Smoking is deleterious to health and dyadic smoking facilitates increased tobacco consumption. In this investigation, a secondary analysis was preformed on a Canadian database of 473 and 128 adoptive families. The purpose of this study was to delineate the role of demographic, personality, family environment, and partner smoking in predicting smoking cessation in a sample of Vancouver couples. Two specific temporal environments were explored: (a) general co-habitation smoking patterns and (b) couples' smoking patterns during pregnancy. The data were extracted from the Vancouver Family Study, and the prevalence and predictors of smoking behavior were investigated through correlational and hierarchical logistical regression techniques. Partner smoking was a significant predictor of smoking behaviors for each gender. Specifically, women's weekly smoking consumption was completely mediated by partner smoking. The results of this study highlight the importance of dyadic smoking in continued tobacco consumption.

A major contributor to relapse following smoking cessation is nicotine craving triggered by environmental cues, such as the sight of a lighted cigarette. Therefore, three integrated functional neuroimaging studies were conducted to examine the biological mechanisms underling cue-elicited craving for cigarettes. (1) First, I examined the effect of smoking-related pictorial cues on neural activation hi brain regions of interest (ROI) associated with reward signalling using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Voxel-wise analysis demonstrated that smokers, but not nonsmokers, demonstrated significant activation associated with smoking-related pictorial cues in the anterior cingulate cortex, orbitofrontal cortex, and ventral striatum. Upon ROI analysis of the ventral striatum including the nucleus accumbens (VS/NAc), smokers exhibited significantly greater VS/NAc activation than non-smokers. (2) Next, I examined whether pre-specifled serotonergic polymorphisms would affect binding potential (BP) to a serotonin (5-HT) receptor implicated in the behavioural sensitisation process to nicotine (5-HTiA receptor). Healthy volunteers who had undergone positron emission tomography (PET) with a 5-HTiA-specific ligand [ U C]WAY-100635 were genotyped for the 5-HT₁ A -1018 G>C and 5-HT transporter (5-HTT) 5-HTT gene-linked polymorphic region (5-HTTLPR) polymorphisms. Participants carrying the 5-HTTLPR S allele (SS or SL genotypes) demonstrated significantly lower global presynaptic and postsynaptic BP compared to subjects with LL genotypes. (3) Finally, I triangulated the two initial studies to examine whether pre-specified trait (5- HTTLPR genotype) and/or state (smoking vs. abstinence) variables would influence cueelicited activation of the VS/NAc. There was greater activation to smoking-related cues in the VS/NAc of smokers during the smoking condition than the abstinent condition and a significant correlation between tobacco craving and VS/NAc activation in the smoking condition. The 5-HTTLPR polymorphism was not associated with VS/NAc activation. Power calculations are presented as the basis for future examination of genetic hypotheses. These data have implications for the ultimate goal of enhancing the efficacy of smoking cessation pharmacotherapy.

Thesis (M.S)--State University of New York at Binghamton, Decker School of Nursing, 2007. / Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Alabama at Birmingham, 2008. / Title from first page of PDF file (viewed on June 29, 2009). Includes bibliographical references (p. 97-109).

Thesis (M.A.)--University of Texas at El Paso, 2009. / Title from title screen. Vita. CD-ROM. Includes bibliographical references. Also available online.

Smoking is deleterious to health and dyadic smoking facilitates increased tobacco consumption. In this investigation, a secondary analysis was preformed on a Canadian database of 473 and 128 adoptive families. The purpose of this study was to delineate the role of demographic, personality, family environment, and partner smoking in predicting smoking cessation in a sample of Vancouver couples. Two specific temporal environments were explored: (a) general co-habitation smoking patterns and (b) couples' smoking patterns during pregnancy. The data were extracted from the Vancouver Family Study, and the prevalence and predictors of smoking behavior were investigated through correlational and hierarchical logistical regression techniques. Partner smoking was a significant predictor of smoking behaviors for each gender. Specifically, women's weekly smoking consumption was completely mediated by partner smoking. The results of this study highlight the importance of dyadic smoking in continued tobacco consumption.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-12-10T14:22:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2015-02-26. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2015-12-10T14:28:38Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000853813.pdf: 724575 bytes, checksum: acaad97b0bf1966e8570324b277e5a73 (MD5) / O tabagismo, conceituado como o ato de consumir cigarro industrializado ou qualquer produto derivado do tabaco, atualmente é reconhecido como doença crônica, sendo isolada na fumaça do tabaco, cerca de 4.720 substâncias tóxicas, entre elas a nicotina, causadora de dependências física e psicológica. É a principal causa evitável de doenças, invalidez e morte em todo o mundo, sendo a prevenção do tabagismo e o abandono do uso do tabaco, ações clinicamente eficazes e altamente custo efetivas para a Saúde Pública. É um tema atual e de extrema relevância para o cuidado em saúde, no entanto, até o momento, não foram descritos estudos realizados no Brasil que abordem o conhecimento dos profissionais de saúde sobre o programa de cessação do tabagismo, tanto para aqueles que atuam na Atenção Básica, quanto àqueles que exercem suas atividades em rede hospitalar. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o conhecimento dos profissionais de saúde sobre o programa de cessação do tabagismo. Trata-se de um estudo descritivo, observacional, com abordagem quantitativa. Foram avaliados 136 profissionais de saúde da Atenção Básica e área hospitalar do município de Dois Córregos, através de questionário estruturado e autoaplicável. Os resultados deste estudo mostraram que a maioria dos indivíduos era do sexo feminino (87,5%), idade média de 40,3 (±11,3) anos, escolaridade até o ensino médio (52,9%) e tempo de experiência profissional de até 10 anos (55,9%). Houve predomínio da Atenção Básica (68,4%) como local de trabalho e técnicos de enfermagem (27,9%) como categoria profissional. Quanto à história tabágica, 67% dos indivíduos eram não fumantes, 20,5% ex-fumantes e 12,5% fumantes. 92,7% dos profissionais nunca trabalharam na cessação do tabagismo e 47,1% tiveram qualificação sobre o tratamento do tabagismo durante o curso de formação profissional. O conhecimento sobre o tratamento foi considerado... / Smoking, conceptualized as the act of consuming commercial cigarettes or any tobacco-related product, is currently recognized as a chronic disease, being isolated in tobacco smoke about 4,720 toxic substances, including nicotine causing physical and psychological dependencies and the leading preventable cause of diseases, disability and death worldwide, and smoking prevention and cessation of tobacco use are clinically effective actions and highly effective cost to the public health. It is a current matter of the utmost importance for the health care, however, until now, have not been described studies in Brazil that approach the knowledge of health professionals about the smoking cessation program, for both those who work in basic care, as those who perform activities in the hospital network. The objective of this study was to evaluate the knowledge of health professionals about the smoking cessation program. This is a descriptive, observational, with a quantitative approach. The study evaluated 136 health professionals from basic care and hospital area in the city of Dois Córregos, through structured and self-administered questionnaire. The results of this study showed that most of the individuals were female (87.5%), mean age 40.3 (+ 11.3) years old, schooling until high school (52.9%) and length of professional experience up to 10 years (55.9%). There was a predominance of basic care (68.4%) as workplace and nursing technicians (27.9%) as professional category. Regarding the smoking history, 67% were nonsmokers, 20.5% former smokers and 12.5% smokers. 92.7% of the professionals have never worked in smoking cessation and 47.1% had qualification on the treatment of smoking during the course of vocational training. Knowledge about the treatment was considered insufficient by 66.2% of the participants. The question covering smoking concept was answered incorrectly by 62.5% of the professionals, especially 93.6% of community health ...

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-07T17:12:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2015-02-27. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2016-06-07T17:16:45Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000864067.pdf: 1027434 bytes, checksum: 3ba974f6664e049332120cf69ad53682 (MD5) / Foi realizado estudo transversal para avaliar e comparar a associação entre estresse oxidativo e estado inflamatório e suas relações com a força muscular, a massa muscular sistêmica, a capacidade funcional de exercício e o estado geral de saúde em tabagistas, pacientes com doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica (DPOC) leve/moderado e controles não tabagistas. Foram avaliados 32 tabagistas ativos (carga tabágica >10 anos/maço) sem DPOC, 32 pacientes com DPOC leve/moderado [tabagistas ativos ou ex-tabagistas (carga tabágica >10 anos/maço)] e 32 indivíduos não tabagistas. Todos os indivíduos foram submetidos à avaliação clínica e do estado tabágico, espirometria pré e pósbroncodilatador, oximetria de pulso e as concentrações de mediadores inflamatórios [proteína C-reativa (PCR), interleucina (IL) 6, receptores do fator de necrose tumoral alfa (TNFR1 e TNFR2)] e indicadores de estresse oxidativo [produtos finais de glicação avançada (AGEs) e receptor solúvel do produto final de glicação (sRAGE)] foram avaliadas no soro. Foi realizada avaliação da composição do corpo por bioimpedância, da força muscular periférica por dinamometria, da capacidade funcional de exercício (distância percorrida em seis minutos) e da avaliação do estado geral de saúde, por meio do Medical Outcomes Study 36-item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36) e da Escala Hospitalar de Ansiedade e Depressão (HAD). Tabagistas (p<0,001) e pacientes com DPOC (p<0,001) apresentaram valores superiores de AGEs quando comparados aos controles. Não houve diferença estatisticamente significante entre tabagistas e pacientes com DPOC. As concentrações de sRAGE não diferiram entre os grupos (p=0,92). Tabagistas (p=0,01) e pacientes com DPOC (p=0,01) apresentaram valores superiores da PCR em comparação aos controles, sem diferenças nas demais comparações. As concentrações de IL6 (p=0,07) e TNFR1 (p=0,07) não diferiram entre os grupos. Os valores... / The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between oxidative stress and inflammatory markers and their relationship with muscle strength, systemic muscle mass, exercise capacity, quality of life in smokers, mild/moderate COPD patients and nonsmokers controls. Were evaluated 32 active smokers (smoking history> 10 pack/years) without COPD, 32 mild/moderate COPD patients [current smokers or former smokers (smoking history> 10 pack/years) and 32 nonsmokers. All individuals underwent to medical and smoking status evaluations, spirometry pre and post-bronchodilator and pulse oximetry. The concentration of inflammatory mediators [C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin (IL) 6, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha receptors (TNFR1 and TNFR2)] and indicators of oxidative stress [advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) and soluble receptors for advanced glycation end-products (sRAGE)] were measured in serum. We assessed body composition by bioimpedance, peripheral muscle strength by dynamometry, exercise capacity (six minutes walk distance) and the health status through the Medical Outcomes Study 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36) and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HAD). Smokers (p<0.001) and COPD patients (p<0.001) had higher values of AGEs when compared to controls there was no statistically significant difference between smokers and COPD patients. The sRAGE concentrations did not differ between groups (p=0.92). Smokers (p=0.01) and patients with COPD (p=0.01) showed higher values of CRP compared to controls, there was no statistical significant difference between smokers and COPD groups. The concentrations of IL-6 (p=0.07) and TNFR1 (p=0.07) did not differ between groups. Regarding concentrations of TNFR2, COPD patients showed higher values when compared to smokers (p=0.004) and controls (p=0.004). We identified positive association of smoking (p=0.04), CRP (p=0.03) and IL6 (p=0.03) with the concentrations of AGEs. The ...

NOVÁK, Petr. Efektivita primární prevence užívání tabáku v rámci programu Unplugged. [Effectiveness of primary prevention of tobacco use in the program Unplugged]. Praha, 2015. Počet stran 187, počet příloh 3. Disertační práce (Ph.D.). Univerzita Karlova v Praze, 1. lékařská fakulta, Psychiatrická klinika. Školitel prof. PhDr. Michal Miovský, Ph.D. ABSTRACT: This dissertation is based and was a part of large randomised trial featuring an evaluation of the effect of the school-based Unplugged prevention program implemented as part of the EU-Dap-2 international project. Consumption of tobbaco is one of the key risk factors causing serious illness and early death, although that can be prevented effectively. The Unplugged intervention consists of a total of 12 lessons delivered within one academic year and is based on the Comprehensive Social Influence Model. Aims: To ascertain whether the Unplugged program has an impact on tobacco use, by means of the lifetime and 30-day prevalence indicators. To verify the duration of the program's measurable effect over time using retests. Methods: The randomised trial of the program was conducted on a total of 1874 children (with a mean age of 11.8 years), who were divided into the experimental group (exposed Unplugged intervention) and the control group (without...

O tabagismo é considerado um sério problema de saúde pública, estudos têm mostrado o início do consumo de cigarros na adolescência; pesquisas mostram os fatores que predispõem ao consumo e/ ou dependência da nicotina; já existem Leis regulamentando a propaganda, locais públicos ... para o uso do tabaco. Há a necessidade de abordagens interdisciplinares, buscando conexões metodológicas entre diversas áreas para compreender o processo. Há necessidade de superar a racionalidade entre as disciplinas, prevalecer a síntese de um processo que não seja feudo de uma área. Significa recuperar o humanismo, lutando contra a falta de eficácia, eficiência nos Programas de Controle do Uso do Tabaco; falta de elementos subjetivos na discussão das áreas do conhecimento e, em específico, do Direito. Torna-se necessária discussão mais ampla, alertar a relação dos males à saúde advindos do tabaco. Os conhecimentos produzidos poderão ter grande importância prática em termos individuais, assim como para a Saúde Pública. O objetivo geral deste trabalho é estudar as crenças e valores associados ao início do uso do tabaco entre jovens, buscando elementos subjetivos para colaborar na elaboração, aplicação e interpretação das Leis. Especificamente, pretende-se definir critérios e identificar crenças e valores relacionados ao uso do tabaco para compreensão do ato de fumar. O trabalho foi efetuado em etapas. A princípio, a construção do instrumento de medida: levantamento das crenças salientes modais sobre as categorias, como hábito de fumar em si e uso do tabaco entre os jovens. Foram entrevistados 12 jovens (entrevista semi-estruturada), coletando dados demográficos e, a seguir usando os procedimentos de evocação/enunciação/averiguação. Os conteúdos levantados pelas entrevistas, foram analisados com base em alguns procedimentos de síntese, no sentido de isolar e classificar as crenças salientes modais, características para cada uma das categorias estudadas. Para avaliar o componente cognitivo da atitude, as Escalas foram constituídas por conteúdos probabilísticos subjetivos como: ?verdadeiro/falso?, ?sempre/nunca?... associados à Escala do tipo Likert. Quanto ao componente valorativo da atitude, foi utilizada, também, a Escala do tipo Likert, com conteúdos expressos como: ?bom/ruim?, ?certo/errado? ... Para análise, foram realizados estudos descritivos de distribuição dos resultados das Escalas sobre as forças das crenças e valores a elas associadas. Quanto às expectativas das atitudes, foi utilizado o referencial teórico de Fishbein e Ajzen, fundamentado na distinção entre crenças, atitudes, intenções e comportamentos. O Projeto foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética da FFCLRP-USP. / The use of tobacco is the most serious problem in Public Health. Studies show the early consumption in adolescence and the factors that predispose this consumption and/or nicotine dependece. Currently, there are Laws, which regulate advertisements and public locations on tobacco use. Interdisciplinary approaches seeking methodological links among these diverse areas in order to be able to understand the process is indispensable. The rationality among the disciplines needs to be overcome, and the synthesis of a process, which is not feudal to one area, must prevail. This encompasses the recovery of humanism, tackling against the inefficiency of the Tobacco Control Programs, the lack of subjective elements in the discussions of the fields of knowledge, and specifically of Law. An ample discussion is relevant to warn on the health problems occurring from tobacco. The awareness yielded is of great practical importance regarding individuals, as well as public health. The broad aim of this work is to study the beliefs and values associated to the early use of tobacco among the young adults, seeking subjective elements to collaborate with the elaboration, application, and interpretation of the Laws. The criteria and identification of beliefs and values related to the use of tobacco in order to understand the act of smoking will be distinctively defined. This study carried out in stages. In principle, the construction of a measuring instrument, the collection of outstanding belief trends on the categories, such as, the habit of smoking and the use of tobacco among the young adults. The interviewees were comprised of twelve young adults with open-ended questions collecting demographic data, in addition to utilizing recalling/expressing/stating and investigating methods. The contents collected from the interviews were analyzed grounded on synthesis procedures, isolating and classifying the outstanding belief trends, and the characteristics for each of the categories studied. To assess the cognitive behavior component, the Scales constituted subjective contents of probability, such as, ??true/false??, ??always/never??, etc. associated with the Likert Scale. As for the value component of behavior, the Likert Scale was also used with contents expressing ??good/bad?? ??right/wrong??, etc. For evaluation, descriptive studies of the result distribution of the Scales on beliefs and values associated to them were performed. Concerning the behavior expected, Fishbein and Ajzen?s theoretical references were utilized basing the distinction among beliefs, attitudes, intentions, and behavior. This project approved by the Ethics Board at FFCLRP-USP.