Thrips are major agricultural pests throughout much of the United States. More information is needed about sampling methods, management practices, and insecticide susceptibility to help better control this pest. A two year survey was conducted to determine the species present in southeast Virginia and the population characteristics of those species. Thrips were monitored using yellow sticky traps. Tobacco thrips, Frankliniella fusca, were the most abundant species. In general thrips populations began to build up beginning in April, peaked in August, and then started to decline. Differences in this trend were observed between species. A study was conducted in seedling soybean to evaluate the within-plant location of thrips, whether a plant subsample could be used for thrips monitoring, and to determine the thrips species complex present. Soybean thrips, Neohydatothrips variabilis, were the most prominent species present. The greatest density of thrips larvae was located in the terminal bud of the seedling and suggests that immature thrips aggregate. Neither of the proposed subsamples of plant material explained the variability in immature thrips numbers and at this time we recommend whole-plant sampling for obtaining the most accurate estimate of thrips populations in seedling soybean. Tobacco thrips, F. fusca, as well as a complex of other thrips species attack cotton and peanut seedlings and can cause significant yield loss to these crops in the mid-Atlantic U.S. Experiments were conducted in these two crops to assess the efficacy of a novel diamide insecticide cyantraniliprole applied as a liquid in-furrow at planting and post-plant emergence broadcast spray treatment to control thrips. In both cropping systems cyantraniliprole significantly reduced the number of immature thrips and reduced thrips feeding injury to the plants. In several instances cyantraniliprole treatments resulted in increased yield as compared to the non-insecticide treated control and yields which were statistically similar to those obtained with standard thrips control insecticides. Laboratory bioassays were conducted to evaluate the toxicity (LC50 values) of cyantraniliprole and two conventional insecticides against F. fusca adults. Results of these assays were inconclusive. At times F. fusca adults were susceptible to the insecticides, but the results could not be replicated consistently. / Master of Science

Publicación a texto completo no autorizada por el autor / El orden Thysanoptera es un pequeño orden de insectos compuesto por especies que presentan diversas características a nivel biológico y ecológico, que en ciertas ocasiones pueden representar grandes problemas en el área agrícola. La investigación sobre la riqueza y distribución de estos insectos en el país es muy limitada, por ser un orden de difícil evaluación y estudio debido a su pequeño tamaño y gran variedad morfológica. Se realiza la revisión de muestras colectadas en las provincias de Cajamarca y Celendín durante setiembre del 2006, como parte de la Línea Base del proyecto Conga. Se identifican 11 especies pertenecientes a las familias Aeolothripidae y Thripidae del suborden Terebrantia, que incluyen a seis nuevos registros para el Perú, además de tres morfoespecies del suborden Tubulifera. Existe una compartición entre las formaciones vegetales observadas en campo y las provincias evaluadas, debido a la semejanza en las condiciones climáticas, hábitats y especies de plantas presentes en el área de estudio. Se concluye que las especies del orden Thysanoptera presentan una gran adaptabilidad a diversas áreas y condiciones climáticas presentes en el territorio nacional y que la exploración de zonas anteriormente inaccesibles brindan la opción de incrementar la lista de especies del orden con nuevos registros para Perú o la ciencia. / Tesis

The immigration, population dynamics and intra-field movement patterns of the tobacco thrips, Frankliniel/a fusca (Hinds), in peanuts were studied in 1990 and 1991 in the City of Suffolk, Virginia. The long-term goal was to improve our understanding of the role of tobacco thrips in the epidemiology of tomato spotted wilt virus in peanuts; the short-term goal was to develop quantitative descriptions of thrips development and movement for inclusion in a systems model intra-field movement patterns were assessed by establishing an isolated population of thrips in the center of a (67 m2) peanut field and monitoring the subsequent spread of thrips throughout the field. Thrips did not redistribute step-wise, as expected. Instead, thrips dispersed evenly throughout the field. However, failure to observe step-wise movement was probably due at least in part to the failure of insecticides to control the thrips in the corner areas of the experimental fields. Immigration and inter-field movement of adults were monitored with sticky traps. Thrips were caught on these traps only during the immigration period, which ended approximately two weeks after plant emergence. The spatial pattern of thrips immigration indicated that their movement was strongly influenced by wind direction and also by field borders. Proximity to fields planted the previous year in peanut also apparently influenced immigration. A computer model was developed based on previous and recent laboratory studies to simulate the phenology of the tobacco thrips as a function of temperature. The model was validated using field data from the 1991 season and used to help explain apparent anomalies in the 1990 data. The model confirmed that thrips damage to peanut was caused by two generations (F1 and F2) during June and July. Model results also suggested that rainfall was a significant mortality factor in thrips population dynamics. A second model was developed to simulate thrips movement in relation to wind speed and direction. This model will be used in future studies to test hypotheses about the ability of thrips to move within and between fields. / Master of Science

One of the objectives of this research was to evaluate the need for an additional imidacloprid seed treatment on ThryvOn® (Bayer Crop Science®, St. Louis, MO) cotton to effectively manage tobacco thrips, Frankliniella fusca (Hinds). While evaluating thrips densities and damage ratings, ThryvOn cotton continued to display reduced damage and thrips populations than non-ThryvOn. Thrips populations and damage ratings were consistently reduced when incorporating a higher rate of imidacloprid, but they were not reduced enough to justify the higher rates of imidacloprid. Another objective of this research was to evaluate the impact of aldicarb (AgLogic Chemical®, LLC; Chapel Hill, NC) and ThryvOn on reniform nematode, Rotylenchulus reniformis (Linford & Oliveira). The impact of aldicarb and ThryvOn technology had no impact on reniform nematode densities in Mississippi cotton throughout this study. The reduced thrips populations and damage ratings provided by ThryvOn cotton has the potential to improve integrated pest management in the southern U.S.

No description available.

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo estudar o controle do tripes (Thysanoptera) na cultura da bananeira (Musa sp), utilizando a proteção do cacho com sacos plásticos associados ou não com uso de inseticida, no momento da emissão da inflorescência e 15 dias após a emissão, fase em que o cacho apresenta as pencas formadas. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado, com oito tratamentos e cinco repetições. Foram instalados dois experimentos, sendo o primeiro de julho a novembro de 2009, e o segundo de novembro de 2009 a fevereiro de 2010. As avaliações foram feitas quinze dias após a emissão da inflorescência e no estádio de ponto de colheita dos frutos, quantificando os sintomas de tripes na segunda, quinta e penúltima pencas do cacho. Para o tripes da erupção foram verificados os sintomas existentes numa área de circulo de 2,85cm2 de cada fruto, e para o tripes da ferrugem foram avaliados a porcentagem dos sintomas existente na área do fruto mais atacado da penca. No primeiro experimento, realizado em temperaturas mais amenas ocorreu menor incidência de pragas, sendo que para tripes da ferrugem foi insignificante e para tripes da erupção os melhores tratamentos foram os que iniciaram a proteção na emissão da inflorescência com sacos plásticos e produtos químicos O segundo experimento, conduzido em época com temperaturas mais elevadas e maior precipitação pluvial, apresentou maior incidência do tripes e os melhores tratamentos para ambos os tipos de tripes foram também os que utilizaram a proteção com sacos plásticos e produtos químicos na emissão da inflorescência. Conclui-se que a proteção com saco plástico associado às diferentes formas de aplicação de inseticida na fase da emissão da inflorescência promove o melhor controle do tripes da erupção e da ferrugem, e a incidência do tripes varia de acordo com a época do ano, ocorrendo maiores ataques em épocas com temperaturas mais elevadas. / This work consisted in study the control of thrips (Thysanoptera) in banana (Musa sp), using the protection of the bunch with plastic bags or not associated with the use of insecticide at the time of issuance of the inflorescence and 15 days after issue stage in the bunch has the bunches formed. The experiment was a completely randomized design with eight treatments and five replications. Two experiments were established, the first being from July to November 2009 and November 2009 to February 2010. The assessments were made fifteen days after issuance of the inflorescence and at the stage of fruit harvest point, quantifying the symptoms of thrips in the second, fifth and penultimate bunches of grapes. For eruption thrips of existing symptoms were observed in an area of a circle of 2.85 cm2 of each fruit, and for rust thrips, the percentage of symptoms existing in the area of wholesale fruit bunch more. In the first experiment, carried out in milder temperatures occurred less incidence of pests, and for rust thrips was negligible and eruption thrips of the best treatments were those who started the issue of protection in the inflorescences with plastic bags and chemicals. The second experiment, which was conducted at higher temperatures and increased rainfall, higher incidence of thrips and better treatments for both types of thrips were also those who had used protection with plastic bags and chemicals in the issuance of the inflorescence. It is concluded that the protection associated with plastic bags for various forms of insecticide application at the stage of inflorescence emission promotes better control of rust thrips and of eruption thrips, and the incidence of thrips varies with the seasons, occurring more attacks in periods with higher temperatures.

Foram coletados tripes em 25 das 40 espécies de fabáceas amostradas em quatro municípios do estado do Maranhão e em dois municípios do estado do Piauí. Foram examinados 818 exemplares de tripes pertencentes a 22 espécies. Doze foram identificadas: Bradinothrips musae (Hood, 1956); Caliothrips phaseoli (Hood, 1912); Dolichothrips indicus (Hood, 1919); Frankliniella brevicaulis Hood, 1937; F. gardeniae Moulton, 1948; F. insularis (Franklin, 1908); F. schultzei (Trybom, 1910); F. tritici (Fitch, 1855); Haplothrips gowdeyi (Franklin, 1908); Heliothrips haemorrhoidalis (Bouché, 1833); Salpingothrips minimus Hood, 1935 e Selenothrips rubrocinctus (Giard, 1901). Cinco são provavelmente novas espécies: Aulacothrips sp.; Frankliniella sp. 3; Hydatothrips sp.; Neohydatothrips sp. e Scolothrips sp. Não foi possível identificar cinco outras espécies, porque o conhecimento taxonômico de um gênero não ainda não está esclarecido (Xylaplothrips Priesner, 1928), porque as espécies pertencem a grupos próximos (Frankliniella sp. 1 e Frankliniella sp. 2) ou devido a diferenças, possivelmente intraespecíficas, com espécies descritas (Plesiothrips sp. e Scirtothrips sp.). Para 17 espécies de fabáceas foram estabelecidos os primeiros registros de associações com tripes. Dolichothrips indicus e Xylaplothrips sp. são novos registros de gêneros no Brasil. Além dessas, B. musae, F. gardeniae, F. tritici, Sa. minimus e Se. rubrocinctus são novos registros para o Meio-Norte do Brasil. Nessa sub-região, indivíduos amarelos e marrons de F. schultzei ocorrem simultaneamente. Foram estabelecidas as primeiras associações de Sa. minimus com espécies vegetais no Brasil. Algumas espécies de tripes conhecidas como pragas de fabáceas, principalmente no sul e sudeste do Brasil, não foram coletadas no Meio-Norte. Uma chave de identificação ilustrada foi elaborada. Os exemplares-testemunhas estão depositados na coleção do Departamento de Entomologia e Acarologia da Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, Universidade de São Paulo (ESALQ/USP). / Thrips were collected on 25 out of 40 species of Fabaceae sampled in four municipalities in the state of Maranhão and two municipalities in the state of Piaui. A total of 818 thrips specimens, belonging to 22 species, were examined. From those species, twelve were identified: Bradinothrips musae (Hood, 1956); Caliothrips phaseoli (Hood, 1912); Dolichothrips indicus (Hood, 1919); Frankliniella brevicaulis Hood, 1937; F. gardeniae Moulton, 1948; F. insularis (Franklin, 1908); F. tritici (Fitch, 1855); F. schultzei (Trybom, 1910); Haplothrips gowdeyi (Franklin, 1908); Heliothrips haemorrhoidalis (Bouche, 1833); Salpingothrips minimus Hood, 1935 and Selenothrips rubrocinctus (Giard, 1901). Five probably belong to new species: Aulacothrips sp.; Frankliniella sp. 3; Hydatothrips sp.; Neohydatothrips sp. and Scolothrips sp. It was not possible to identify five other species, because the current taxonomic knowledge of one genus is not clear (Xylaplothrips Priesner, 1928) or the species belong to closely related groups (Frankliniella sp. 1 and Frankliniella sp. 2) or due to slight differences, possibly intraspecific, with described species (Plesiothrips sp. And Scirtothrips sp.). For 17 species of Fabaceae, the first records of association with thrips were established. Dolichothrips indicus and Xylaplothrips sp. are new records of genera in Brazil. In addition, B. musae, F. gardeniae, F. tritici, Sa. minimus and Se. rubrocinctus are new species records for the Mid-North. In this area, yellow and brown individuals of F. schultzei occur simultaneously. It was established the first association of Sa. minimus with plant species in Brazil. Some thrips species known as pests in Fabaceae in Brazil, mainly in southern and southeastern, were not found in Mid-North. An illustrated key was elaborated. Voucher-specimens are deposited in the collection of the Department of Entomology and Acarology, Escola Superior de Agricultura \"Luiz de Queiroz\", Universidade de São Paulo (ESALQ/USP).

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo estudar o controle do tripes (Thysanoptera) na cultura da bananeira (Musa sp), utilizando a proteção do cacho com sacos plásticos associados ou não com uso de inseticida, no momento da emissão da inflorescência e 15 dias após a emissão, fase em que o cacho apresenta as pencas formadas. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado, com oito tratamentos e cinco repetições. Foram instalados dois experimentos, sendo o primeiro de julho a novembro de 2009, e o segundo de novembro de 2009 a fevereiro de 2010. As avaliações foram feitas quinze dias após a emissão da inflorescência e no estádio de ponto de colheita dos frutos, quantificando os sintomas de tripes na segunda, quinta e penúltima pencas do cacho. Para o tripes da erupção foram verificados os sintomas existentes numa área de circulo de 2,85cm2 de cada fruto, e para o tripes da ferrugem foram avaliados a porcentagem dos sintomas existente na área do fruto mais atacado da penca. No primeiro experimento, realizado em temperaturas mais amenas ocorreu menor incidência de pragas, sendo que para tripes da ferrugem foi insignificante e para tripes da erupção os melhores tratamentos foram os que iniciaram a proteção na emissão da inflorescência com sacos plásticos e produtos químicos O segundo experimento, conduzido em época com temperaturas mais elevadas e maior precipitação pluvial, apresentou maior incidência do tripes e os melhores tratamentos para ambos os tipos de tripes foram também os que utilizaram a proteção com sacos plásticos e produtos químicos na emissão da inflorescência. Conclui-se que a proteção com saco plástico associado às diferentes formas de aplicação de inseticida na fase da emissão da inflorescência promove o melhor controle do tripes da erupção e da ferrugem, e a incidência do tripes varia de acordo com a época do ano, ocorrendo maiores ataques em épocas com temperaturas mais elevadas. / This work consisted in study the control of thrips (Thysanoptera) in banana (Musa sp), using the protection of the bunch with plastic bags or not associated with the use of insecticide at the time of issuance of the inflorescence and 15 days after issue stage in the bunch has the bunches formed. The experiment was a completely randomized design with eight treatments and five replications. Two experiments were established, the first being from July to November 2009 and November 2009 to February 2010. The assessments were made fifteen days after issuance of the inflorescence and at the stage of fruit harvest point, quantifying the symptoms of thrips in the second, fifth and penultimate bunches of grapes. For eruption thrips of existing symptoms were observed in an area of a circle of 2.85 cm2 of each fruit, and for rust thrips, the percentage of symptoms existing in the area of wholesale fruit bunch more. In the first experiment, carried out in milder temperatures occurred less incidence of pests, and for rust thrips was negligible and eruption thrips of the best treatments were those who started the issue of protection in the inflorescences with plastic bags and chemicals. The second experiment, which was conducted at higher temperatures and increased rainfall, higher incidence of thrips and better treatments for both types of thrips were also those who had used protection with plastic bags and chemicals in the issuance of the inflorescence. It is concluded that the protection associated with plastic bags for various forms of insecticide application at the stage of inflorescence emission promotes better control of rust thrips and of eruption thrips, and the incidence of thrips varies with the seasons, occurring more attacks in periods with higher temperatures.

Onion production in the United States is seriously affected by the tospovirus Iris Yellow Spot (IYSV), whose symptoms include lenticular-shaped lesions that reduce photosynthesis and bulb yield. Thrips tabacai Lindeman, onion thrips (OT), is the only known vector of the disease and a primary arthropod pest of onion. Frequent insecticide applications, increasing resistance in OT populations to insecticides, high nitrogen (N) fertilization rates and loss of yield to disease and insect pressure threaten sustainable onion production. The objectives of this study were to identify crop management strategies to enhance onion productivity while suppressing OT and IYSV. Three fertilizer rates and two crop rotations were assigned to replicated plots to assess effects on onion growth, yield, bulb storage quality, soil quality, thrips populations and IYSV incidence. Trap crops of carrot, buckwheat and lacey phacelia were established in commercial fields to evaluate impact on thrips populations and IYSV occurence. Reduced nitrogen (N) rates, one-third the standard grower rate (133.8 kg N ha-1), resulted in no yield loss as compared with the standard N rate, despite slower crop maturation. Onions treated with a standard N rate(401.8 kg N ha-1) had greater numbers of adult and immature OT than other treatments. Soil nitrate levels were lower and microbial activity measured as dehydrogenase and biomass were greater in reduced N treatments. Plots with buckwheat and phacelia had greater numbers of both adult and immature OT when trap crop apparancy was high (i.e. when onion plants were relatively smaller). There was no observed effect of trap crops on IYSV levels. Results suggest that reduced rate N applications lower numbers of OT while enhancing the microbial population, reducing potential for nitrate leaching while still maintaining yields. Potential for trap crops of buckwheat and lacey phacelia to attract onion thrips from onions exists with successive stands of highly apparent trap crops.

The purpose of this study has been to determine which species of thrips infest tomato plants and fruits in northern Utah, and to find out which other plants occurring in this area also serve as hosts for tomato-infesting thrips. Because of the importance of tomato-infesting thrips to the canning industry, it was decided that more complete knowledge of the species of thrips which are found on tomatoes should be obtained. Because most thrips generally have been difficult to control, it was believed that a general knowledge of the plants on which these thrips occur would enable tomato growers to eliminate many such plants from tomato fields and lands adjacent to them, and that such cultivation would tend to decrease thrips populations on tomato fruits and in tomato fields.