Issues of pension viability are at the forefront of gerontological debate. The uncertainty of long-term effects of the societal aging process on public pensions and the constant public policy struggle to maintain income levels among pensioners are critical points of discussion. As existing pension policies are examined and amended, policymakers increasingly rely on experts of pension research and income inequality for policy frameworks. Gosta Esping-Andersen's (1990) Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism has provided the seminal typology for nearly two decades. His typology consists of three regimes: liberal, conservative, and social-democratic. The purpose of this research was to examine and compare the outcomes of historical pension policy in a social-democratic nation (Finland) with pension-receiving cohorts in a comparison nation of each regime: liberal (the United States), conservative (Germany), and social-democratic (Sweden). Specific aims were: to investigate the continuing viability of Esping-Andersen's typology at a national (macro) level; to explore a new analytical approach by disaggregating the population and conducting micro analyses; and to examine the value of using more sensitive inequality indices (Atkinson and Theil) in lieu of the commonly used Gini Index. Finland provides a case study focus of the comparative analysis. Analysis of Luxembourg Income Study (LIS) data confirms that Esping-Andersen's typology remains viable at the macro level for the liberal United States. However, conservative Germany and social-democratic Sweden and Finland may be shifting their respective classifications with possible convergence of the conservative and social-democratic regimes info a European regime.

Although a large number of works on nanoimprint lithography (NIL) techniques have been reported, the the ability for three-dimensional (3-D) patterning using NIL has not been fully addressed in terms of the mold fabrication and imprint processes. Patterning 3-D and multilevel features are important because they eliminate multiple steps and complex interlevel alignments in the nanofabrication process. The 3-D and multilevel mold design and fabrication, and imprint processes have been studied and investigated in this research work. In the UV-NIL technique, a transparent mold with micro/nanostructure patterns on its surface is allowed to be replicated on UV curable polymer without the need of high applied pressure or temperature. UV-NIL has the potential to fabricate micro/nanostructures with high resolution, high reproducibility, low cost, high throughput and is capable of 3-D patterning. This research focuses on two aspects; the development of mold making and imprint processes. In the process of making a master mold, an EBL technique was employed for writing patterns on e-beam resists. PMMA positive resist was used for 2-D patterning and ma-N2403 negative resist from Microresist Technology was used for 3-D patterning. After being developed, the 3-D mold pattern was transferred onto quartz substrate using a single-step reactive ion etching (RIE) technique. A number of challenging issues such as surface charging, electron scattering and proximity effects surfaced during the EBL pattern writing on insulating and transparent molds. A number of new approaches have been developed for suppressing the charging effects in the 2-D and 3-D patterning. Using thin metallic coating on the quartz substrates or on top of the resist, or conductive polymer coating using PEDOT/PSS on top of the resist has demonstrated excellent results in a 2-D structure with a high aspect-ratio of 1:10 and feature sizes down to 60 nm. In 3-D patterning, two approaches have been followed; the critical energy method and/or a top coating of conductive polymer (PEDOT/PSS) layer. Isolated 3-D structures with feature sizes down to 500 nm were successfully fabricated using the first method while by using the second method, dense 3-D structures patterns with feature sizes down to 300 nm, on 400 nm pitch have been demonstrated. In UV-NIL, the surface roughness Rq(rms) should be less than 5 nm, which is important for replicating optical structures and devices. In this work, the RIE process been optimized to yield 2 nm roughness on a patterned quartz surface. This was achieved by optimizing the RIE process pressure of below 6 mTorr. The other part of this thesis is on replication or imprinting of 2-D and 3-D structures. In the process of replicating the master mold profiles, the imprint processes were carried out using a vacuum operated manual imprint tool which was attached to a Mask Aligner UV illumination system. In 2-D imprinting, resist sticking on the vertical side wall was the main issue, especially on high aspect ratio structures. Meanwhile in 3-D imprinting, the imprint results have shown good reproducibility in up to 15 imprint cycles, where the issue of Ormocomp soft/daughter mold cracking after long UV exposure had limited the repetition of the imprint cycles. In this thesis, the 2-D and 3-D resist patterning on insulating substrates using the EBL technique have been demonstrated with the assistance of a number of developed charge suppression methods. Single-step RIE pattern transfer onto quartz substrates with surface roughness below 5nm has been achieved. Replication of 3-D and multilevel structures reliably make the UV-NIL technique suitable for future applications such as surface texturing, optical devices and many other complex structures including MEMS.

It is astonishing both how little and how much we know about neutrinos. On one hand, the neutrino is the second most abundant particle in our Universe. Neutrinos may be created in the Sun, core collapse supernovae, cosmic rays, geological background radiation, supernova remnants and in the Big Bang. On the other hand, they have unimaginably small masses and are unwilling to react with their surroundings. Because of their abundance and their inclination to show us physics beyond the standard model of particle physics, neutrinos are hoped to carry yet unknown information of the Universe. However, it will take some effort and time to persuade the neutrinos to tell us what they know. Among the things we do not yet know of the neutrinos, is the -phase in the neutrino mixing matrix. If is in fact non-zero, neutrino flavour oscillations violate CP-symmetry. Also, if neutrino masses are introduced in the standard model through the See-Saw mechanism and if leptogenesis is a valid theory, CP-violation in neutrino oscillations could help explain why our Universe has no antimatter even though equal amounts of matter and antimatter should have been created at the Big Bang. In this thesis, we investigate the flavour evolution of supernova neutrinos. We present the full Hamiltonian in the flavour basis for our system and identify how the different contributions affect the evolution and in which environment. We also present a theoretical motivation from [1, 2] as to how a non-zero -phase affects the flavour evolution and the final energy spectra. The analytical conclusion is that it has no impact under the assumptions made in our analysis. Thus, the -phase may not be measurable from supernova neutrinos.

The purpose of this project is to develop the procedures to perform the camera calibration in a three dimension range finding system. The goal is to have a system that will provide reasonably accurate range data which can be used in further three-dimensional computer vision research such as edge detection, surface recovery and object recognition. In this project, an active lighting, optical, triangulation based range finding system has been developed. The software system is designed in object oriented technology and implemented using the C++ programming language. The overall performance of the system is investigated and the system has achieved 0.5 mm (or 4%) accuracy. A review of three range data acquisition techniques is given. Based on the analysis to the current system, suggestions to future improvement are also provided. / Department of Physics and Astronomy

Idag är det flera teoretiker inom counterinsurgency (COIN) arenan som har uppfattningen att entusiasmen för klassisk COIN teori är missriktad. Flera menar att dagens insurgent grupper skiljer sig markant från de som har verkat tidigare då dagens konflikter är mera komplexa. En av dessa är den australiske counterinsurgency officeren David Kilcullen. Han har utvecklat en teori eller ramverk som bygger på tre pelare nämligen säkerhet, politik och ekonomi. Dessa tre pelare måste utvecklas parallellt och är lika viktiga för att nå framgång i en COIN operation. Syftet med uppsatsen är att undersöka om Frankrikes misslyckande i Algeriet kriget 1954-62 kan förklaras utifrån Kilcullens moderna teori med tre pelare modellen för upprorsbekämpning. Efter erfarenheter från kriget i Indokina hade fransmännen utvecklat en COIN doktrin som de kallade "counterrevolutionary warfare". Denna doktrin innebar att counterinsurgency styrkorna inte bara skulle fokusera på militära medel utan dessa skulle kombineras med politiska och ekonomiska åtgärder för att slå ner ett uppror. Resultatet av undersökningen visar att fransmännen utnyttjade en tre delad strategi bestående av militära, ekonomiska och politiska medel för att försöka vinna över den lokala muslimska befolkningen från upprorsmakarnas sida. Undersökningen visar vidare att på den taktiska och operativa nivån hade doktrinen framgång, men på den strategiska nivån när FLN lyckades göra konflikten internationell genom att visa på franska säkerhetsstyrkors övervåld, nyttjande av tortyr och omflyttning av befolkningen minskade Frankrikes legitimitet att fortsätta konflikten och till slut lämnade fransmännen Algeriet. Studien har visat att det går att förklara Frankrikes misslyckade insats i Algeriet utifrån Kilcullens COIN teori och att en modern COIN teori kan appliceras på ett gammalt krig.

With the reduction in transistor dimensions to a few tens of nanometers as a result of aggressive scaling, interconnect delay has now become one of the major bottlenecks to chip performance. Secondly, interconnect power and area have both become a significant part of the total chip power and area respectively. These concerns have led to an effort to find a solution that would reduce interconnect delay and leakage, while also reducing the area they occupy in a chip, so that either the chip area could be reduced, or more functionality could be incorporated within a certain area. 3D integration, i.e., stacking of various sub-systems of a chip on top of each other, enables chip-makers to achieve higher packaging efficiencies, thereby reducing system cost, while also reducing delay (and thus increasing the available bandwidth). Through Silicon Vias (TSVs) have emerged as the key interconnect technology for 3D ICs, as they enable significant reduction in delay and leakage compared to wire-bonded dies, while also occupying less area in a package. They also enable stacking of sub-systems which differ in functionality, and stacking of multiple dies. Also, unlike wire-bond, dies need not be bandwidth limited by the number of wire bonds that can be made between two levels in a stack. While TSVs offer many advantages, one of the concerns when implementing a 3D system using TSVs is the mechanisms of interaction between a TSV and a device in its vicinity. Another concern is with regards to the interaction between the TSV and its surrounding material. The purpose of this thesis is to develop a TCAD framework for process and device co-simulation of a TSV transistor system to study the various mechanisms of interaction between them, as well as between the TSV and substrate. The utility of this tool has been demonstrated by studying two mechanisms of interaction, the effect of TSV-induced stress, and the effect of TSV-device electrical coupling, on the electrical performance of bulk NMOS and PMOS transistors. The results from 3D TCAD simulations suggest that designers can scale the keep out zone (KOZ) around TSVs more aggressively, allowing for more efficient utilization of silicon area, without a drastic performance penalty.

Objective: To evaluate three-dimensional position of the TMJ condyle within the glenoid fossa in different types of skeletal patterns. Materials and methods: Ninety CBCT images were consecutively selected and divided into skeletal class I, class II and class III. The images were analyzed locating landmarks in the different areas of the condyle and glenoid fossa. All landmarks presented acceptable reliability. The mean results were compared using ANOVA and Bonferroni post-hoc test (p < 0.05). Results: There was a tendency for the anterior joint space to be smaller than the posterior joint space. Statistical analysis, however, evidenced no significant differences between the anterior, superior and posterior joint spaces and the different skeletal patterns or between sides. Conclusion: There was non-concentricity of the condyle for all the groups studied, and no particular direction was statistically significantly favored. It is unclear whether the differences found would be clinically significant, considering anatomical individual variations.

A numerical analysis is performed for the three-dimensional, turbulent flow of air in a thyristor valve hall located at the Dorsey Converter Station, owned and operated by Manitoba Hydro. The goal of this analysis was to determine the configurations that result in increased air-side cooling effectiveness in the valve hall. The governing equations are solved using the Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) code CFX-5. This computer code uses a finite volume method of solution and is based on a finite element approach for representing the geometry. The effects of inlet and outlet opening geometry, inlet air mass flow rate, and inlet air angle on the thermal performance for the air-side cooling of the thyristor valve hall geometry are examined.

The process of fish migration within rivers and streams is important, especially during the spawning season which often coincides with peak spring discharges in Manitoba. Current environmental regulations for fish passage through culverts require that the average velocity be limited to the prolonged swimming speed of the fish species present. In order to examine the validity of this approach, physical model results were used to calibrate and test a commercially available Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) model. Detailed analysis showed that CFD models and the empirical equations used were both able to give a better representation of the flow field than the average velocity. However, the empirical equations were able to provide a more accurate velocity distribution within the fully developed region. A relationship was then developed, to estimate the cumulative percent area less than a threshold velocity within CSP culverts, to be used as a guideline during the design phase.

This paper modifies the two-player Rubinstein bargaining game to include a third player. Analyzing the game through a dynamic model provides parametric changes that cause a longer negotiation period and fewer concessions from each player’s initial demand upon an agreement. The introduction of a free rider problem and limited computational abilities cause these consequences with the addition of a third player. The free rider problem discourages players from conceding their demands and since players have limited strategic abilities, the additional player requires more effort for players to understand the game and thus more time to understand the environment enough to reach an agreement.