Three dimensional (3-D) integrated circuits can be fabricated by bonding previously processed device layers using metal-metal bonds that also serve as layer-to-layer interconnects. Bonded copper interconnects test structures were created by thermocompression bonding and the bond toughness was measured using the four-point test. The effects of bonding temperature, physical bonding and failure mechanisms were investigated. The surface effects on copper surface due to pre-bond clean (with glacial acetic acid) were also looked into. A maximum average bond toughness of approximately 35 J/m² was obtained bonding temperature 300 C. / Singapore-MIT Alliance (SMA)

Thesis (M.S.)--Oregon State University, 2007. / Printout. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 48-51). Also available on the World Wide Web.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2006. / Title from first page of PDF file. Includes bibliographical references (p. 116-123).

Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate dental and/or skeletal changes following orthodontic treatment with Damon self-ligating (SL) brackets in non-extraction patients. Methods: Frontal and lateral cephalomteric radiographs of 20 patients before and after non-extraction treatment with Damon SL brackets were analyzed in a three-dimensional analysis computer program (3DCeph, UIC, IL., USA). Changes of intermolar and intercanine distances, incisor positions and maxillary basal bone width of Damon treated subjects were compared to corresponding untreated controls (Bolton templates). Comparisons between the two groups were made with Nonparametric (Mann-Whitney U) test. Results and Conclusions: Transverse changes in distances between crowns of upper and lower first molars and canines in Damon group were similar to untreated individuals (P >0.01). However, in Damon group distances between roots of upper molars and lower canines increased 4.59 and 3.49 mm respectively, compared with 0.8 and -0.01 mm in the Control group (P <0.001, P= 0.001). Lingual root torque of upper incisors and proclination of lower incisors were larger in the Damon group (P<0.05). Damon treatment did not result in buccal tipping of molar crowns or maxillary base width increase (P>0.05). Overall, teeth alignment with Damon system was accomplished with a combination of arch width changes and incisor proclination and/or lingual root torque.

Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2006. / Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains vii, 124 p. : ill. (some col.). Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 76).

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2006. / The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Title from title screen of research.pdf file viewed on (February 23, 2006) Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (M. Phil.)--University of Hong Kong, 2006. / Title proper from title frame. Also available in printed format.

Thesis (M. Phil.)--University of Hong Kong, 2006. / Title proper from title frame. Also available in printed format.

The objective of this research is to identify the circulation patterns of the water and sediment fluxes in coastal and estuarine zones, where the shoaling processes correlate with tide generating flow patterns. The research provides a better understanding of the characteristics of spatial and temporal variability of currents. An important deviation from previous research is the inclusion of the baroclinic term, which becomes very important in density driven flows. The understanding of this process provides a basis for determining how the water circulation three-dimensionally controls the hydrodynamics of the system and ultimately transports the suspended and soluble materials due to combined currents and waves. A three-dimensional circulation model is used to calculate the water circulation. The model is based on the three-dimensional (3D) version of Advanced Circulation (AD-CIRC) Hydrodynamic Model with extending the Sediment Transport module. The model is based on the finite element method on unstructured grids. The output of the hydrody-namic model is used to estimate spatial and temporal advections, dispersions and bottom shear stress for the erosion, suspension, deposition and transport of sediment. The model development includes extending the existing three-dimensional (3D) ADCIRC Model with (1) baroclinic forcing term and (2) transport module of suspended and soluble materials. The transport module covers the erosion, material suspension and deposition processes for both cohesive and non-cohesive type sediments. The inclusion of the baroclinic demonstrates the potential of over or underpredicting the total net transport of suspended cohesive sediment under influence of currents. The model provides less than 6% error of theoretical mass conservation for eroded, suspended and deposited sediment material. The inclusion of the baroclinic term in stratified water demonstrates the prevailing longshore sediment transport. It is shown that the model has an application to the transport of the cohesive sediments from the mouth of the Mississippi River along the north shore of the Gulf of Mexico towards and along the Texas coast. The model is also applicable to determine the design erosion thickness of a cap for isolating contaminated dredged material and to evaluate the appro-priate grain size of cap sediments to minimize the erosion.

Coupling between the electric field, magnetic field, and strain of composite materials is achieved when electro-elastic (piezoelectric) and magneto-elastic (piezomagnetic) particles are joined by an elastic matrix. Although the matrix is neither piezoelectric nor piezomagnetic, the strain field in the matrix couples the E field of the piezoelectric phase to the B field of the piezomagnetic phase. This three-phase electro-magneto-elastic composite should have greater ductility and formability than a two-phase composite in which E and B are coupled by directly bonding two ceramic materials with no compliant matrix. A finite element analysis and homogenization of a representative volume element is performed to determine the effective electric, magnetic, mechanical, and coupled-field properties of an elastic (epoxy) matrix reinforced with piezoelectric and piezomagnetic fibers as functions of the phase volume fractions, the fiber (or particle) shapes, the fiber arrangements in the unit cell, and the fiber material properties with special emphasis on the symmetry properties of the fibers and the poling directions of the piezoelectric and piezomagnetic fibers. The effective magnetoelectric moduli of this three-phase composite are, however, less than the effective magnetoelectric coefficients of a two-phase piezoelectric/piezomagnetic composite, because the epoxy matrix is not stiff enough to transfer significant strains between the piezomagnetic and piezoelectric fibers.