Thesis (M.A.)--Memorial University of Newfoundland. / Bibliography : leaves [177]-189. Also available online.

The present study had two main objectives. The first was to determine the degree of understanding of climate change, sea level and sea level rise among middle school students. Combining open-ended questions with likert-scaled questions, we identified student conceptions on these topics in 86 students from 7th and 8th grades during 2012 and 2013 before and after implementing a Curriculum Unit (CU). Additional information was obtained by adding drawings to the open-ended questions during the second year to gauge how student conceptions varied from a verbal and a visual perspective. Misconceptions were identified both pre- and post-CU among all the topics taught. Students commonly used climate and climate change as synonyms, sea level was often defined as water depth, and several students failed to understand the complexities that determine changes in sea level due to wind, tides, and changes in sea surface temperature. In general, 8th grade students demonstrated a better understanding of these topics, as reflected in fewer apparent misconceptions after the CU. No previous study had reported such improvement. This showed the value of implementing short lessons. Using Piaget’s theories on cognitive development, the differences between 7th and 8th grade students reflect a transition to a more mature level which allowed students to comprehend more complex concepts that included multiple variables. The second objective was to determine if the frequency of sea level maxima not associated with tides over the last 100 years increased in two tide gauges located on the two extremes of the Panama canal, i.e. Balboa in the Pacific Ocean and Cristobal in the Caribbean Sea. These records were compared to time series of regional sea surface temperature, wind speed, atmospheric pressure, and El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO), to determine if these played a role as physical drivers of sea level at either location. Neither record showed an increase in the frequency of sea level maxima events. No parameter analyzed explained variability in sea level maxima in Cristobal. There was a significant correlation between the zonal component of the wind and sea level at Balboa for the early record (r=0.153; p-value0.05). There was a clear relationship between sea level maxima and ENSO. 70% of the years with higher counts of higher sea level events corresponded to El Niño years. A randomization test with 1000 iterations, shuffling the El Niño years, showed most of these randomizations grouped between 14-35% of the events occurring during a randomized El Niño year. In no iteration did the percentage of events that occurred during El Niño years rise above 65%. The correlation with zonal wind and the probable correlation with sea surface temperature can be linked via ENSO, since ENSO is associated with changes in the strength of the Trade Winds and positive anomalies in the sea surface temperature of the tropical Pacific Ocean.

Submitted by Jean Medeiros (jeanletras@uepb.edu.br) on 2017-07-24T16:06:09Z No. of bitstreams: 1 PDF - Tarsus Klynger Sabino dos Santos.pdf: 20465997 bytes, checksum: d345b9827a4b8cb379191f40579bff42 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-24T16:06:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PDF - Tarsus Klynger Sabino dos Santos.pdf: 20465997 bytes, checksum: d345b9827a4b8cb379191f40579bff42 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-26 / The lunar atmospheric tide is characterized by significant changes that occur mainly in wind fields, temperature of the terrestrial atmosphere produced by the direct influence of the moon on the bodies present on this surface. Using twelve years of data acquired from the instrument SABER / TIMED is possible to identify results of lunar tidal amplification especially during the winter in the northern hemisphere. It is also known that especially in the winter season of the Arctic polar region is the phenomenon called stratospheric sudden warming (Sudden Stratospheric Warming), which corroborates in significant changes in atmospheric dynamics during its occurrence. Some studies have shown the connection between intense events of abrupt warming of the polar stratosphere of the northern hemisphere with the lunar atmospheric tide. Knowing these conditions, the aim of this study was to investigate possible effects produced by the abrupt warming of the polar stratosphere in atmospheric lunar semidiurnal tide in mesospheric region and lower thermosphere (MLT). In this sense, data temperatures estimated from measurements obtained with the instrument SABER / TIMED were analyzed along with data from the polar stratosphere, provided by the National Centre for Environmental Prediction (NCEP). Analyzing the results, it was found that during the occurrence period of the lunar atmospheric tide abrupt heating of the polar stratosphere, contributed in some cases and may contribute to a higher and a lower amplification lunar semidiurnal tide in the atmosphere compared to studies analyzing effects of lunar semidiurnal tide without taking into account the influence of stratospheric warming / A maré atmosférica lunar caracteriza-se em significativas mudanças que ocorrem principalmente nos campos de vento, temperatura da atmosfera terrestres produzida pela influência direta da Lua sobre os corpos presentes nesta superfície. Utilizando doze anos de dados adquiridos do instrumento SABER/TIMED é possível identificar resultados da amplificação de maré lunar principalmente durante o inverno no hemisfério norte . Sabe-se também que principalmente na estação de inverno da região polar ártica ocorre o fenômeno denominado aquecimento estratosférico súbito (Sudden Stratospheric Warming), o qual corrobora em expressivas mudanças na dinâmica atmosférica durante sua ocorrência. Alguns estudos evidenciaram conexão entre os eventos intensos de aquecimento abrupto da estratosfera polar do hemisfério norte com a maré atmosférica lunar. Sabendo destas condições, o objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar possíveis efeitos produzidos pelo aquecimento abrupto da estratosfera polar na maré atmosférica semidiurna lunar na região Mesosférica e baixa Termosfera (MLT). Neste sentido, dados de temperaturas estimadas a partir de medidas obtidas com o instrumento SABER/TIMED foram analisados juntamente com dados da estratosfera polar, fornecidos pelo National Centre for Environmental Prediction (NCEP). Analisados os resultados, verificou-se que durante o período de ocorrência da maré atmosférica lunar, os aquecimentos abruptos da estratosfera polar, contribuíram em alguns casos, corroborando para uma maior e menor amplificação da maré semidiurna lunar na atmosfera quando comparado com estudos que analisaram os efeitos da maré semidiurna lunar sem levar em conta a influência do aquecimento estratosférico.

Submitted by Jean Medeiros (jeanletras@uepb.edu.br) on 2017-11-14T13:00:58Z No. of bitstreams: 1 PDF - Bismark Abeku Nyamekye Kushiator.pdf: 1029542 bytes, checksum: 85fec38cb146fdae2ce891a5cb865616 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-11-14T13:00:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PDF - Bismark Abeku Nyamekye Kushiator.pdf: 1029542 bytes, checksum: 85fec38cb146fdae2ce891a5cb865616 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-05-19 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Atmospheric airglow measurements obtained by means of a multichannel photometer in the equatorial region of São João do Cariri, Brazil (7.4 ºS, 36.5 ºO) was used to identify and characterize variations associated with lunar tide. The solar time luminescence data of the three emissions; OH (6, 2), O155577 and 𝑂2(0−1) were smoothed with an average of three months to represent one month in order to reduce variability. The three emissions were subjected to spectral analysis using the Lomb-Scargle peridogram to identify the presence of tidal periodicities of each emission of airglow. The residual from each emission were obtained as a result of the subtraction of the reconstructed composite day using the components diurna, semidiurna and terdiuna of the solar tide, for each three months of measurements were used. This elimination of solar tide signals produced residual emissions of each data that are converted to lunar time and subjected to harmonic analysis to obtain the monthly amplitudes and phases of the lunar semidiurnal component for each of the three emissions. The time series obtained on a composite lunar day shows the lunar component. From the analysis of the data it was possible to identify the signature of the semidiurnal lunar tide in each emission throughout the year of 2004 in the equatorial region. / Medidas da luminescência atmosférica obtidas através de fotômetro multicanal na região equatorial em São João do Cariri, Brasil (7,4 ºS; 36,5ºO) são usadas para identificar e caracterizar variações associadas à maré lunar. Os dados de luminescência de tempo solar das três emissões; OH (6, 2), OI5577 e 𝑂2 (0- 1) foram suavizados com uma média de três meses para representar um mês, a fim de reduzir a variabilidade. As três emissões foram submetidas a análise espectral utilizando o peridograma de Lomb-Scargle para identificar a presença das periodicidades das marés em cada emissão de luminescência. Os resíduos de cada emissão foram obtidos como resultado da subtração do dia composto reconstruído utilizando as componentes diurna, semidiurna e terdiuna da maré solar. Para isto, foram utilizados três meses de medidas. Esta eliminação de sinais de maré solar produze emissões residuais de cada dado que são convertidas para o tempo lunar e submetidas a análises harmônicas para obter as amplitudes e fases mensais da componente semidiurna lunar para cada uma das três emissões. As séries temporais obtidas em um dia lunar composto mostra o componente lunar. A partir da análise dos dados foi possível identificar a assinatura da maré lunar semidiurna em cada emissão ao longo do ano de 2004 na região equatorial.

Submitted by Jean Medeiros (jeanletras@uepb.edu.br) on 2018-04-03T16:10:37Z No. of bitstreams: 1 PDF - Vera Yesutor Tsali-Brown.pdf: 30843412 bytes, checksum: 59e10df34146975cb54cee13f06cba2b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-03T16:10:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PDF - Vera Yesutor Tsali-Brown.pdf: 30843412 bytes, checksum: 59e10df34146975cb54cee13f06cba2b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-02-28 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The effects of the lunar tide in the F region of the ionosphere are studied in this work using measurements provided by the ionosonde installed in Cachoeira Paulista (22 ° S, 45 ° W) between 2009 and 2011. To identify the variations associated with the lunar tides, the following parameters are used: peak height of electronic density of the F region (hmF2) and the critical frequency of the F (foF2) region. The influence of the lunar tide in the Brazilian ionosphere was obtained using the residual measurements which was without the influence of the solar tide for each day, owing that all the months were converted to the lunar time and submitted to harmonic analysis to obtain monthly amplitudes and phases for the period of study. The maximum diurnal amplitude in foF2 determined was 0.41MHz and 0.42MHz in the semidiurnal component. Also the maximum diurnal amplitude in hmF2 determined was 6.25km and semidiurnal 7.76km. The seasonal variations in the amplitudes in foF2 and hmF2 were sometimes annual and semiannual in nature. / Os efeitos da maré lunar na região F da ionosfera são estudados neste trabalho utilizando medidas fornecidas pela ionossonda instalada em Cachoeira Paulista (22° S; 45° W) entre os anos de 2009 e 2011. Para identificar as variações associadas às marés lunares são utilizados os seguintes parâmetros: altura do pico de densidade eletrônica da região F (hmF2) e a freqüência crítica da região F (foF2). A influência da maré lunar na ionosfera brasileira foi obtida utilizando as medidas residuais sem a influência da maré solar. As medidas foram convertidas para o tempo lunar e submetidas à análise harmônica para obter amplitudes e fases mensais para o período de estudo. A variação sazonal das amplitudes nos parâmetros foF2 e hmF2 foi geralmente geralmente semestral. Também eram às vezes anual

Os manguezais estão entre os ecossistemas, biologicamente, mais produtivos e importantes do mundo, fornecendo bens e serviços exclusivos para as sociedades e os sistemas costeiros. Entre suas funções destacam-se a estabilização da linha de costa e a redução do impacto de fenômenos extremos, como em casos de tempestades e furacão. No entanto, esse ecossistema têm apresentado alterações significativas oriundas da influência antrópica no ambiente, que modificam a cobertura vegetal e que, por sua vez, influenciam todo o ecossistema, inclusive nas interações microclimáticas. A pesquisa tem como objetivo avaliar a relação existente entre os controles (estrutura da vegetação, variação da maré e sistemas atmosféricos) e atributos climáticos (temperatura do ar, umidade absoluta do ar, radiação solar global, vento e precipitação) no manguezal localizado na Barra do Ribeira-Iguape/SP. Para isso, instalou-se uma torre microclimática contendo duas estações meteorológicas de forma a obter uma análise da variação dos atributos climáticos acima e abaixo do dossel de manguezal. Além disso, analisaram-se ainda as características estruturais da vegetação do manguezal. Constatou-se um aumento na transmissividade da radiação solar no dossel do manguezal, uma redução no albedo e uma diminuição na interceptação vegetal, que está associada a degradação do bosque, que não possui indivíduos novos que prosperam no ambiente, portanto sem renovação do ecossistema, resultado da presença de macrófitas ao longo da área de estudo. Comprovou-se o importante papel da maré no manguezal, contribuindo com entrada e saída de energia, favorecendo o resfriamento/aquecimento relativo do ambiente. Concluiu-se que, do ponto de vista microclimático, há diferenças significativas entre o que acontece acima e abaixo do dossel no manguezal, com diferenças superiores a 5°C, como no caso da temperatura máxima ou ainda entre a temperatura do solo e do ar com diferenças que ultrapassaram 10°C. É perceptível, nesse nível escalar, o acoplamento entre as escalas climáticas superiores com o nível microclimático. Observou-se como os atributos climáticos se conectam e como as diferenças entre os atributos climáticos ficam evidentes em escalas temporais inferiores. / Biologically, the mangrove ecosystems are among the most productive and important in the world, providing resources and services exclusive to societies and coastal systems. Its functions include the stabilization of the shoreline and reduction the impact of extreme weather events such as in cases of storms and hurricane. However, this ecosystem have been presenting significant changes arising from anthropogenic influence on the environment, modifying the vegetation and that, in turn, influence the entire ecosystem, including the microclimatic interactions. The research aims to assess the relation between controls (vegetation structure, tide variations and atmospheric systems) and climatic attributes (air temperature, absolute humidity, solar radiation, wind and rainfall) in the mangrove on the bar the Ribeira-Iguape/SP. To this end, was installed one microclimatic tower containing two weather stations to obtain an analysis of climatic attribute variations above and below the canopy of mangrove. Moreover, was analyzed the structural features of the mangrove vegetation. It was found an increase in transmissivity of solar radiation in the mangrove canopy, a reduction in albedo and a decrease in vegetable interception. These changes are associated with the degradation of the forest, who do not have new individuals who thrive in the environment, there is no renewal of the ecosystem as a result of the presence of macrophytes in the study area. It was proven the important role of tidal in mangrove areas, contributing with input and output power, favoring the cooling / heating relative on the environment. It was concluded that, from the microclimatic point of view, there are significant differences above and below the mangrove canopy. In the case of the maximum temperature, the differences were greater than 5 ° C and exceed 10 ° C between the air and soil temperature. It is noticeable in this scalar level, the coupling between the upper climatic scales with the microclimate level. Was observed how the climatic attributes are connected and how the differences between the climatic attributes are evident in inferior temporal scales.

Dans le contexte de la hausse actuelle du niveau marin, la détermination du mouvement vertical à la côte est cruciale pour deux principales raisons. D’une part, parce qu’il est enregistré dans la mesure marégraphique et constitue une source d’incertitude dans l’estimation des variations long terme du niveau marin (suivant les auteurs ces variations sont de l’ordre de 1 à 2 mm/an de montée au cours du siècle passé). Et d’autre part, parce que les processus de subsidence à la côte sont un facteur aggravant des effets de la montée du niveau marin avec parfois des taux qui résultent en une montée relative du niveau marin de l’ordre de 1 cm/an, soit des projections de 1 mètre en un siècle, sans accélération des contributions climatiques actuelles. Cette thèse de doctorat s’attaque à la détermination des mouvements verticaux à la côte par GPS et par une méthode originale de combinaison des données de marégraphie et d’altimétrie radar embarquée sur satellite. La méthode proposée ici est basée sur celle de Kuo et al. (2004), reprise et étendue en appliquant un filtrage spatio-temporel issu de l’analyse EOF des deux types de séries de données. La méthode est appliquée dans le Golfe du Mexique sur la période 1950-2009 en utilisant les quinze séries marégraphiques de plus de 40 ans d’observations disponibles dans la région au PSMSL et les séries altimétriques mises à disposition dans AVISO sur la période 1992-2009. La comparaison avec les mouvements verticaux issus des cinq séries de positions de stations GPS co-localisées avec marégraphes montre un écart moyen quadratique sur les différences de 0.60 mm/an révélant la grande précision de la nouvelle approche. Les séries temporelles GPS ont préalablement fait l’objet d’une analyse poussée du bruit et des incertitudes associées, légitimant l’utilisation des séries GPS dans la correction des tendances du niveau marin obtenues des marégraphes. Les incertitudes obtenues des vitesses verticales GPS sont de l’ordre de 0.5 mm/an ce qui est significativement inférieur à d’autres analyses de ce type. La méthode altimétrie moins marégraphie mise au point offre donc des perspectives intéressantes dans la détermination précise des mouvements verticaux côtiers où il n’existe pas de mesures géodésiques. / In the context of the current sea level rise, the determination of coastal vertical land motion is crucial for two main reasons. In one hand, tide gauge measurements are affected by vertical displacements and this is a source of uncertainties for the estimation of long-term sea level variations ( those variations are in the order of 1 to 2 mm/yr of sea level rise during the last century according to different authors). On the other hand, coastal subsiding processes could aggravate the effects of sea level rise with rates leading sometimes to 1 cm/yr of relative sea level rise, that is 1 meter over a century, without any acceleration of climatic contribution. This PhD thesis addresses the determination of coastal vertical land movement by GPS and by an original method combining the data from both tide gauge and satellite radar altimetry. The method which is suggested here is based on those of Kuo et al., (2004), repeated and extended by spatio-temporal filtering from EOF analysis of the two kinds of series. The method is applied in the Gulf of Mexico over the period 1950-2009 using the available fifteen tide gauge series of more than 40 years of observations selected from the PSMSL and altimetric series selected from AVISO over the period 1992-2009. The comparison between vertical land movements from the five position time series of the GPS stations collocated at tide gauge locations shows a root mean square error of 0.60 mm/an over the difference , highlighting the high accuracy of the new approach. Beforehand, GPS time series underwent a detailed noise analysis and their associated uncertainties, legitimating the use of GPS series in the correction of tide gauge sea level trends. The uncertainties from GPS vertical velocities are in the order of 0.5 mm/yr which is significantly lower than other analysis of this type. The adjusted method altimetry minus tide gauge presents interesting prospects for the accurate determination of coastal land motion where there are not geodetic measurements.

Kyoto University (京都大学) / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第15034号 / 工博第3183号 / 新制||工||1479(附属図書館) / 27495 / 京都大学大学院工学研究科社会基盤工学専攻 / (主査)教授 関口 秀雄, 教授 間瀬 肇, 教授 後藤 仁志 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当

The seaward end of modern rivers is characterized by the interactions of marine and fluvial processes within a tract known as the fluvial to marine transition zone (FMTZ), which varies between systems due to the relative strength of fluvial, tidal and wave processes. River deltas also show a range of different morphologies and architectures linked to the balance between these depositional processes. However sedimentological interpretations of fluvial to shallow-marine deposits from the rock record commonly relate sedimentary structures to single depositional processes and give greater importance to facies-based observations rather than to architectural style. To better understand how fluvial and tidal process interactions are preserved and distributed in the rock record, deltaic deposits of the Middle Jurassic Lajas Formation (Neuquén Basin, Argentina) have been investigated in large-scale outcrops. The degree of tidal influence has been evaluated using both facies-scale observations and architecture analysis, and critically testing the application of the FMTZ concept in ancient deposits. The characteristics of the reconstructed FMTZ together with the architectural elements described from the Lajas Formation are consistent with an interpretation of a fluvial-dominated, tide-influenced delta, rather than a tide-dominated system, as previously proposed. The results presented herein suggest that highstand systems tract progradational deltas of the Lajas Fm. accumulated largely under microtidal conditions. Comparison of facies and architecture between modern tide dominated deltas and published examples from ancient successions shows a fundamental mismatch; modern systems are mud-dominated with laterally accreting tidal bars while ancient examples are sand-rich and dominated by forward accreting deposits. This thesis argues that the majority of ancient sand-rich successions interpreted as tide-dominated deltas might have formed in large parts in a fluvial-dominated, tide-influenced delta system and that tide-dominated deltas may have not been adequately described from the rock record yet. The improved identification of process interactions presented in this study is crucial to refining classifications of shallow-marine successions and to understanding the recorded spatial and temporal evolution of ancient depositional systems. This can have fundamental implications in refining reservoir models and predicting correct geometries in hydrocarbon-bearing successions.

La reconnaissance de systèmes sédimentaires hybrides (houle-marée) dans l'enregistrement sédimentaire n'est pas triviale lorsque l'un des processus (ici la marée) ne laisse pas de traces sédimentaires directes permettant de l'identifier. La succession sédimentaire de l'Ordovicien inférieur (formations des Fezouata et du Zini) de la région de Zagora (Anti-Atlas ; Maroc) enregistre une dominance de la houle. Cependant, de nombreuses structures et géométries de dépôts sédimentaires sont atypiques de l'action de la houle. L'explication proposée dans ce travail est la modulation de l'action de la houle par la marée qui va s'exprimer de différentes façons en fonction de la bathymétrie. Un modèle sédimentaire de dépôt est proposé pour ce système hybride. Les Fezouata ont non seulement un intérêt sédimentologique mais aussi un grand intérêt paléontologique par la présence de gisements à préservation exceptionnelle qui enregistrent les débuts de la Grande Biodiversification Ordovicienne. L'élaboration du modèle sédimentaire de dépôt a permis de contraindre les faciès sédimentaires associés aux fossiles retrouvés, permettant ainsi de définir un contexte paléoenvironnemental de vie de ces communautés primitives. Afin de mieux caractériser les différentes structures sédimentaires ainsi que leurs distributions au sein de la zone intertidale d'un environnement mixte, deux analogues, un méga- et un macro-tidal tout deux dominés par la houle, ont été choisis : Berck-Plage (Pas-de-Calais ; France) et la pointe du Cap-Ferret (Gironde ; France). La zone intertidale de Berck-Plage a permis de montrer que la quasi majorité des structures sédimentaires est formée par un courant oscillatoire et que la géomorphologie côtière (barres-et-bâches), induisant la réfraction des fronts d'ondes (houle) incidentes, joue un rôle majeur dans la distribution et la formation des structures sédimentaires. Des morphologies particulières en mamelons ont été observées à Berck-Plage mais l'homogénéité granulométrique de la zone d'étude n'a pas permis l'observation de leurs structures internes. Des morphologies similaires ont ainsi été étudiées à la pointe du Cap-Ferret. Cette dernière étude met en avant la formation de structures sédimentaires en mamelons comme étant le résultat de flux supercritiques initiés par le reflux de la houle préalablement réfractée par la géomorphologie non linéaire de la côte / Recognition of hybrid sedimentary systems (wave-tide) in the sedimentary record is not trivial when one of the processes (here, the tide) does not leave direct sedimentary traces allowing its identification. The Lower Ordovician sedimentary succession (Fezouata and Zini formations) of the Zagora region (Anti-Atlas, Morocco) records a dominance of wave action. However, many sedimentary structures and depositional geometries are atypical of a wave dominated sedimentary system. The explanation proposed in this work is a modulation of the wave action by tides, which is expressed in different manners depending to the bathymetry. A model of deposition is then proposed for this hybrid sedimentary system. The Fezouata not only have a sedimentological interest but also a great paleontological interest due to the presence of exceptionally well-preserved fossils dating from the initial steps of the Great Ordovician Biodiversification Event. The development of the model deposition allowed to constrain the sedimentary facies associated with the fossils discovered, thus allowing to provide a paleoenvironmental life context for these primitive communities. In order to better characterize the different sedimentary structures and their distribution through the intertidal zone of hybrid environments, two analogues, one mega- and the other macro-tidal, both dominated by wave action were chosen: Berck-Plage (Pas-de-Calais; France) and the tip of Cap-Ferret (Gironde; France). The analysis of the intertidal zone of Berck-Plage has shown that the majority of the sedimentary structures are formed under oscillatory flows and that the coastal geomorphology (in ridges-and-runnels), inducing refraction of the incident wave fronts, plays a major role in the distribution and formation of the sedimentary structures. Peculiar dome-like morphologies were observed at Berck-Plage but the grain size homogeneity in this area did not allow the observation of their internal structures. Similar morphologies have been studied at the tip of Cap-Ferret. This last study highlights that the formation of dome-like bedforms is the result of supercritical flows initiated by the backwash of waves previously refracted by the non linear coastal geomorphology