Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:30:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2012-02-10Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:07:39Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 cascadan_d_me_bauru.pdf: 1660084 bytes, checksum: f1924a7f3bbd4a75d15f8d6ec924a8c6 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Dentre os materiais avançados que a Ciência e Engenharia de Materiais vêm desenvolvendo estão os biomateriais. Há muito, estes são utilizados para reparar partes do corpo danificadas ou deterioradas, mas em função da enorme complexidade dos tecidos vidos e do organismo como um todo, é comum ocorrerem falhas a curto ou longo prazo. No entando, a demanda por esses materiais tende a aumentar, justificando a importância de mais pesquisas nesta área. Existem muitos dispositivos médicos e odontológicos confeccionados com a liga Ti-Ni em função de suas propriedades de memória de forma, superelasticidade e biocompatibilidade. No entando, o elemento níquel é muito tóxico em níveis elevados. A liga Ti-5Ni é o objeto deste estudo e foi preparada a partir da fusão dos metais precursores, tratada térmica e mecanicamente, além de ser dopada com oxigênio. Em cada condição, foi caracterizada em termos de sua composição química, densidade, difração de raios X e microscopia óptica. Também foram analisadas propriedades como microdureza, módulo de elasticidade e biocompatibilidade. As micrografias mostraram que a microestrutura das amostras são dependentes dos tratamentos térmicos e que propriedades tais como microdureza e módulo de elasticidade sofrem variações de acordo com a microestrutura e quantidade de oxigênio. O refinamento pelo método de Rietveld permitiu averiguar as variações nos parâmetros de rede com a inserção de níquel e oxigênio ao titânio. Foram obtidos resultados satisfatórios nos testes de biocompatibilidade, concluindo que a liga apresenta bom potenciala como biomaterial / Among the advanced materials that are developing by science and materials and materials engineering are the biomaterials. There are a lot, these are used to repair damaged or deteriored parts of the body, but in the function of the enormous complexity of living tissue and organism as a whole, are common failures in the short or long term. However, the demand for these materials tends to increase, justifying the importance of further research in this area. There are many medical and dental devices made with Ti-Ni alloy due to its properties of shape memory, supereslaticity and biocompatibility. However, the nickel element is very toxic at high levels. Ti-5Ni alloy is the object of this study and was prepared from arc-melting and heat mechanically treated, besides being doped with oxygen. In each condition, it was characterized in terms of its chemical composition, density, x-ray diffraction and optical microscopy. Were also examined properties such as microhardness, elasticity modulus and biocompatibility. The micrographies showed that the microstructure of samples is dependent on the heat treatment and properties such as microhardness and elasticity modulus suffer variations according to the microstructure and oxygen amount. Refinement by Rietveld method allowed investigating changes in lattice parameters with the addition of nickel and oxygen to titanium. Satisfactory results were obtained in biocompatibility tests, concluding that the alloy presents good potential as a biomaterial

Submitted by Daniela Cascadan null (dcascadan@fc.unesp.br) on 2016-07-14T02:12:57Z No. of bitstreams: 1 tese_final dani_full_12072016.pdf: 13516173 bytes, checksum: 1379fb1f089ab39be04b8b6a43d7a547 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Paula Grisoto (grisotoana@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-07-18T16:21:32Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 cascadan_d_dr_bauru.pdf: 13516173 bytes, checksum: 1379fb1f089ab39be04b8b6a43d7a547 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-18T16:21:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 cascadan_d_dr_bauru.pdf: 13516173 bytes, checksum: 1379fb1f089ab39be04b8b6a43d7a547 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-05-02 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Ligas de titânio apresentam grande potencial para uso como biomateriais devido à boa biocompatibilidade e propriedades mecânicas. A adição do níquel ao titânio melhora a resistência ao desgaste, à corrosão e propriedades mecânicas deste elemento. O objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar os efeitos da dopagem de oxigênio na estrutura, microestrutura e em algumas propriedades mecânicas selecionadas de ligas do sistema Ti-xNi%p, x= 10, 15 e 20. Neste trabalho as ligas foram preparadas pela fusão dos metais comercialmente puros em forno a arco voltaico. Para comprovar a composição das ligas obtidas foram feitas análises químicas por emissão óptica por plasma induzido e EDS, que forneceu também o mapeamento dos elementos titânio e níquel para verificar a homogeneidade das ligas. Tratamentos térmicos de homogeneização foram realizados como preparação para a conformação mecânica, no caso a laminação a quente, e após para obter uma microestrutura mais estável, livre de tensões. A seguir foram realizadas dopagens com oxigênio, variando a pressão deste gás e a temperatura, originando amostras com quantidades diferentes de oxigênio. A estrutura foi analisada por difração de raios-X e a microestrutura por microscopia óptica, eletrônica de varredura e EDS para analisar a distribuição dos elementos titânio e níquel nas fases. A quantificação de oxigênio e nitrogênio foi feita por fusão sob gás inerte. As propriedades mecânicas mensuradas foram dureza e módulo elástico dinâmico. Os resultados mostraram que as amostras apresentam a concentração adequada de níquel e boa homogeneidade dos elementos. As ligas apresentam predominantemente as fases alfa e intermetálica Ti2Ni e a quantidade desta aumenta de acordo com a concentração de níquel. Nas amostras Ti15Ni e Ti20Ni este intermetálico reagiu com oxigênio formando o trióxido Ti4Ni2O. As microestruturas variaram de acordo com o processamento, assim como os valores de microdureza. Os valores de módulo elástico estão um pouco acima do titânio devido â formação de uma nova fase intermetálica, mas não variaram significativamente com os processamentos e a dopagem com oxigênio. / Titanium alloys have great potential for use as biomaterials due to the good biocompatibility and mechanical properties. The nickel addition to titanium improves the wear, corrosion and mechanical resistance of this element. The objective of this work was to investigate the effects of oxygen doping on structure, microstructure and on some selected mechanical properties of Ti-xNi wt% (x = 10, 15 and 20) alloys system. In this work, the alloys were prepared by melting of commercially pure metals in arc furnace. To establish the composition of the obtained alloys chemical analyses were made by induced plasma optical emission and EDS, which also provided the titanium and nickel elements mapping to check the homogeneity of alloys. Homogenization heat treatment was performed in preparation for conformation, in the case hot-rolling, and after, to get a more stable microstructure, free of stress. Oxygen doping were made, by varying the pressure of this gas and temperature, resulting in samples with different quantity of oxygen. The structure was analyzed by x-ray diffraction and the microstructure by optical and scanning electron microscopy, and EDS, to analyze the distribution of the elements titanium and nickel in phases. Quantification of oxygen and nitrogen was made by melting under inert gas. The mechanical properties measured were hardness and elastic modulus. The results showed that the samples have the proper concentration of nickel and titanium, and good homogeneity of the elements. The alloys present predominantly alpha and Ti2Ni intermetallic phases and its amount increases according to the nickel concentration. In Ti15Ni Ti20Ni samples this intermetallic reacts with oxygen forming trioxide Ti4Ni2O. The microstructures varied according to the processing, as well as the values of microhardness. The values of elastic modulus are a little above the titanium due to the formation of new intermetallic phase,but not varied significantly with the processing and oxygen doping.

Fusion welding of dissimilar metals constitutes a crucial processing stage in a variety of applications, and the use of high energy beams (HEB) like lasers and electron beams for such welding applications has several advantages, such as, precision, narrow heat affected zone, and consequently, low distortion. An understanding of microstructural evolution in the weld is a prerequisite for producing sound joints with desired properties. HEB welding of similar metals have been studied extensively. In contrast, fewer studies have been directed toward understanding the fundamental aspects of solidification of dissimilar welds. This thesis presents an effort in that direction by exploring microstructural evolution in Ti/Ni dissimilar welds. Welding of Ti/Ni serves to illustrate the fundamental differences that distinguish dissimilar welding from the welding of similar metals. These are: (i) Thermophysical properties of the base metals are, in general, different, and this can have important consequences in the heat transfer conditions. (ii) Composition can vary over an wide range, the extreme being for the case of a pure binary couple, and the solid–liquid interface cannot be defined by a single liquidus isotherm. (iii) In addition to the surface energy driven Marangoni convection, a strong solutal convection can arise due to a large difference in the density of the base metals. (iv) Nucleation of phases assumes greater importance, especially in systems with intermediate phases. We have carried out laser and electron beam welding (LW and EBW) experiments in a butt welding geometry to join Ti/Ni dissimilar couples. Weld microstructures were characterised using scanning and transmission electron microscopy (SEM and TEM); composition information was obtained from energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) of Xrays in the SEM. In addition to the pure binary couple, we have also studied electron beam welding of Ti/Ni with a thin Ta interlayer. We summarise our findings in each set of experiments in the following sections. Laser welding of Ti/Ni We have studied partial penetration welds obtained within the range of experimental parameters used in our study. These welds show the following interesting features: 1. The welds are asymmetric with respect to the initial joint. Despite its higher melting point, Ti melts more than Ni due to its lower thermal diffusivity, making the average composition of the weld richer in Ti (Ti–40at.%Ni). 2. Composition changes very steeply near the fusion interfaces in both Ti and Ni with associated microstructural changes. The variation is of much lesser magnitude in the rest of the weld, reflecting a well mixed melt pool on a macroscopic scale. 3. Growth of base metal grains into the weld pool at the fusion interfaces is severely restricted at both Ti and Ni ends. 4. The Ti fusion interface is marked by a band consisting of Ti2Ni dendrites which grow toward the Ti base metal. 5. Layered structures form at the Ni fusion interface. The sequence of the layers is: solid solution (Ni)→ Ni3Ti→ Ni3Ti+NiTi eutectic → NiTi. We note the absence of the (Ni)+Ni3Ti eutectic in this sequence. 6. NiTi and Ti2Ni are the major phases that appear in the bulk of the weld. Volume fraction and morphology of NiTi vary almost periodically to form microstructural bands. 7. Solid state transformation of NiTi results in the formation of the Rphase and martensite, which reflect the composition heterogeneity in the weld. Sometimes, Ni4Ti3 precipitates are observed also, providing indirect evidence of nonequilibrium solidification. 8. Nitrogen pickup from the atmosphere during welding leads to the formation titanium nitride dendrites in the weld. 9. Solutal convection and buoyancy forces manifest themselves through the segregation of the lighter nitride and Ti2Ni phases toward the top surface of the weld; the heavier liquid forms blocky NiTi in the bottom half of the weld. These observations stand in striking contrast with the microstructures of conventional welds. We have proposed a set of composition and temperature profiles in the weld which reflect the diffusive and advective transport processes; when combined with thermodynamic information from the Ti–Ni phase diagram to yield spatial liquidus temperature profiles, these profiles can adequately explain most of the results. Our observations illustrate the importance of (a) nucleation, and (b) the inhomogeneous nature of the melt in which growth takes place. They also highlight the role of convective currents in bringing about local fluctuations in composition and temperature leading to ‘low velocity bands’. Electron beam welding of Ti/Ni We have carried out full penetration EBW of thin plates of Ti and Ni. The major observations are: (i) Average composition of the weld is in the Ni–rich side of the phase diagram (Ni–40at.%Ti). (ii) Fusion interface microstructures are very similar to that in LW exhibiting restricted base metal growth (although little amount of epitaxy can be seen in the Ni side), growth of Ti2Ni dendrites toward the base metal at the Ti fusion interface and the sequence of layers at the Ni interface: (Ni)→ Ni3Ti→ Ni3Ti+NiTi. Unlike LW, however, Ni3Ti, instead of NiTi, reappeared after the third layer on the Ni side. (iii) General microstructure consists of the Ni3Ti+NiTi eutectic, which appears in several anomalous as well as regular morphologies. (iv) Formation of NiTi is restricted mostly to regions near the Ti fusion interface. (v) Segregation of Ni3Ti was observed in a few places. The most prominent change in the microstructure compared to LW is a shift from the Ti2Ni– NiTi phases in the bulk of the weld to a Ni3Ti+NiTi eutectic structure. This is a direct consequence of the shift in the average composition of the weld to the Ni– rich side. The occurrence of different anomalous and regular eutectic structures bear similarity with bulk undercooling experiments conducted on eutectic systems having a strongly faceting phase as one of its constituents. The asymmetric coupled zone, along with composition and temperature fluctuation due to fluid flow, can be attributed to the origin of these structures. Electron beam welding of Ti/Ni with a Ta interlayer Motivated by the report of superior mechanical properties of Ti/Ni welds with an interlayer of Ta, whose melting point is much higher than those Ni and Ti, we performed EBW experiments using a Ni–Ta– Ti configuration. The key observations are: (i) The process is inherently unsteady in nature, and results in partial and irregular melting of the Ta interlayer. This partial melting essentially divides the weld into Ni–rich and Ti–rich halves. (ii) Microstructure near the fusion interface in Ni and Ti show similarities with that of the pure binary Ti/Ni welds; the phases here, however, contain Ta as a ternary addition. (iii) Microstructure in the Ti–rich half consists of dendrites of the Ni(Ti,Ta) phase with a high Ti:Ta ratio, and an eutectic formed between this phase and a (Ti,Ta)2Ni phase having significant amount of Ta. Two Ni(Ti,Ta) type phases dominate the microstructure in the Ni–rich half: the phase having a higher Ti:Ta ratio forms cells and dendrites, whereas the one of a lower Ti:Ta ratio creates an interdendritic network. (iv) Regions near the unmolten Ta layer in the middle show the formation of a sawtoothlike Ta–rich faceted phase of composition (Ta,Ti)3Ni2. Since very scarce thermodynamic data exist for the Ni–Ta–Ti ternary system, we have taken cues from the binary phase diagrams to understand the microstructural evolution. Such extrapolation, although successful to some extent, fails where phases which have no binary equivalents start to appear. In summary, in this thesis, we explore microstructural evolution in the Ti/Ni dissimilar welds under the different settings of laser and electron beam welding processes. This study reveals a variety of phenomena occurring during dissimilar welding which lead to the formation of an extensive range of microstructural features. Although a few questions do remain, most results can be rationalised by drawing from, and extending the knowledge gained from previous studies by introducing physical and thermodynamic arguments.

Orientador: Carlos Roberto Grandini / Banca: Maria Cristina R. Alves Rezende / Banca: Katia Regina Cardoso / O Programa de Pós Graduação em Ciência e Tecnologia de Materiais, PosMat, tem caráter institucional e integra as atividades de pesquisa em materiais de diversos campi / Resumo: Dentre os materiais avançados que a Ciência e Engenharia de Materiais vêm desenvolvendo estão os biomateriais. Há muito, estes são utilizados para reparar partes do corpo danificadas ou deterioradas, mas em função da enorme complexidade dos tecidos vidos e do organismo como um todo, é comum ocorrerem falhas a curto ou longo prazo. No entando, a demanda por esses materiais tende a aumentar, justificando a importância de mais pesquisas nesta área. Existem muitos dispositivos médicos e odontológicos confeccionados com a liga Ti-Ni em função de suas propriedades de memória de forma, superelasticidade e biocompatibilidade. No entando, o elemento níquel é muito tóxico em níveis elevados. A liga Ti-5Ni é o objeto deste estudo e foi preparada a partir da fusão dos metais precursores, tratada térmica e mecanicamente, além de ser dopada com oxigênio. Em cada condição, foi caracterizada em termos de sua composição química, densidade, difração de raios X e microscopia óptica. Também foram analisadas propriedades como microdureza, módulo de elasticidade e biocompatibilidade. As micrografias mostraram que a microestrutura das amostras são dependentes dos tratamentos térmicos e que propriedades tais como microdureza e módulo de elasticidade sofrem variações de acordo com a microestrutura e quantidade de oxigênio. O refinamento pelo método de Rietveld permitiu averiguar as variações nos parâmetros de rede com a inserção de níquel e oxigênio ao titânio. Foram obtidos resultados satisfatórios nos testes de biocompatibilidade, concluindo que a liga apresenta bom potenciala como biomaterial / Abstract: Among the advanced materials that are developing by science and materials and materials engineering are the biomaterials. There are a lot, these are used to repair damaged or deteriored parts of the body, but in the function of the enormous complexity of living tissue and organism as a whole, are common failures in the short or long term. However, the demand for these materials tends to increase, justifying the importance of further research in this area. There are many medical and dental devices made with Ti-Ni alloy due to its properties of shape memory, supereslaticity and biocompatibility. However, the nickel element is very toxic at high levels. Ti-5Ni alloy is the object of this study and was prepared from arc-melting and heat mechanically treated, besides being doped with oxygen. In each condition, it was characterized in terms of its chemical composition, density, x-ray diffraction and optical microscopy. Were also examined properties such as microhardness, elasticity modulus and biocompatibility. The micrographies showed that the microstructure of samples is dependent on the heat treatment and properties such as microhardness and elasticity modulus suffer variations according to the microstructure and oxygen amount. Refinement by Rietveld method allowed investigating changes in lattice parameters with the addition of nickel and oxygen to titanium. Satisfactory results were obtained in biocompatibility tests, concluding that the alloy presents good potential as a biomaterial / Mestre

Au cours de la dernière décennie, le procédé de fabrication additive par fusion sélective d'un lit de poudre SLM a attiré une grande attention dans le domaine de l'industrie, car il permet de produire rapidement des pièces de formes complexes. Le but de ce travail est d'étendre les performances des procédés SLM en étudiant la possibilité d'élaborer des pièces en atmosphère raréfiée. Pour atteindre cet objectif, une approche théorique et expérimentale a été développée, avec la mise en place d'une machine de fusion sélective par laser capable de travailler dans le domaine de pression de 1 à 10-2 mbar.Le travail sous vide permet d'éviter la formation du "bouclier" de plasma généré à partir de l'atmosphère de gaz ionisé par l'énergie du laser. Ceci permet d'une part d'éviter la contamination chimique du matériau (oxydation, nitruration,...) au cours des processus de fusion et d'autre part de réduire le taux de porosité. L'effet des paramètres du laser et des variables d'environnement sur la qualité de pièces a été étudié en considérant le cas du fer pur, de l'acier Inox 316L et du titane.Par ailleurs nous avons étudié la possibilité d'obtenir des alliages in-situ au cours de la fabrication par la technique SLM à partir de mélanges de poudres.Des essais ont été conduits à partir de mélanges Mg/Al, Fe/Ni et Ti/Ni. Dans tous les cas nous avons pu obtenir des alliages in-situ pour les domaines de composition visés qui correspondent à des applications pratiques (structures légères, alliage magnétique à faible coercivité, alliage à mémoire de forme). Les propriétés des matériaux obtenus, d'après les premières caractérisations effectuées, se comparent de façon favorable par rapport aux techniques classiques d'élaboration et de mise en œuvre. / During the last decade, selective laser melting attracted attention in industry because it could allow producing parts with complex shapes rapidly and accurately. The aim of this work is to obtain parts with desired properties by SLM technology. To achieve this point, a theoretical and experimental approach was developed concerning a new process which carries out the selective laser melting process at pressures in the range 1 to 1×10-2 mbar.Vacuum operating under allows avoiding the plasma shield generated from the gas atmosphere ionized by the high laser energy, which on the one hand avoids the chemical contamination (oxidizing, nitriding…) during the melting process and on the other hand reduces the porosity rate. The effect of laser parameters and environment variables on the quality of parts was studied by considering the case of pure iron, stainless steel 316L and titanium.Moreover, we studied the possibility of obtaining in-situ alloys during the SLM manufacturing technique from mixtures of powders.Tests were conducted from mixtures Mg/Al, Fe/Ni and Ti/Ni. In all cases we were able to obtain in-situ alloys for areas covered composition corresponding to practical applications (lightweight structures, low coercivity magnetic alloy, shape memory alloy). The properties of material obtained from the characterizations performed, which are comparable with the conventional development and implementation.

Les accumulateurs Ni-MH (Nickel-Métal-Hydrure) sont un sujet prometteur et largement étudié dans les recherches d’une énergie propre et durable. Trouver le matériau idéal pour l'électrode négative à haute densité volumétrique et gravimétrique est la clé pour l’application de cette technologie. Les hydrures métalliques à base de Ti-Ni ont des propriétés équilibrées entre la capacité d’hydrogène et les performances électrochimiques.L’objectif de cette thèse est d’étudier les effets de substitutions/additions d’éléments et de la mécanosynthèse sur la structure et les propriétés d’hydrogène des alliages Ti-Ni. Dans cette étude, une série d’alliages à base de Ti-Ni avec des substitutions/additions de Mg ou de Zr ont été systématiquement étudiés.Les alliages (TiNi)1-xMgx, (TiH2)1.5Mg0.5Ni, and Ti2-xZrxNi ont été synthétisés par mécanosynthèse à partir de poudres élémentaires. Dans un premier temps, l’influence du temps de broyage et les effets de substitutions/additions sur les microstructures ont été caractérisés par des techniques telles que la DRX, le MEB et le MET. Dans un second temps, les propriétés d’hydrogénation des différents alliages ont été mesurées par des réactions solid-gaz et par cyclage électrochimique.La théorie de la fonctionnelle de la densité (DFT) en utilisant le programme CASTEP a permis de calculer les enthalpies de formation afin de comparer la stabilité thermodynamique des alliages obtenus. Dans ces travaux de recherche, nous avons identifié les priorités d’alliage des ternaires Ni-Ti-Mg et Ti-Ni-Zr dans des conditions de broyage. La transformation structurale du Ti en phase CFC, induite par l’introduction d’éléments étrangers, a été mise en évidence.Les courbes PCI (Pression-Composition-Isothermes) et les capacités de décharge en fonction du nombre de cycles indiquent les propriétés d’hydrogène des alliages obtenus, y compris TiNi, Ti2Ni (amorphe), Ti-Mg et Ti-Zr. / Ni-MH (Nickel-Metal-Hydride) batteries have been a promising and extensively studied topic among clean and sustainable energy researches. Finding the ideal material for the negative electrode with high volumetric and gravimetric densities is the key to apply this technology on broader applications. Metal hydrides based on Ti-Ni have balanced properties between hydrogen capacity and electrochemical performances in cycling.The objective of this thesis is to study the effects of element substitution/doping and mechanical alloying on the structural and hydrogen properties of Ti-Ni alloys. In this study, a series of Ti-Ni based systems with Mg or Zr doping/substitution have been systematically investigated.The metallic compounds (TiNi)1-xMgx, (TiH2)1.5Mg0.5Ni, and Ti2-xZrxNi were synthesized by mechanically alloying from elemental powders.The milling time and effects of Mg, Zr substitution/doping were studied firstly in respect of their microstructures, using characterization techniques including XRD, SEM, TEM (EDX support), followed by the hydrogen properties measurements of the samples by hydrogen solid-gas reaction and electrochemical cycling.A first principle calculation tool based on DFT (Density Functional Theory) was carried out to further investigate the enthalpy of formation in order to compare the thermodynamical stability of the obtained compounds. In the study, we have found the alloying priorities in the ternary alloys Ti-Ni-Mg and Ti-Ni-Zr under milling conditions.A structure transformation of Ti to FCC induced by foreign elements is reported and investigated. Enthalpy of formation per atom of the compounds were obtained by DFT calculations, which helped interpreting the experimental results. PCI (Pressure Composition Isotherms) curves and discharge capacities as the function of cycling numbers revealed the hydrogen properties of the obtained compounds, including TiNi, Ti2Ni (amorphous), Ti-Mg and Ti-Zr.

No description available.

Titanium is well known for its excellent properties, such as high strength-to-weight ratio and outstanding corrosion resistance. However the high cost of this metal has confined its applications to those mostly within the aerospace and military industries. The high purchase price of titanium is primarily driven by the need for intricate metal extraction processes, as well as the sensitivity towards conventional metal working operations. Among the potential solutions, powder metallurgy (P/M) technology provides an economical approach to bring down the price of finished titanium products. However, there are still many problems, such as the residual porosity in the sintered body, that need to be overcome. In this thesis, a fundamental study was carried out focusing on the P/M press-and-sinter technique, using commercially pure titanium (CP Ti) as well as two binary titanium alloys, namely Ti-Ni and Ti-Sn. The influence of several processing parameters including compaction pressure, lubricant type/concentration, sintering time/temperature were performed on both the CP and binary systems. The principal tools utilized for mechanical characterization were hardness and tensile testing, whereas optical microscopy, x-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy were employed to identify the microstructural features present. Press-and-sinter P/M strategies were successfully developed for all of the blends studied. For CP-Ti, a maximum tensile strength >750MPa and near full theoretical density (~99%) were achieved. Transitions in the size and the size distribution of pores and ?-Ti grains were also observed and quantified. It was found these transitions, as well as the powder impurities present (i.e. oxygen and carbon), greatly influenced the final mechanical properties. In the case of the binary alloys, it was shown that liquid phase sintering (LPS) significantly improved the sintered density for the Ti-10%Ni composition, when sintered at l100°C. A eutectic microstructure (CP-Ti + Ti2Ni), coupled with grains of CP-Ti, were identified as the principal phases present. On the other hand, the Ti-Sn alloys only showed a modest increase in sintered density compared to the CP-Ti, owing to the high solubility of Sn in Ti. In terms of crystal structure, XRD highlighted that the Sn containing samples were fully CP-Ti.

Submitted by Victor Hugo Albuquerque Rizzo (victor.rizzo@ufpe.br) on 2015-04-15T12:25:57Z No. of bitstreams: 2 DISSERTAÇÃO Karla Carolina Alves da Silva.pdf: 2857670 bytes, checksum: 1d6098b7997ac56c72a9850923c885f6 (MD5) license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-15T12:25:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 DISSERTAÇÃO Karla Carolina Alves da Silva.pdf: 2857670 bytes, checksum: 1d6098b7997ac56c72a9850923c885f6 (MD5) license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / CNPq / As ligas com memória de forma (LMF) destacam-se por apresentar propriedades especiais, com ênfase para recuperação de forma, possibilitando seu emprego em diversas aplicações tecnológicas. Esses materiais podem ser integrados a uma matriz polimérica, agindo como um reforço, constituindo então uma nova classe de matérias, chamada de Compósitos Inteligentes, que têm despertado interesse por sua versatilidade na criação de microatuadores e/ou sensores. Esses novos materiais desafiam a ciência por ainda estar em fase embrionária e unir a complexidade das LMF com a dos compósitos. A primeira etapa deste trabalho consistiu em selecionar o tratamento térmico adequado para as ligas com memória de forma, visto que essa seleção determina o intervalo de temperatura ao qual o microatuador pode trabalhar. Para isso foi realizada a calorimetria diferencial de varredura, em seguida a seleção, os fios tratados receberam um treinamento termomecânico para obtenção do efeito memória de forma reversível e assim executar o movimento pretendido para o microatuador. Após essa etapa, dois compósitos foram desenvolvidos para testar qual se adequaria as exigências do microatuador, um formado por resina epóxi e fios de Ti-Ni e outro constituído por silicone, resina epóxi e fios de Ti-Ni. Esses compósitos, o silicone acético, a resina epóxi e os fios de nitinol foram submetidos a ensaio de tração e posteriormente foram submetidos a caracterização microestrutural - a microscopia ótica (MO) e eletrônica de varredura (MEV) - com o intuito principal de analisar nos compósitos a interface entre os materiais que os constituem. Os compósitos também foram analisados com realização ao deslocamento linear, com o auxilio de um sensor LVDT, para verificação da flexibilidade dos mesmos. Dentre os materiais criados, buscou-se aquele que melhor atendesse as solicitações do microatuador pretendido, analisando características como: transformação martensítica, histerese térmica, flexibilidade e interface.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-12T17:35:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 arquivo2171_1.pdf: 6507521 bytes, checksum: 354f98d6ad0d25dfb4dda99f9148e3d7 (MD5) license.txt: 1748 bytes, checksum: 8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / O desenvolvimento acelerado da tecnologia e a enorme massa de investimentos na busca por miniaturização dentro das grandes áreas do conhecimento permite o desenvolvimento de materiais funcionais. Os materiais que apresentam o efeito memória de forma encontram-se, juntamente com as cerâmicas piezoelétricas e os polímeros eletroativos, classificados dentro deste grande grupo. As ligas de Ti-Ni são as mais bem sucedidas e exploradas dentre aquelas que exibem o Efeito Memória de Forma (EMF). O grande interesse neste tipo de material esta relacionado com as propriedades particulares das transformações martensítica que com as propriedades de resistência mecânica, ductilidade, resistência à fadiga e dureza conferem a estes materiais, condições adequadas para o funcionamento como sensores/atuadores. Este trabalho foi desenvolvido baseado no fato de que os tratamentos termomecânicos podem alterar as propriedades deste tipo de material. Procedimentos termomecânicos realizados em fios comerciais de Ti-Ni são utilizados na obtenção e treinamento de atuadores com a forma de molas helicoidais. A aplicação destes elementos se destina ao uso de suas propriedades funcionais na substituição do sistema de acionamento de válvulas de fluxo. Esta pesquisa é desenvolvida através de um conjunto de técnicas que formam o procedimento experimental, entre as técnicas direcionadas a caracterização dos fios de Ti-Ni foram utilizadas a calorimetria diferencial de varredura (DSC), difração de raios-X (DRX) e a microscopia óptica (MO) e eletrônica de varredura (MEV). O comportamento mecânico dos materiais foi avaliado por meio de ensaio de tração, dureza Vickers e pela investigação do comportamento da força gerada pelo fio e atuador quando da passagem de corrente elétrica. Os resultados obtidos permitiram a análise de parâmetros como temperatura e entalpia de transformação, tratamento térmico e resistência mecânica. A análise dos resultados mostra que: a) os tratamentos térmicos induzem alterações na estrutura do material, deslocando as temperaturas de transformação; b) a transformação de fase em duas etapas pode influenciar o desempenho da recuperação de forma em função do rearranjo dos defeitos e c) O tratamento térmico a temperatura de 400ºC (BSW-T1) produz propriedades adequadas para a aplicação do atuador no acionamento de válvulas de fluxo