Thesis (Ph. D.)--Rutgers University, 2008. / "Graduate Program in Psychology." Includes bibliographical references (p. 93-101).

The Law and Regulation of ICO (Initial Coin Offering) Abstract This diploma thesis deals with legal analysis of ICO (Initial Coin Offering) and legal analysis of tokens that are issued within an ICO. The thesis aims to find out whether and to what extent an ICO is subjected to initial public offering law and whether the tokens can be characterized as things, securities, dematerialized securities, and electronic money. In the first part of the thesis, I define the basic concepts and terms. Definitions and terms are supplemented by the technical and economic background of each respective institute. The first part also briefly summarizes the historical development of ICO, which shaped it into its present form. The second part of the thesis deals with the legal categorization of tokens. Firstly conceptual features of the thing in the legal sense, dematerialized security, security, and electronic money are established. Subsequently, it is examined whether the tokens can fall within these conceptual features or not. In the chapter regarding securities, it is pointed out that different understanding of securities in public and private law may have some negative consequences. The analysis of the contractual relationship between the issuer and the investor is also addressed in the second part. In the third part, ICO...

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The problem with which this investigation was concerned was that of assessing the effects of token reinforcement on children's self-concept.

Lever pressing was maintained by a concurrent token production schedule in rats. Token deliveries (i.e., ½" steel ball bearings) were assigned probabilistically to the right or left lever (on 1:3 or 1:9 ratio for Experiment 1 and 1:6 ratio for Experiment 2). The location of the rich lever remained constant within session, but varied across daily sessions according to a pseudorandom binary sequence. Once assigned to a lever, token delivery was arranged by a random interval 15 s schedule. Transition to token exchange was determined by varying exchange-production schedules that varied after each condition (FR 1 for Experiment 1; and RR 2, FR 2, RR 3, and FR 4 for Experiment 2). During token exchange, depositing a token in the receptacle was reinforced with access to sweetened condensed milk. The generalized matching law provided an adequate description of the session wide ratio of left to right lever presses, detecting considerable undermatching across all conditions. Sensitivity to the token ratios were best described by the current session's reinforcement ratio in comparison to the prior two session's reinforcement ratios. One of four subjects showed increased response rates across successive token deliveries in the exchange-production schedule while the remaining subjects showed the opposite effects of decreased response rates as tokens were earned. Similarly, sensitivity to token-production ratios increased across successive token deliveries for one of four subjects. Differences between subjects can be explained by the duration of elicited sign tracking of tokens, measured by duration of postreinforcement pausing and direct observation of rats during sessions.

Tokenomics is the design and implementation of token economies in blockchain projects, which utilizes tokens as means of exchange, unit of account, and governance mechanism. Despite its significance, there is a lack of established frameworks for designing tokenomics from the start. Existing research often focuses on post-tokenomics or studying tokens as investment tools, leaving a gap in practical guidelines and best practices for creating sustainable token economies. This master thesis aims to address this gap by exploring the elements in designing self-sustainable tokenomics and proposing a potential framework. To accomplish this, an action research methodology was employed, collaborating with a leading blockchain company, and conducting interviews and workshops with the project participants. The results contribute to theory by establishing a three-phase and three-dimensional approach to design tokenomics and offer valuable insights for practitioners and researchers. By considering these findings and implementing best practices, blockchain projects can increase their chances of success and create sustainable token economies.

The token economy is a widely used and versatile motivational system within applied behavior analysis. Moreover, token reinforcement procedures have been shown to be highly effective in the treatment of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). In the experimental analysis of behavior, token reinforcement contingencies are conceptualized as three interconnected schedule components: (1) the token-production schedule, (2) the exchange-production schedule, and (3) the token-exchange schedule. Basic work with nonhuman subjects has demonstrated that the exchange-production schedule is the primary driver of performance in these arrangements, and that variable-ratio exchange-production results in reduced pre-ratio pausing and greater overall rates of responding relative to fixed-ratio exchange-production schedules. However, little applied research has been conducted to assess the generality of these findings within applied settings. The purpose of this study was to determine if fixed- and variable-ratio token exchange-production schedules would exert differential effects on pre-ratio pausing and overall rates of responding for three children with ASD during a free-operant sorting task. The results showed that pre-ratio pausing and overall rates of responding were not differentially effected by the fixed- and variable-ratio exchange-production schedules. Discrepancies between the experimental work and the current study are discussed along with additional limitations.

International Telemetering Conference Proceedings / October 22-25, 1984 / Riviera Hotel, Las Vegas, Nevada / The Digital Voice Network project is a 1984 IR&D program within the Microelectronic Systems Division of the Hughes Aircraft Company. The project is intended to advance the state-of-the-art in digital voice technology and demonstrate digital voice transmission using advanced microprocessor technology and token passing bus network architecture. This paper discusses the Digital Voice Network design architecture, voice terminal design and implementation, and finally future plans to satisfy digital voice requirements in a military environment.

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There is a clear call to use evidence-based practice (EBP) in schools, and a growing knowledge base of practices that have proven to be effective in helping students achieve in educational settings. In addition, the current trends of Positive Behavior Supports (PBS) and Response to Intervention (RtI) advocate for preventative and proactive strategies. Token economies (TE) are one intervention that is proactive and can be flexible to use with students across a wide range of behaviors and settings. According to Higgins, Williams, and McLaughlin, token economy (TE) is an effective way to improve classroom behavior. Unfortunately, limited recent research is available that evaluated the effects and moderators of token economies in classroom settings. The purpose of this investigation was to Meta-analyze the single case research on TE implemented in school and is the first to offer effect size analysis and identify moderators. The use of TE's has been widely established as an evidence-based intervention for use in prisons, psychiatric hospitals, and school settings. However, very few articles discuss size of effects to expect, the essential elements required, or the practical implementation issues within a classroom. Many myths surround the use of a TE, i.e., many assume a token system is effective only for individuals and this is not so, as TE is effective for groups as well as individuals. In an age of accountability and emphasis on preventative evidence based practice evidence for using a TE and how to implement a TE is needed in our literature. Empirical evidence for the use of a token economy in a classroom is presented along with suggested implementation ideas. Twenty four studies were included in this Meta-analysis with an overall combined Tau-U ES of .78 of data showing improvement between phase A and B with CI90 [.72, .83]. Tau-U effect sizes ranged from .35 to 1.0. TE is effective with all ages evaluated (ages 3 - 15); however, statistically significant results indicated it was more effective with ages 6 - 15. Active ingredients (i.e. procedural steps) were evaluated, combined, and reported. Results indicate that TE is an evidence-based intervention to increase academic readiness behaviors and to decrease inappropriate behaviors.