Orientador: Dionízio Paschoareli Júnior / Resumo: Diante das constantes mudanças nas regulamentações do setor elétrico, há necessidade de se realizar análises de impactos dessas regulamentações nos setores envolvidos, como consumidores e distribuidoras de energia elétrica.O Brasil tem aprimorado constantemente as regulamentações do setor de geração distribuída. As melhorias feitas partem de pesquisas realizadas em universidades, projetos de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento, e consultas públicas. Além dessa inovação no setor residencial, a Agência Nacional de Energia Elétrica (ANEEL) regulamentou uma nova modalidade tarifária, a tarifa branca, que é uma tarifa horária (Time-of-Use), com3 postos horários diferentes ao longo do dia, cada um com um valor de tarifa, com o objetivo de incentivar o deslocamento da carga dos horários mais sobrecarregados do sistema elétrico para horários ociosos. Esta regulamentação entrará em vigor a partir de janeiro de 2018 e por ser uma modalidade diferente da que os consumidores estão acostumados, há a necessidade de verificar os impactos deste tipo de tarifa no consumidor residencial considerando seus hábitos de consumo atuais e verificando a influência desta tarifa nos consumidores que estiverem dispostos a mudar seus hábitos de consumo. A proposta desta tese é apresentar os impactos desta nova modalidade tarifária em consumidores residenciais com microgeração fotovoltaica, considerando situações com consumo atual e com deslocamento de carga, através do desenvolvimento de uma metodologiacapaz de re... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: In the face of constant changes in the regulations of the electricity sector, there is a need to analyse the impacts of these regulations on the sectors involved, such as electricity consumers and distributors. Brazil has presented a constant growth of photovoltaic microgeneration installations in residential consumers connected to the electric grid and has constantly improved the regulations of the distributed generation sector. The improvements made in these regulations are based on research carried out in universities, Research and Development projects, and public consultations. In addition to this innovation in the residential sector, the National Electric Energy Agency has regulated a new tariff modality, the white tariff, which is a Time-of-Use tariff, with 3 different timetables throughout the day, each with a with the objective of encouraging the shift of the load from the overloaded hours of the electrical system to idle schedules. This regulation will come into effect from January 2018 and since it is a different modality from which consumers are accustomed, there is a need to verify the impacts of this type of tariff on the residential consumer considering their current consumption habits and verifying the influence of this tariff consumers who are willing to change their consumption habits. The purpose of this thesis is to present the impacts of this new tariff modality on residential consumers with photovoltaic microgeneration, considering situations with current... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

The current Internet architecture presents a barrier to accommodate the vigorous arising demand for deploying new network services and applications. The next-generation architecture views the network virtualization as the gateway to overcome this limitation. Network virtualization promises to run efficiently and securely multiple dedicated virtual networks (VNs) over a shared physical infrastructure. Each VN is tailored to host a unique application based on the user’s preferences. This thesis addresses the problem of the efficient embedding of multiple VNs onto a shared substrate network (SN). The contribution of this thesis are twofold: First, a novel hierarchical SN management framework is proposed that efficiently selects the optimum VN mapping scheme for the requested VN from more than one proposed VN mapping candidates obtained in parallel. In order to accommodate the arbitrary architecture of the VNs, the proposed scheme divides the VN request into smaller subgraphs, and individually maps them on the SN using a variation of the exact subgraph matching techniques. Second, the physical resources pricing policy is introduced that is based on time-ofuse, that reflects the effect of resource congestion introduced by VN users. The preferences of the VN users are first represented through corresponding demand-utility functions that quantify the sensitivity of the applications hosted by the VNs to resource consumption and time-of-use. A novel model of time-varying VNs is presented, where users are allowed to up- or down-scale the requested resources to continuously maximize their utility while minimizing the VNs embedding cost. In contrast to existing solutions, the proposed work does not impose any limitations on the size or topology of the VN requests. Instead, the search is customized according to the VN size and the associated utility. Extensive simulations are then conducted to demonstrate the improvement achieved through the proposed work in terms of network utilization, the ratio of accepted VN requests and the SP profits.

This master thesis evaluates the incentives of a newly implemented market controlled network tariff by analyzing consumption data and constructing a time-differentiated debiting model. The tariff was implemented by Sandviken Energi Elnät AB and the thesis evaluates its customers consumption data compared to data provided by Sundsvall Elnät AB. The differences in data is evaluated by statistical tests of Students t-test, Bayesian t-test and χ2-test with the result that no statistically significant change in user pattern can be found and thus an elucidation of the incentives must be made in the form of a hourly time-differentiated debating model. The thesis also evaluates the cost incentives of the model compared to spot prices where it is shown that the tariff model can benefit much from the spot prices hourly incentives in its hourly time-differentiated model. Five time-differentiated models were constructed and presented where three uses a color coding scheme. The conclusion is that a color coded time-differentiated tariff should give the costumers clear and cost-effective incentives.

O incremento nos padrões de consumo de energia elétrica e o fácil acesso a diversas tecnologias eletroeletrônicas têm contribuído para a superação anual dos índices de consumo de eletricidade. Tendo em vista que esse insumo ainda não é economicamente armazenável em larga escala, se faz necessário manter o equilíbrio em tempo real entre a oferta/demanda mais perdas. Entretanto, a maioria dos consumidores brasileiros atendidos em baixa tensão paga tarifas baseadas nos custos médios, os quais ocultam os efeitos da alta concentração de consumo de eletricidade em determinados horários do dia. Nesse contexto, o presente estudo analisa o impacto que Programas de Resposta à Demanda (PRD), baseado em tarifas com diferenciação horária, exercem sobre o desempenho dos sistemas de distribuição. A metodologia proposta utiliza o conceito de elasticidade-preço da demanda de energia elétrica, por meio de uma abordagem matricial e permite representar diferentes tipos de consumidores. A partir de uma análise de sensibilidade dos estudos de casos, verificou-se a influência dos parâmetros que compõem as equações do PRD proposto. Para avaliar o desempenho do modelo, foram feitos estudos numéricos usando uma versão modificada do sistema teste IEEE de 34 nós. A análise de sensibilidade entre os estudos de caso apresentou uma avaliação do percentual de adesão dos consumidores, bem como o comportamento das perdas ativas mensais e do perfil de tensão. Os resultados obtidos no presente estudo evidenciam a validade da abordagem proposta, a partir de uma formulação simplificada, além de demonstrar a potencial aplicabilidade a casos reais. / Power consumption behavior increase and easy access to electroelectronics technologies had contributed to annual power consumption rates surpass. As there is not yet an economically sustainable way to store electric power it is necessary to maintain the balance between offer and power demand (considering losses). Brazilian customers majority supplied in low voltage are charged by its mean power consumption masking peak consumption in certain periods of the day. Within this reality the present work analysis the impact of Demand Response Programs (DRP) using Time-Of-Use tariff (TOU) over the power distribution system’s performance. The proposed methodology applies the concept of Price Elasticity demand and uses the representation of different consumers’ types in a matrix approach. The DRP parameters’ variation impact was checked using a sensitivity analysis. In order to evaluate the performance of the proposed model numerical studies were done using the IEEE 34 modified node test feeder. A sensitivity analysis among the case studies presents the customers adherence percentage and the monthly active power losses and voltage profile. The methodology's results besides supporting the proposal approach from a simplified formulation show the potential use on real cases.

O incremento nos padrões de consumo de energia elétrica e o fácil acesso a diversas tecnologias eletroeletrônicas têm contribuído para a superação anual dos índices de consumo de eletricidade. Tendo em vista que esse insumo ainda não é economicamente armazenável em larga escala, se faz necessário manter o equilíbrio em tempo real entre a oferta/demanda mais perdas. Entretanto, a maioria dos consumidores brasileiros atendidos em baixa tensão paga tarifas baseadas nos custos médios, os quais ocultam os efeitos da alta concentração de consumo de eletricidade em determinados horários do dia. Nesse contexto, o presente estudo analisa o impacto que Programas de Resposta à Demanda (PRD), baseado em tarifas com diferenciação horária, exercem sobre o desempenho dos sistemas de distribuição. A metodologia proposta utiliza o conceito de elasticidade-preço da demanda de energia elétrica, por meio de uma abordagem matricial e permite representar diferentes tipos de consumidores. A partir de uma análise de sensibilidade dos estudos de casos, verificou-se a influência dos parâmetros que compõem as equações do PRD proposto. Para avaliar o desempenho do modelo, foram feitos estudos numéricos usando uma versão modificada do sistema teste IEEE de 34 nós. A análise de sensibilidade entre os estudos de caso apresentou uma avaliação do percentual de adesão dos consumidores, bem como o comportamento das perdas ativas mensais e do perfil de tensão. Os resultados obtidos no presente estudo evidenciam a validade da abordagem proposta, a partir de uma formulação simplificada, além de demonstrar a potencial aplicabilidade a casos reais. / Power consumption behavior increase and easy access to electroelectronics technologies had contributed to annual power consumption rates surpass. As there is not yet an economically sustainable way to store electric power it is necessary to maintain the balance between offer and power demand (considering losses). Brazilian customers majority supplied in low voltage are charged by its mean power consumption masking peak consumption in certain periods of the day. Within this reality the present work analysis the impact of Demand Response Programs (DRP) using Time-Of-Use tariff (TOU) over the power distribution system’s performance. The proposed methodology applies the concept of Price Elasticity demand and uses the representation of different consumers’ types in a matrix approach. The DRP parameters’ variation impact was checked using a sensitivity analysis. In order to evaluate the performance of the proposed model numerical studies were done using the IEEE 34 modified node test feeder. A sensitivity analysis among the case studies presents the customers adherence percentage and the monthly active power losses and voltage profile. The methodology's results besides supporting the proposal approach from a simplified formulation show the potential use on real cases.

O incremento nos padrões de consumo de energia elétrica e o fácil acesso a diversas tecnologias eletroeletrônicas têm contribuído para a superação anual dos índices de consumo de eletricidade. Tendo em vista que esse insumo ainda não é economicamente armazenável em larga escala, se faz necessário manter o equilíbrio em tempo real entre a oferta/demanda mais perdas. Entretanto, a maioria dos consumidores brasileiros atendidos em baixa tensão paga tarifas baseadas nos custos médios, os quais ocultam os efeitos da alta concentração de consumo de eletricidade em determinados horários do dia. Nesse contexto, o presente estudo analisa o impacto que Programas de Resposta à Demanda (PRD), baseado em tarifas com diferenciação horária, exercem sobre o desempenho dos sistemas de distribuição. A metodologia proposta utiliza o conceito de elasticidade-preço da demanda de energia elétrica, por meio de uma abordagem matricial e permite representar diferentes tipos de consumidores. A partir de uma análise de sensibilidade dos estudos de casos, verificou-se a influência dos parâmetros que compõem as equações do PRD proposto. Para avaliar o desempenho do modelo, foram feitos estudos numéricos usando uma versão modificada do sistema teste IEEE de 34 nós. A análise de sensibilidade entre os estudos de caso apresentou uma avaliação do percentual de adesão dos consumidores, bem como o comportamento das perdas ativas mensais e do perfil de tensão. Os resultados obtidos no presente estudo evidenciam a validade da abordagem proposta, a partir de uma formulação simplificada, além de demonstrar a potencial aplicabilidade a casos reais. / Power consumption behavior increase and easy access to electroelectronics technologies had contributed to annual power consumption rates surpass. As there is not yet an economically sustainable way to store electric power it is necessary to maintain the balance between offer and power demand (considering losses). Brazilian customers majority supplied in low voltage are charged by its mean power consumption masking peak consumption in certain periods of the day. Within this reality the present work analysis the impact of Demand Response Programs (DRP) using Time-Of-Use tariff (TOU) over the power distribution system’s performance. The proposed methodology applies the concept of Price Elasticity demand and uses the representation of different consumers’ types in a matrix approach. The DRP parameters’ variation impact was checked using a sensitivity analysis. In order to evaluate the performance of the proposed model numerical studies were done using the IEEE 34 modified node test feeder. A sensitivity analysis among the case studies presents the customers adherence percentage and the monthly active power losses and voltage profile. The methodology's results besides supporting the proposal approach from a simplified formulation show the potential use on real cases.

In South Africa, where 75% of the worlds platinum is produced, electricity tariffs have increased significantly over recent years. This introduces challenges to the energy intensive mineral processing industry. Within the mineral processing chain, run-of-mine ore milling circuits are the most energy-intensive unit processes. Opportunities to reduce the operating costs associated with power consumption through process control are explored in this work. In order to reduce operating costs, demand side management was implemented on a milling circuit using load shifting. Time-of-use tariffs were exploited by shifting power consumption of the milling circuit from more expensive to cheaper tariff periods in order to reduce overall costs associated with electricity consumption. Reduced throughput during high tariff periods was recovered during low tariff periods in order to maintain milling circuit throughput over a week long horizon. In order to implement and evaluate demand side management through process control, a load shifting controller was developed for the non-linear Hulbert model. Implementation of the load shifting controller was achieved through a multi-layered control approach. A regulatory linear MPC controller was developed to address technical control requirements such as milling circuit stability. A supervisory real-time optimizer was developed to meet economic control requirements such as reducing electricity costs while maintaining throughput. Scenarios, designed to evaluate the sensitivities of the load shifting controller, showed interesting results. Mill power set-point optimization was found to be proportionally related to the mineral price. Set-points were not sensitive to absolute electricity costs but rather to the relationships between peak, standard, and off-peak electricity costs. The load shifting controller was most effective at controlling the milling circuit where weekly throughput was between approximately 90% and 100% of the maximum throughput capacity. From an economic point of view, it is shown that for milling circuits that are not throughput constrained, load shifting can reduce operating costs associated with electricity consumption. Simulations performed indicate that realizable cost savings are between R16.51 and R20.78 per gram of unrefined platinum processed by the milling circuit. This amounts to a potential annual cost saving of up to R1.89 m for a milling circuit that processes 90 t/h at a head grade of 3 g/t. / Dissertation (MEng)--University of Pretoria, 2015. / Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering / Unrestricted

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Traditional crash frequency prediction models cannot capture the temporal effects of traffic characteristics due to the high level of data aggregation. Also, this approach is less suitable to address the crash risk for active traffic management strategies that typically operate for short-time intervals. Hence, this research proposes short-term crash prediction models for traffic management strategies such as Variable Speed Limit (VSL)/Variable Advisory Speed (VAS), and Part-time Shoulder Use (PTSU). By using high-resolution traffic detectors and VSL/VAS operational data, short-term Safety Performance Functions (SPFs) are estimated at weekday hourly and peak period aggregation levels. The results indicate that the short-term SPFs could capture various crash contributing factors and safety aspects of VSL/VAS more effectively than the traditional highly aggregated Average Annual Daily Traffic (AADT)-based approach. The study also investigates the safety effectiveness of VSL/VAS for different types and severity levels of traffic crashes. The results specify that the VSL/VAS system is effective in reducing rear-end crashes in the Multivariate Poisson Lognormal (MVPLN) crash type model as well as Property Damage Only (PDO) and C (non-incapacitating) crashes in the MVPLN crash severity model. Recommendations include deploying the VSL/VAS system combined with other traffic management strategies, strong enforcement policies, and drivers' compliance to increase the effectiveness of this strategy. Further, this research estimates the Random Parameters Negative Binomial-Lindley (RPNB-L) model for PTSU sections and provides valuable insights on potential crash contributing factors related to PTSU operation, design elements, and high-risk areas. Last, the study proposes a novel integrated crash prediction approach for freeway sections with combined traffic management strategies. By incorporating historical safety conditions from SPFs, real-time crash prediction performance could be improved as a part of proactive traffic management systems. The findings could assist transportation agencies, policymakers, and practitioners in taking appropriate countermeasures for preventing and reducing crash occurrence by incorporating safety aspects while implementing traffic management strategies on freeways.

Suppliers in competitive electricity markets regularly respond to prices that change hour by hour or even more frequently, but most consumers respond to price changes on a very different time scale, i. e. they observe and respond to changes in price as reflected on their monthly bills. This thesis examines mixed complementarity programming models of equilibrium that can bridge the speed of response gap between suppliers and consumers, yet adhere to the principle of marginal cost pricing of electricity. It develops a computable equilibrium model to estimate the time-of-use (TOU) prices that can be used in retail electricity markets. An optimization model for the supply side of the electricity market, combined with a price-responsive geometric distributed lagged demand function, computes the TOU prices that satisfy the equilibrium conditions. Monthly load duration curves are approximated and discretized in the context of the supplier's optimization model. The models are formulated and solved by the mixed complementarity problem approach. It is intended that the models will be useful (a) in the regular exercise of setting consumer prices (i. e. , TOU prices that reflect the marginal cost of electricity) by a regulatory body (e. g. , Ontario Energy Board) for jurisdictions (e. g. , Ontario) where consumers' prices are regulated, but suppliers offer into a competitive market, (b) for forecasting in markets without price regulation, but where consumers pay a weighted average of wholesale price, (c) in evaluation of the policies regarding time-of-use pricing compared to the single pricing, and (d) in assessment of the welfare changes due to the implementation of TOU prices.