Les travaux de cette thèse concernent l’étude des phénomènes de diffusion thermique en vue de disposer de modèles de connaissances (approche boîte blanche) pour l’analyse, la synthèse fréquentielle et la validation temporelle de commandes robustes. La Partie 1 composée du chapitre 1 se focalise sur les définitions et les interprétations de l’opérateur intégro-différentiel non entier. La problématique de la simulation, dans le domaine temporel, des SDNE est précisée. La Partie 2 intitulée "Etude analytique" regroupe deux chapitres dont l’objectif est de faire une analyse fine des comportements d’ordre non entier, d’abord dans un milieu semi-infini (chapitre 2), puis dans un milieu fini (chapitre 3). La Partie 3, intitulée "Simulation numérique des réponses temporelles" regroupant deux chapitres (4 et 5), a pour finalité la mise en oeuvre de la partie « Procédé thermique » (modèle de validation d’un milieu fini) d’un simulateur des réponses temporelles d’une boucle de régulation thermique. / The work of this thesis concerns the study of the thermal diffusion phenomena to have a model (white box approach) for the analysis, the frequency synthesis and the time validation of robust commands. The Part 1 composed of chapter 1 focuses on the definitions and the interpretations of the integro-differential non-integer operator. The simulation problem in the time domain of the fractional differential systems is specified. Part 2 entitled "Analytical Study" includes two chapters whose objective is to make a detailed analysis of the fractional order behavior, first in a semi-infinite medium (chapter 2), then in a finite medium (chapter 3). Part 3, entitled "Numerical simulation of time responses" combining two chapters (4 and 5), aims the implementation of the "thermal process" plant (model validation of a finite medium) of a simulator of the thermal control loop time responses.

This diploma thesis’s focuses on the mechanical design of fast solenoid throttle valve for DCC semiactive damper. Current DCC dampers work with a time response of over 10 ms, which is not suitable for fast semiactive control of vehicle chassis. The time response needs to be shortened, to improve quality of regulation. The required time response is archived by new fast electromagnetic actuator for original CES valve. The actuator has been accelerated by reducing induction of eddy currents and by reducing weight of moving parts. New valve helped to reduce the time response of damper by 28 % to 8,1 ms. The results proved, that the time response is affected more by speed of the servo effect, which is closing main orifice, than by electromagnetic actuator. There is no more potential in accelerating CES valve by actuator.

The aim of this project was to develop a holistic approach to building-performance assessment without limiting it to energy use (usually expressed in kWh/m2/year), but rather include more parameters that represent the following aspects: Economic, environmental, and quality of service provided to the occupant/client. If it can be shown that buildings can be operated not only in an energy-efficient way, but also in a way that takes into consideration the needs of the occupants, a case could be built that a higher quality of indoor environment does not necessarily mean a higher economic impact. It is also important to show that having access to high-quality building-performance data leads to high-quality analysis and visualisation, and consequently to a chance to detect faults and improve building operation. To answer these questions, a large office building in Stockholm, Sweden was used as a case study. The building was equipped with energy meters and 1,700 sensor points, uniformly distributed over the occupied areas, that measured room temperature, duct temperature, occupancy presence/absence and supply airflow, in addition to other states. The data was processed using RStudio, and various types of visualisation plots were used, including carpet plots, masked scatter plots, bar plots, line graphs, and boxplots. The data pointed to some interesting results. First, just knowing the energy use is not sufficient for understanding the quality of the service provided to the occupants. Second, performing a thorough analysis of room unit data can detect faults. Third, using carpet plots for energy-data visualisation is effective for energy-use pattern recognition. Finally, visualising the building performance parameters in a parallel coordinate plot is a more informative representation of integrated building performance compared to the energy performance certificates typically used today. / <p>QC 20160916</p>

Background. In South Africa violence related crimes are frequent, and interpersonal violence is one of the most common causes of injury and death. Violence can be related to social structures, poverty and income inequality. In South Africa 25% of the population live in extreme poverty, and 16% of households in Western Cape live in Informal dwellings. Drug and alcohol miss-use is a big problem. EMS personnel all over the world are exposed to violence. The last couple of years the rate of incidents of violence against the ambulances and EMS personnel in Western Cape and Cape Town has escalated, and a protocol to protect the personnel has been established. The protocol of Red Zones requires an armed escort for the ambulance and EMS personnel when working in certain areas. The red zones are often in low income areas, which makes United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goal of Reduced inequality relevant. The Purpose of this study is to describe how red zones affect patient waiting times and mission times for the ambulance in the Western Cape province of South Africa. Method. Quantitative analysis of priority 1 assignments in one month periods in 2016, 2017 and 2018 to Hanover Park, a suburb of Cape Town. Hanover Park has been considered a red zone since September 2016. Result. Seven different time periods in the missions were analyzed, comparing the City of Cape Town and Hanover park in 2016, 2017 and 2018. Conclusion. The result shows an increase in waiting times for EMS in Hanover Park, even though the precise response time could not be described. Call times and mission times for the entire City of Cape Town seem to have increased, indicating a problem beyond the red zones, potentially affecting everyone in need of an ambulance in the city. Further studies are encouraged. / Bakgrund. I Sydafrika är våldsrelaterade brott vanligt förekommande, och interpersonellt våld är en av de vanligaste orsakerna till skada och död. Våldet kan relateras till sociala strukturer, fattigdom och inkomstskillnad. I Sydafrika lever 25% av befolkningen i extrem fattigdom och 16% av hushållen i Western Cape lever i informella bostäder. Missbruk av droger och alkohol är ett stort problem. Ambulanspersonal över hela världen utsätts för våld. De senaste åren har graden av våldshändelser mot ambulanser och dess personal i Western Cape och Kapstaden eskalerats och ett protokoll för att skydda personalen etablerats. Protokollet för Röda Zoner kräver en beväpnad eskort för ambulans och personal vid arbete i vissa områden. De röda zonerna är ofta i låginkomstområden, vilket gör FN: s hållbara utvecklingsmål för minskad ojämlikhet relevant. Syftet med denna studie är att beskriva hur röda zoner påverkar patienters väntetid och uppdragstider för ambulansen i Western Cape i Sydafrika. Metod. Kvantitativ analys av prio 1-uppdrag under en månadsperiod i 2016, 2017 och 2018 till Hanover Park, en förort till Kapstaden. Hanover Park har ansetts vara en röd zon sedan september 2016. Resultat. Sju olika tidsperioder i uppdragen analyserades, och jämfördes mellan hela Kapstaden och Hanover Park 2016, 2017 och 2018. Slutsats. Resultatet visar ökad väntetid för ambulansvård i Hanover Park, även om den exakta framkörningstiden inte kunde beskrivas. Uppdragstider för hela staden Cape Town verkar ha ökat, vilket indikerar ett problem bortom de röda zonerna, vilket potentiellt kan påverka alla som behöver en ambulans i staden. Ytterligare studier rekommenderas.

This thesis theoretically and experimentally studies the characteristics of integrated microresonators (MRs) built by passive (no gain) and non-magnetic materials and characterized by both Hermitian and non-Hermitian Hamiltonians. In particular, I have studied three different microresonators: a typical Microring Resonator (MR), a Taiji Microresonator (TJMR), which consists of a microresonator with an embedded S-shaped waveguide, and a new geometry called the Infinity-Loop Microresonator (ILMR), which is characterized by a microresonator shaped like the infinity symbol coupled at two points to the bus waveguide. To get an accurate picture of the three devices, they were modeled using both the transfer matrix method and the temporal coupled mode theory. Neglecting propagation losses, the MR is described by a Hermitian Hamiltonian, while the TJMR and the ILMR are described by a non-Hermitian one. An important difference between Hermitian and non-Hermitian systems concerns their degeneracies. Hermitian degeneracies are called Diabolic Points (DPs) and are characterized by coincident eigenvalues and mutually orthogonal eigenvectors. In contrast, non-Hermitian degeneracies are called Exceptional Points (EPs). At the EP, both the eigenvalues and the eigenvectors coalesce. The MR is at a DP instead, and the TJMR and the ILMR are at an EP. Since the TJMR and ILMR are at an EP, they have interesting features such as the possibility of being unidirectional reflectors. Here, it is shown experimentally how in the case of the TJMR this degeneracy can also be used to break Lorentz reciprocity in the nonlinear regime (high incident laser powers), discussing the effect of the Fabry-Perot of the bus waveguide facets. The effect of backscattering, mainly due to the waveguide surface-wall roughness, on the microresonators is also studied. This phenomenon induces simultaneous excitation of the clockwise and counterclockwise modes, leading to eigenvalue splitting. This splitting makes the use of typical quality factor estimation methods unfeasible. To overcome this problem and mitigate the negative effects of backscattering, a new experimental technique called interferometric excitation is introduced. This technique involves coherent excitation of the microresonator from both sides of the bus waveguide, allowing selective excitation of a single supermode. By adjusting the relative phase and amplitude between the excitation fields, the splitting in the transmission spectrum can be eliminated, resulting in improved quality factors and eigenvalue measurements. It is shown that this interferometric technique can be exploited under both stationary and dynamic conditions of time evolution. The thesis also investigates the sensing performance of the three microresonators as a function of a backscattering perturbation, which could be caused, for example, by the presence of a molecule or particle near the microresonator waveguide. It is shown that the ILMR has better performance in terms of responsivity and sensitivity than the other two microresonators. In fact, it has both the enhanced sensitivity due to the square root dependence of the splitting on the perturbation (characteristic of EPs) and the ability to completely eliminate the region of insensitivity as the backscattering perturbation approaches zero, which is present in both the other two microresonators. To validate the models used, they were compared with experimental measurements both in the linear regime and, for TJMR, also in the nonlinear regime, with excellent agreement.

L'association entre le tabac et le cancer du poumon ou entre l'exposition professionnelle à l'amiante et le mésothéliome pleural ont largement été étudiées. Cependant, comme pour de nombreuses autres relations expositions prolongées-cancer, le rôle de l'intensité d'exposition tout au long de la vie a été peu étudié. La prise en compte de la variation de l'intensité au cours de la vie et de son effet dépendant du temps dans les analyses statistiques des données cas-témoins pose en effet quelques défis méthodologiques. Les objectifs de la thèse étaient 1) d'étudier l'effet dépendant du temps de l'intensité d'exposition au cours de la vie sur le risque de cancer et 2) d'identifier les profils de trajectoires d'intensité d'exposition sur la vie entière et comparer les risques de cancer associés. Pour répondre à ces deux objectifs, nous avons utilisé un indice cumulé d'exposition pondéré flexible déjà existant et nous avons développé un nouveau modèle conjoint à classes latentes, pour analyser les données de deux études cas-témoins françaises sur le mésothéliome pleural et le cancer du poumon. Les résultats montrent la contribution importante de l'intensité de la consommation de tabac récente pour le cancer du poumon et des expositions professionnelles anciennes à l'amiante pour les deux cancers. Ils confirment l'importance de considérer l'aspect temporel des expositions pour évaluer l'association avec le risque de cancer et illustrent l'intérêt des approches statistiques considérées. / The association between smoking and lung cancer or between occupational exposure to asbestos and pleural mesothelioma have been extensively investigated. Nevertheless, as for many protracted exposures-cancer relationships, the role of exposure intensity over lifetime has been rarely addressed. Accounting for individual variation of intensity over lifetime and investigating time-dependent effect in the statistical analysis of case-control data indeed raise several methodological issues. The thesis objectives were 1) to study the time-dependent effect of exposure intensity over lifetime on the risk of cancer and 2) to identify lifetime profiles of exposure intensities and to compare their associated risks of cancer. To address these objectives, we used an existing flexible weighted cumulative index of exposure and we developed a new joint latent class mixed model, to analyze the data from two French case-control studies on lung cancer and pleural mesothelioma. The results show the important contribution of recent smoking intensity for lung cancer and distant intensity of exposure to asbestos for both cancers. They confirm the importance of the timing of exposure in the association with the risk of cancer and illustrate the relevance of the proposed statistical approaches.

Το αντικείμενο της διατριβής αυτής είναι η μελέτη της διαστρωματικής (cross-layer) προσέγγισης ανάπτυξης ασύρματων δικτύων κατανεμημένης λειτουργίας με απαιτήσεις επικοινωνίας πραγματικού χρόνου και περιορισμένους διαθέσιμους πόρους. Επιπλέον βασικό στόχο αποτελεί και η σχεδίαση, πρόταση αντίστοιχης αρχιτεκτονικής η οποία στοχεύει στη βέλτιστη διαχείριση διαθεσίμων δικτυακών πόρων σε καταστάσεις συμφόρησης του δικτύου και κατά συνέπεια στην βελτίωση της απόδοσης αυτού. Μέσα από μελέτες στα πλαίσια της διατριβής αναδεικνύεται η σημασία του φαινομένου συμφόρησης ως κύριου παράγοντα σπατάλης δικτυακών πόρων καθώς και οδήγησης του δικτύου σε κατάσταση κορεσμού με αρνητική επίπτωση σε όλες τις παραμέτρους απόδοσης του δικτύου. Στόχος, λοιπόν, της προτεινόμενης επικοινωνιακής αρχιτεκτονικής είναι η αποφυγή του φαινομένου συμφόρησης έτσι ώστε το δίκτυο να οδηγείται δυναμικά σε ένα σταθερό σημείο απόδοσης (όσο αυτό είναι δυνατό) το οποίο θα επιτρέπει στο δίκτυο να αποδίδει όσο το δυνατόν καλύτερα αποφεύγοντας τη ίδια στιγμή άσκοπη σπατάλη πόρων. Βασική παράμετρος στη σχεδίαση αποτελεί η συμβατότητα τόσο ως προς σημαντικό εύρος διαθέσιμων πρωτοκόλλων σε διάφορα επίπεδα, όσο και ως προς τη δυνατότητα συνύπαρξης κόμβων που ενσωματώνουν την προτεινόμενη αρχιτεκτονική με κόμβους χωρίς αυτήν. Η προτεινόμενη αρχιτεκτονική υλοποιήθηκε στα πλαίσια γνωστού και αξιόπιστου δικτυακού εξομοίωση. Αξιολόγηση της υλοποίησης αυτής μέσα από μεγάλο αριθμό πειραμάτων έδειξε επίτευξη του στόχου καθώς το φαινόμενο της συμφόρησης αντιμετωπίστηκε σε όλες τις περιπτώσεις με σημαντικά οφέλη στην απόδοση του δικτύου και διαχείριση των πόρων. Επιπλέον, λόγω του μεγάλου βαθμού παραμετροποίησης αποτελεί ιδανική βάση για μελλοντικές προεκτάσεις. / This objective of this dissertation is the study of cross-layer approach applied on the development of distributed wireless networks with real-time response demands and scarce available resources. Furthermore, another main goal is the design and proposal of a respective network architecture aiming at optimum resource management under congestion scenarios and therefore maximization of network performance. Through various studies undertaken in the context of this dissertation the importance of the congestion problem is presented as a main factor leading the network to resource waste and saturation conditions negatively affecting all network performance metrics. Consequently, this dissertation aims in proposing a cross-layer architecture able to detect and tackle congestion phenomenon by dynamically retaining network performance at a steady state (as than is possible) where network performs optimally and resource waste in minimized. Among others, a main parameter is retaining compatibility with a wide range of widely used protocols of various layers as well compatibility concerning the coexistence in the same network of stations supporting with stations not supporting the proposed architecture. The proposed architecture is implemented in the context of widely known and used network simulator. Evaluation of this implementation through numerous simulations showed that the objectives are met since congestion phenomenon is tackled in most cases with significant benefits concerning network performance and resource management. Furthermore, due to the high parametrization degree it constitutes a very good base for future expansions.

Práce se zabývá návrhem magnetoreologické (MR) vzpěry vibroizolačního systému (VIS) pro kosmický nosič. V rešeršní části jsou popsány vybrané VIS a vzpěry těchto systémů, které byly v kosmických nosičích využity v minulosti. Každá z těchto vzpěr obsahující kapalinu byla těsněna pomocí statických těsnění a pružných vlnovců vyrobených z oceli. Důkladněji byla analyzována vzpěra pasivního systému VIS s označením ELVIS, jehož konstrukce se stala inspirací pro tuto práci. Jedná se o tříparametrický systém, v němž je tlumič uložen na pružině, jejíž tuhost přibližně odpovídá objemové tuhosti vlnovců respektive jejímu průmětu do axiálního směru (pressure thrust stiffness). V práci je představena metodika pro stanovení “pressure thrust stiffness” na základě geometrie vlnovce a také uvedeny parametry vlnovce díky kterým je možné měnit poměr mezi axiální a “pressure thrust stiffness” vlnovce. Tento poměr ovlivňuje v dané koncepci vzpěry její dynamické chování a tím i chování celého VIS. Pro predikci dynamického chování vzpěry byl vytvořen multi-body model VIS založeného na Stewartově plošině a detailnější model jediné vzpěry. Simulace provedené v tomto modelu odhalily parametry, které mají vliv na výkonost tlumiče ve VIS: časová odezva a dynamický rozsah. Díky modelu byl určen rozsah těchto parametrů, ve kterých bude zaručena efektivní funkce vzpěry ve VIS, konkrétně: časová odezva: 0-5ms, dynamický rozsah: 5-10. Před finálním návrhem vzpěry byla sestrojena vzpěra experimentální vzpěra, jejíž parametry byly přesně naměřeny a využity pro verifikaci jednotlivých modelů. Poznatky získané během experimentů byly využity při návrhu finální vzpěry. Jeden z nejdůležitějších poznatků byla nutnost náhrady feritového magnetického obvodu s ohledem na jeho křehkost. Proto byl odvozen tvarový přístup k navrhování rychlých magnetických obvodů z oceli s využitím 3D tisku, který byl následně patentován. Navržená vzpěra obsahuje magnetoreologický ventil jehož odezva je predikována na 1.2 ms a dynamický rozsah 10. V závěru práce je představena metodika, díky které byla vzpěra navržena.

This thesis deal with design of multi-quadrant power supply in linear and switching mode. In the case of the switching mode energy recuparation is also considered as well as optimalization of change of load response over time. Power supplies are designed as general purpose laboratory and process power supplies. Power supplies are designed so that they can be connected via galvanic insulated USB interface with a PC