-D transport.

Thesis. 1978. M.S.--Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Dept. of Architecture. / MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND ROTCH. / Bibliography: leaf 35. / M.S.

by Xiang Shao hua. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1998. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 233-[248]). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Mode of access: World Wide Web. / Abstracts in English and Chinese.

Thesis. 1978. M.S.--Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Dept. of Architecture. / MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND ROTCH. / Videorecording in Rotch Visual Collections. / M.S.

Understanding 3D objects and being able to interact with them in the physical world are essential for building intelligent computer vision systems. It has tremendous potentials for various applications ranging from augmented reality, 3D printing to robotics. It might seem simple for human to look and make sense of the visual world, it is however a complicated process for machines to accomplish similar tasks. Generally, the system is involved with a series of processes: identify and segment a target object, estimate its 3D shape and predict its pose in an open scene where the target objects may have not been seen before. Although considerable research works have been proposed to tackle these problems, they remain very challenging due to a few key issues: 1) most methods rely solely on color images for interpreting the 3D property of an object; 2) large labeled color images are expensive to get for tasks like pose estimation, limiting the ability to train powerful prediction models; 3) training data for the target object is typically required for 3D shape estimation and pose prediction, making these methods hard to scale and generalize to unseen objects. Recently, several technological changes have created interesting opportunities for solving these fundamental vision problems. Low-cost depth sensors become widely available that provides an additional sensory input as a depth map which is very useful for extracting 3D information of the object and scene. On the other hand, with the ease of 3D object scanning with depth sensors and open access to large scale 3D model database like 3D warehouse and ShapeNet, it is possible to leverage such data to build powerful learning models. Third, machine learning algorithm like deep learning has become powerful that it starts to surpass state-of-the-art or even human performance on challenging tasks like object recognition. It is now feasible to learn rich information from large datasets in a single model. The objective of this thesis is to leverage such emerging tools and data to solve the above mentioned challenging problems for understanding 3D objects with a new perspective by designing machine learning algorithms utilizing RGB-D data. Instead of solely depending on color images, we combine both color and depth images to achieve significantly higher performance for object segmentation. We use large collection of 3D object models to provide high quality training data and retrieve visually similar 3D CAD models from low-quality captured depth images which enables knowledge transfer from database objects to target object in an observed scene. By using content-based 3D shape retrieval, we also significantly improve pose estimation via similar proxy models without the need to create the exact 3D model as a reference.

Cao Liangliang. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2005. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 64-69). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Chapter 1 --- Introduction and Related Work --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Reconstruction from Single Line Drawings and the Applications --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Optimization-based Reconstruction --- p.2 / Chapter 1.3 --- Other Reconstruction Methods --- p.2 / Chapter 1.3.1 --- Line Labeling and Algebraic Methods --- p.2 / Chapter 1.3.2 --- CAD Reconstruction --- p.3 / Chapter 1.3.3 --- Modelling from Images --- p.3 / Chapter 1.4 --- Finding Faces of Line Drawings --- p.4 / Chapter 1.5 --- Generalized Cylinder --- p.4 / Chapter 1.6 --- Research Problems and Our Contribution --- p.5 / Chapter 1.6.1 --- A New Criteria --- p.5 / Chapter 1.6.2 --- Recover Objects from Line Drawings without Hidden Lines --- p.6 / Chapter 1.6.3 --- Reconstruction of Curved Objects --- p.6 / Chapter 1.6.4 --- Planar Limbs Assumption and the Derived Models --- p.6 / Chapter 2 --- A New Criteria for Reconstruction --- p.8 / Chapter 2.1 --- Introduction --- p.8 / Chapter 2.2 --- Human Visual Perception and the Symmetry Measure --- p.10 / Chapter 2.3 --- Reconstruction Based on Symmetry and Planarity --- p.11 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Finding Faces --- p.11 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Constraint of Planarity --- p.11 / Chapter 2.3.3 --- Objective Function --- p.12 / Chapter 2.3.4 --- Reconstruction Algorithm --- p.13 / Chapter 2.4 --- Experimental Results --- p.13 / Chapter 2.5 --- Summary --- p.18 / Chapter 3 --- Line Drawings without Hidden Lines: Inference and Reconstruction --- p.19 / Chapter 3.1 --- Introduction --- p.19 / Chapter 3.2 --- Terminology --- p.20 / Chapter 3.3 --- Theoretical Inference of the Hidden Topological Structure --- p.21 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Assumptions --- p.21 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Finding the Degrees and Ranks --- p.22 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- Constraints for the Inference --- p.23 / Chapter 3.4 --- An Algorithm to Recover the Hidden Topological Structure --- p.25 / Chapter 3.4.1 --- Outline of the Algorithm --- p.26 / Chapter 3.4.2 --- Constructing the Initial Hidden Structure --- p.26 / Chapter 3.4.3 --- Reducing Initial Hidden Structure --- p.27 / Chapter 3.4.4 --- Selecting the Most Plausible Structure --- p.28 / Chapter 3.5 --- Reconstruction of 3D Objects --- p.29 / Chapter 3.6 --- Experimental Results --- p.32 / Chapter 3.7 --- Summary --- p.32 / Chapter 4 --- Curved Objects Reconstruction from 2D Line Drawings --- p.35 / Chapter 4.1 --- Introduction --- p.35 / Chapter 4.2 --- Related Work --- p.36 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Face Identification --- p.36 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- 3D Reconstruction of planar objects --- p.37 / Chapter 4.3 --- Reconstruction of Curved Objects --- p.37 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- Transformation of Line Drawings --- p.37 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- Finding 3D Bezier Curves --- p.39 / Chapter 4.3.3 --- Bezier Surface Patches and Boundaries --- p.40 / Chapter 4.3.4 --- Generating Bezier Surface Patches --- p.41 / Chapter 4.4 --- Results --- p.43 / Chapter 4.5 --- Summary --- p.45 / Chapter 5 --- Planar Limbs and Degen Generalized Cylinders --- p.47 / Chapter 5.1 --- Introduction --- p.47 / Chapter 5.2 --- Planar Limbs and View Directions --- p.49 / Chapter 5.3 --- DGCs in Homogeneous Coordinates --- p.53 / Chapter 5.3.1 --- Homogeneous Coordinates --- p.53 / Chapter 5.3.2 --- Degen Surfaces --- p.54 / Chapter 5.3.3 --- DGCs --- p.54 / Chapter 5.4 --- Properties of DGCs --- p.56 / Chapter 5.5 --- Potential Applications --- p.59 / Chapter 5.5.1 --- Recovery of DGC Descriptions --- p.59 / Chapter 5.5.2 --- Deformable DGCs --- p.60 / Chapter 5.6 --- Summary --- p.61 / Chapter 6 --- Conclusion and Future Work --- p.62 / Bibliography --- p.64

Deng Jiangwen. / "April 2002." / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2002. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 156-170). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Mode of access: World Wide Web. / Abstracts in English and Chinese.

In recent years, the actuator disc approach which employs the Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) solvers has been extensively applied in wind and tidal energy field to estimate the wake of a horizontal axis turbine. This method is simpler to administer and requires moderate computational resources in modelling a tidal turbines rotor. Nonetheless, the use of actuator disc approximation in predicting the performance of tidal devices has been limited to studies involving an extremely small disc (e.g. rotor diameter of 0.1 meter). The drawback of a small scale actuator disc model is the overestimation of essential parameters such as the mesh density and the resolution of the vertical layers, making them impractical to be replicated in a regional scale model. Hence, this study aims to explore the methodology on implementation of the Three- Dimensional (3D) actuator disc-RANS model in an ocean scale simulation. Additionally, this study also aspires to examine the sensitivity of the applied momentum source term and its validity in representing full-size tidal devices. Nonetheless, before the effectiveness of an actuator disc in a regional model can be tested, tidal flow models for the area of interest needed to be set up first. This was essential for two reasons: (a) to ensure accurate hydrodynamic flow conditions at the deployment site were replicated, (b) to give confidence in the outputs produced by the regional scale actuator disc simulations, since in-situ turbine measurement data from a real deployment site were difficult to source. This research was undertaken in two stages; in the first stage, a numerical model which can simulate the tidal flow conditions of the deployment sites was constructed, and, in the second stage, the actuator disc method which is capable of modelling an array of real scale-sized tidal turbines rotors has been implemented. In the first stage, tidal flow simulations of the Pentland Firth and Orkney Waters (PFOW) were conducted using two distinct open-source software - Telemac3D, which is a finite element based numerical model, and Delft3D, which is a finite difference based model. Detailed methodologies in developing a 3D tidal flow model for the PFOW using both numerical models were presented, where their functionality, as well as limitations were explored. In the calibration and validation processes, both models demonstrated excellent comparison against the measured data. However, Telemac3D was selected for further modelling of the actuator disc considering the model's capability to perform parallel computing, together with its flexibility to combine both structured and unstructured mesh. In the second stage, to examine the actuator disc's accuracy in modelling a full size tidal device, the momentum source term was initially applied in an idealised channel study, where the presence of a 20-meter diameter turbine was simulated for both single and array configurations. The following parameters were investigated: (i) size of the unstructured mesh utilised in the computational domain, (ii) variation in disc's thickness, (iii) resolution of the imposed structured grid to represent turbine's enclosure, (iv) variation in the vertical layers, and (v) influence of hydrostatic and non-hydrostatic formulations on the models' outputs. It is to be noted that the turbine's support structures have not been included in the modelling. The predicted velocities and computed turbulence intensities from the models were compared against laboratory measurement data sourced from literature, where excellent agreement between the model outputs and the data from literature was observed. In essence, these studies highlighted the efficiency and robustness of the applied momentum source term in replicating the wake profiles and turbulence characteristics downstream of the disc, hence providing credence in implementing the actuator disc method for a regional scale application. Subsequently, the validated actuator disc method was applied to the Inner Sound region of the Pentland Firth to simulate arrays of up to 32 tidal turbine rotors. The wake development, flow interactions with the rotor arrays, and flow recovery at the Inner Sound region have been successfully mapped. Also, this study highlighted the importance of employing optimal numerical margins, specifically for the structured grid and horizontal planes, as both parameters were relevant in defining the disc's swept area. As published materials on the implementation of actuator disc approach within a regional scale model is still scarce, it was aspired that this work could provide some evidence, guidance and examples of suggested best practice in effort to fill the research gap in modelling tidal turbine arrays using the actuator disc approach.

by Fung Wai Keung. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1996. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 146-151). / Acknowledgements --- p.viii / Abstract --- p.1 / Chapter 1 --- Overview --- p.3 / Chapter 1.1 --- Tactile Sensing in Human and Robot --- p.4 / Chapter 1.1.1 --- Human Hands and Robotic Hands --- p.4 / Chapter 1.1.2 --- Mechanoreceptors in skin and Tactile Sensor Arrays --- p.7 / Chapter 1.2 --- Motivation --- p.12 / Chapter 1.3 --- Objectives --- p.13 / Chapter 1.4 --- Related Work --- p.14 / Chapter 1.4.1 --- Using Vision Alone --- p.15 / Chapter 1.4.2 --- Integration of Vision and Touch --- p.15 / Chapter 1.4.3 --- Using Touch Sensing Alone --- p.17 / Chapter 1.4.3.1 --- Ronald S. Fearing's Work --- p.18 / Chapter 1.4.3.2 --- Peter K. Allen's Work --- p.22 / Chapter 1.5 --- Outline --- p.26 / Chapter 2 --- Geometric Models --- p.27 / Chapter 2.1 --- Introduction --- p.27 / Chapter 2.2 --- Superquadrics --- p.27 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- 2D Superquadrics --- p.27 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- 3D Superquadrics --- p.29 / Chapter 2.3 --- Model Recovery of Superquadric Models --- p.31 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Problem Formulation --- p.31 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Least Squares Optimization --- p.33 / Chapter 2.4 --- Free-Form Deformations --- p.34 / Chapter 2.4.1 --- Bernstein Basis --- p.36 / Chapter 2.4.2 --- B-Spline Basis --- p.38 / Chapter 2.5 --- Other Geometric Models --- p.41 / Chapter 2.5.1 --- Generalized Cylinders --- p.41 / Chapter 2.5.2 --- Hyperquadrics --- p.42 / Chapter 2.5.3 --- Polyhedral Models --- p.44 / Chapter 2.5.4 --- Function Representation --- p.45 / Chapter 3 --- Sensing Strategy --- p.54 / Chapter 3.1 --- Introduction --- p.54 / Chapter 3.2 --- Sensing Algorithm --- p.55 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Assumption of objects --- p.55 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Haptic Exploration Procedures --- p.56 / Chapter 3.3 --- Contour Tracing --- p.58 / Chapter 3.4 --- Tactile Sensor Data Preprocessing --- p.59 / Chapter 3.4.1 --- Data Transformation and Sensor Calibration --- p.60 / Chapter 3.4.2 --- Noise Filtering --- p.61 / Chapter 3.5 --- Curvature Determination --- p.64 / Chapter 3.6 --- Step Size Determination --- p.73 / Chapter 4 --- 3D Shape Reconstruction --- p.80 / Chapter 4.1 --- Introduction --- p.80 / Chapter 4.2 --- Correspondence Problem --- p.81 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Affine Invariance Property of B-splines --- p.84 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Point Inversion Problem --- p.87 / Chapter 4.3 --- Parameter Triple Interpolation --- p.91 / Chapter 4.4 --- 3D Object Shape Reconstruction --- p.94 / Chapter 4.4.1 --- Heuristic Approach --- p.94 / Chapter 4.4.2 --- Closed Contour Recovery --- p.97 / Chapter 4.4.3 --- Control Lattice Recovery --- p.102 / Chapter 5 --- Implementation --- p.105 / Chapter 5.1 --- Introduction --- p.105 / Chapter 5.2 --- Implementation Tool - MATLAB --- p.105 / Chapter 5.2.1 --- Optimization Toolbox --- p.107 / Chapter 5.2.2 --- Splines Toolbox --- p.108 / Chapter 5.3 --- Geometric Model Implementation --- p.109 / Chapter 5.3.1 --- FFD Examples --- p.111 / Chapter 5.4 --- Shape Reconstruction Implementation --- p.112 / Chapter 5.5 --- 3D Model Reconstruction Examples --- p.120 / Chapter 5.5.1 --- Example 1 --- p.120 / Chapter 5.5.2 --- Example 2 --- p.121 / Chapter 6 --- Conclusion --- p.128 / Chapter 6.1 --- Future Work --- p.129 / Appendix --- p.133 / Bibliography --- p.146

連秀娟. / "2002年6月" / 論文 (神道學碩士)--香港中文大學, 2002. / 參考文獻 (leaves 49-53) / 中英文摘要. / "2002 nian 6 yue" / Lian Xiujuan. / Lun wen (shen dao xue shuo shi)--Xianggang Zhong wen da xue, 2002. / Can kao wen xian (leaves 49-53) / Zhong Ying wen zhai yao. / Chapter 1. --- 導言 --- p.01-02 / Chapter 2. --- 八十至九十年代的宗教政策 --- p.03-04 / Chapter 2.1 --- 宗教政策的源流 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- 簡介馬克思的宗教理論 --- p.04-05 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- 統一戰線策略 --- p.05-06 / Chapter 2.1.3 --- 小結 --- p.06-07 / Chapter 2.2 --- 八十年代的宗教政策 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- 框架内的宗教信仰自由 --- p.7 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- 頒布19號文件 --- p.8 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- 小結 --- p.08-09 / Chapter 2.3 --- 九十年代的宗教政策 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- 政策背後的政治考慮和目的 --- p.9 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- 發出六號文件 --- p.09-10 / Chapter 2.3.3 --- 相適應的内涵 --- p.10-11 / Chapter 2.3.4 --- 小結 --- p.11 / Chapter 2.4 --- 總結八十與九十年代宗教政策的特點 / Chapter 2.4.1 --- 馬克思的宗教理論基礎 --- p.12 / Chapter 2.4.2 --- 統戰策略 --- p.12-13 / Chapter 2.4.3 --- 愛國原則 --- p.13 / Chapter 3. --- 八十至九十年代中共宗教政策下兩會的回應 --- p.14-15 / Chapter 3.1 --- 八十年代兩會順應中央既定政策 / Chapter 3.1.1 --- 辦好教會、成立基協 --- p.15-16 / Chapter 3.1.2 --- 制定愛國公約、三定政策 --- p.16 / Chapter 3.1.3 --- 理順三自組織與教會的關係 --- p.16-17 / Chapter 3.1.4 --- 「反資運動」下的自律表現 --- p.17 / Chapter 3.1.5 --- 小結 --- p.17-18 / Chapter 3.2 --- 九十年代兩會順應中央既定政策 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- 按三自原則辦好教會 --- p.18-19 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- 提倡「神學思想建設」 --- p.19-20 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- 必須與社會主義社會相適應 --- p.20 / Chapter 3.2.4 --- 小結 --- p.20-21 / Chapter 3.3 --- 抗衡政府干預宗教事務 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- 倡議政教分開 --- p.21-22 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- 爭取宗教立法 --- p.23-24 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- 質疑宗教措施、支持家庭教會 --- p.24-25 / Chapter 3.3.4 --- 重申19號文件的精神 --- p.25-26 / Chapter 3.3.5 --- 不想成為官方代表 --- p.26-27 / Chapter 3.3.6 --- 小結 --- p.27 / Chapter 4. --- 前瞻全國兩會可行的發展方向 --- p.28 / Chapter 4.1 --- 神學思想建設背後的處境分析 / Chapter 4.1.1 --- 政治處境 --- p.28-29 / Chapter 4.1.2 --- 權力限制 --- p.29-30 / Chapter 4.1.3 --- 神學傳統 --- p.30-31 / Chapter 4.1.4 --- 小結 --- p.31 / Chapter 4.2 --- 神學思想建設關注的重點 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- 肯定政治現實 --- p.32-33 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- 關心及參與社會 --- p.33 / Chapter 4.2.3 --- 小結 --- p.34 / Chapter 4.3 --- 另類神學的冒現 --- p.34 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- 先知批判的聲音 --- p.34-35 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- 社會關懷的聲音 --- p.35-36 / Chapter 4.3.3 --- 小結 --- p.36-37 / Chapter 4.4 --- 「社會關懷」路向的可行性 --- p.37-38 / Chapter 4.4.1 --- 配合社會發展下人民的需要 --- p.38-39 / Chapter 4.4.2 --- 有利建立互惠互利的政教關係 --- p.39-40 / Chapter 4.4.3 --- 小結 --- p.41 / Chapter 5. --- 結論 / Chapter 5.1 --- 八十至九十年代兩會的發展方向一靠攏黨國 --- p.42-44 / Chapter 5.2 --- 八十至九十年代兩會的發展方向一生存之道 --- p.44-46 / Chapter 5.3 --- 面對廿一世紀兩會可行的發展方向 --- p.46-48 / Chapter 6. --- 參考書目 --- p.49-53