Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / The smoking rate of low-income pregnant women is almost 4 times the rate for higher-income women. A better understanding of smoking within the low-income population is needed. The purpose of this dissertation was to study smoking and related factors for pregnant and postpartum women living in poverty. The first component used Rodger’s evolutionary concept analysis method and uncovered three attributes, four antecedents, and three consequences for smoking cessation. The second (N = 1,554) and third (N = 71,944) components were a secondary data analysis of first-pregnancy Medicaid-eligible women enrolled in the Nurse-Family Partnership program from 2011-2016. The second component explored patterns of smoking and depression and their associations. Eight distinct patterns of smoking and depression were found. Smokers were more likely than nonsmokers to have depressive symptoms at the end of pregnancy (OR = 1.37 [1.04, 1.81] and 12 months post-delivery (OR = 1.93 [1.47, 2.51]. The third component investigated covariates present during early pregnancy and their relationships with smoking status and sought to find best fitting predictive models. Multivariable logistic regression showed cigarette use in the 3 months prior to pregnancy and at program intake were significant predictors for smoking status at the end of pregnancy and 12 months post-delivery. Interactive Matrix Language, Structured Query Language, and iterations of logistic regression identified 5 covariates (high school education, cigarette use prior to pregnancy, smoking status at pregnancy baseline, depression, and self-mastery) for the best fitting model at the end of pregnancy and three additional covariates (post-secondary education, marital status, and race) for the 12 months post-delivery model. The area under the receiver operator characteristic curve was 0.9681 for the end of pregnancy model and 0.9269 for 12 months post-delivery model, indicating excellent prediction ability of the models. Results can be integrated in smoking prevention education, screening, and cessation intervention programs.

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This thesis is concerned with the use of some of the newer techniques in a study of some of the effects of cigarette smoking on gastric secretion and gastric motility in normal subjects and in patients with active duodenal ulcers.

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This study examines the relationship of role parenting behaviors and adolescent depression in adolescent outcomes. Parenting behaviors considered were authoritative parenting, parental monitoring, and parental care. Adolescent outcomes considered were depression, alcohol use, tobacco use, and grades. A path model was employed to examine these variables together. A sample of (n=3,174) of 9th -12th grade high school students from seven contiguous counties in rural Virginia were examined on these variables. Logistic regression analysis revealed parental monitoring and adolescent depression predicted all outcome variables tested. Authoritative parenting predicted adolescent alcohol use and grades and parental care only predicted adolescent depression. Logistical regression also reveled gender difference with parental care, authoritative parenting and male and female alcohol use and grades. Authoritative parenting predicted female alcohol use, and female grades were predicted by parental care. For males, authoritative parenting predicted male grades, and parental care predicted male alcohol use. / Master of Science

Maladaptive habits, such as substance use, that are highly ingrained and automatized behaviors with negative long-term health consequences need effective interventions to promote change towards more healthful behaviors. Implementation intentions, the structured linking of critical situations and alternative, healthier responses, have been shown to improve health-benefiting behaviors such as eating more fruits and vegetables and being more physically active (Sheeran, Milne, Webb, and Gollwitzer, 2005). Here, a laboratory analogue for smoking relapse and a pilot clinical trial of alcohol use are assessed using implementation intention interventions to reduce these health risk behaviors. In Study 1, heavy smokers completed a smoking resistance task that is a candidate analogue for smoking relapse. Participants were exposed to an in-laboratory implementation intention and/or monetary incentive condition during each of four experimental sessions. The combined implementation intention and monetary incentive condition resulted in the greatest delay to smoking initiation. In Study 2, individuals with alcohol use disorder completed an active or control implementation intention treatment condition. Remotely, both treatment groups received a daily ecological momentary intervention, thrice daily biologic breath alcohol ecological momentary assessments, and once daily self-report ecological momentary assessment of alcohol consumption during the intervention period. The active implementation intention group was associated with a greater reduction in alcohol consumption compared to the control group. Together, these studies provide experimental and initial clinical evidence for implementation intentions, in conjunction with other effective treatments (Study 1) and technological advancements (Study 2), to intervene on and reduce substance use. This project is the first to use implementation intentions in a laboratory evaluation of smoking resistance and in an initial clinical trial to reduce alcohol consumption in a naturalistic community sample using both ecological momentary assessments and ecological momentary interventions. / Ph. D. / The following studies provide evidence for the use of implementation intentions, a planning-based intervention, to reduce health risk behaviors. Implementation intentions are structured if-then statements that help individuals to identify critical situations where health risk behaviors are likely and to predetermine alternative and healthier responses when these situations are encountered. In the first study, nicotine-deprived cigarette smokers completed a laboratory task where they were asked to resist smoking. The participants were exposed to different conditions (implementation intentions and monetary incentives) to help them to resist smoking. The study found that the combination of both implementation intentions and monetary incentives were associated with the longest time to smoking reinitiation; however, the combination of both interventions was not significantly greater than monetary incentives alone. The second study employed implementation intentions as a strategy to reduce alcohol use over a two-week period in individuals with alcohol use disorder. The study found that implementation intentions reduced the amount of alcohol consumed on days where participants were drinking and these reductions were maintained at one-month follow-up. Together, these two studies provide support for translational work that evaluates interventions in the laboratory and then also in clinical trials. Furthermore, these studies show the trans-disease applications of interventions such as implementation intentions across health risk behaviors.

Wan, Lai Yin. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2009. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 100-126). / Abstract also in Chinese. / ABSTRACT --- p.i / 摘要(ABSTRACT IN CHINESE) --- p.ii / ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS --- p.iii / TABLE OF CONTENTS --- p.iv / LIST OF TABLES --- p.vi / LIST OF FIGURES --- p.vii / Chapter CHAPTER I: --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1 / APPLYING THE THEORY OF PLANNED BEHAVIOR TO ADOLESCENT SMOKING --- p.5 / ATTITUDES TOWARDS THE BELIEFS ABOUT SMOKING --- p.6 / SUBJECTIVE NORMS ABOUT SMOKING --- p.11 / PERCEIVED BEHAVIORAL CONTROL OVER SMOKING --- p.14 / BEHAVIORAL WILLINGNESS AS A COMPLEMENTARY ASSESSMENT TO BEHAVIORAL INTENTION --- p.15 / EXTENSION OF THE TPB´ؤIMPORTANCE OF PERSONALITY IN ADOLESCENT SMOKING --- p.16 / ROLE OF DIRECT FAMILY AND PEER SMOKING --- p.24 / GENDER AS MODERATOR IN ADOLESCENT SMOKING --- p.25 / OVERVIEW OF THE STUDY --- p.29 / Chapter CHAPTER II: --- METHOD --- p.35 / PARTICIPANTS --- p.35 / PROCEDURE --- p.37 / MEASURES --- p.38 / DATA ANALYSES --- p.45 / Chapter CHAPTER III: --- RESULTS --- p.48 / DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS AND CORRELATIONS AMONG MAJOR VARIABLES --- p.48 / DIFFERENCES IN MAJOR VARIABLES ACROSS GENDER AND ACROSS CURRENT SMOKING STATUS --- p.53 / MEASUREMENT APPLICABILITY OF INSTRUMENTS --- p.56 / IDENTIFICATION OF THE BASIC TPB MODEL --- p.57 / INCORPORATION OF BEHAVIORAL WILLINGNESS AS AN OUTCOME VARIABLES INTO TPB MODEL --- p.60 / "EFFECTS OF PERSONALITY, FAMILY SMOKING AND PEER SMOKING" --- p.63 / MULTI-SAMPLE INVARIANCE ANALYSES --- p.68 / MULTI-SAMPLE INVARIANCE ANALYSES WITH MALE AND FEMALE SAMPLES --- p.69 / MULTI-SAMPLE INVARIANCE ANALYSES WITH EVER-SMOKER AND NEVER-SMOKER SAMPLES --- p.75 / Chapter CHAPTER IV: --- DISCUSSION --- p.82 / GENERALIZABILITY OF RESULTS WITH THE PRESENT SAMPLE --- p.82 / APPLICABILITY OF MEASURES USED IN CHINESE ADOLESCENT SMOKING RESEARCH --- p.83 / SMOKING WILLINGNESS AS A MORE SENSITIVE ASSESSMENT IN ADOLESCENT SMOKING --- p.84 / UTILITY OF TPB COMPONENTS IN PREDICTING SMOKING INTENTION AND WILLINGNESS --- p.85 / THE IMPORTANT ROLE OF PERSONALITY IN EXPLAINING SMOKING INTENTION AND WILLINGNESS --- p.87 / SIGNIFICANT INFLUENCES OF FAMILY AND PEER SMOKING ON ADOLESCENT SMOKING --- p.91 / DIFFERENCES IN PREDICTING ADOLESCENT SMOKING ACROSS GENDER --- p.92 / IMPLICATIONS OF THIS STUDY --- p.94 / LIMITATIONS OF THIS STUDY --- p.95 / DIRECTIONS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH --- p.97 / REFERENCES --- p.100

Political science and tobacco policy--Theories of policy change--The global policy context--European countries and the EU--The UK: a case study--The United States--Other advanced industrial countries--Tobacco control policymaking in developing regions--The WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) / https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu_books/1104/thumbnail.jpg

Includes examples of information booklets as appendices / Includes bibliographical references: p. 232-251 / xiv, 251 p. : photo. ; 30 cm. / Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Community Medicine, 1994

Includes examples of information booklets as appendices Includes bibliographical references: p. 232-251