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In the last few years, the world has seen a relative increase in female leadership in different areas such as political space and the corporate world. This rise has a significant impact on how these female leaders reproduce future leaders of their organizations. This study explores the concept of homosexual reproduction in female leadership roles through their interaction with fellow females in corporate settings. Furthermore, the study was used to determine the factors that prevent homosexual reproduction among female leaders. The study's strategy used a qualitative methodology supported by an inductive approach, empirically with semi-structured interviews to collect data from six experienced female leaders in Sweden and Zambia. Empirical data were analyzed using qualitative analysis of content. The interviews indicate that homosexual reproduction was not present in the female leadership, as most female leaders valued the skills, competency, and qualification. The result also suggests three factors that prevented homosexual reproduction in female leadership roles: competency and qualifications, job profiles, and home and family responsibilities. Female leaders were efficient in their roles because they focused on attaining organizational objectives when thinking about future leaders. The empirical data revealed differences in the barriers that prevented homosexual reproduction in Sweden and Zambia. In Zambia, all the barriers were manifest in the female leaders, while in Sweden, it was only the competency and qualifications aspect.

Preference for single versus varied reinforcers was assessed in the context of a token system. This study also assessed the preferences of 4 participants for one stimulus versus a number of qualitatively different stimuli, presented contingent on academic task completion. A paired-choice preference assessment was conducted followed by a reinforcer assessment using a combined reversal and multi-element design. The purpose of these procedures was to determine whether higher rates of responding would occur during conditions in which token reinforcement produced access to back-up reinforcers compared to a no reinforcement condition. Next, the opportunity to choose single versus varied token reinforcers was presented in a concurrent -chains arrangement. The dependent variables were the number of letters traced per min and the number of tokens earned per min during 3-min sessions, and the percentage of selections for single versus varied conditions. Results showed that response rates during the reinforcer assessment were higher during the reinforcement condition relative to the no reinforcement condition. A preference was not detected for 2 of 4 participants when the opportunity to choose from the same or qualitatively different reinforcers was presented. One of 4 participants preferred selecting the varied-choice condition (i.e., qualitatively different back-up reinforcers), and a second participant showed a similar pattern, but results were inconclusive due to limited data.

This thesis investigated the performance of a positioning system that utilised UWB technology where devices regularly shifts between acting as an initiator and as a responder for distance measurements between each other. The goal was to investigate existing positional techniques and to implement a novel network where devices initiates and responds to distance measurement exchanges. Additionally, the intention of this positioning system is to prevent severe work accidents and reduce vehicle congestion costing lives, money and time in industrial workplace environments. In the thesis, two ranging techniques, skew-aware single-sided two-way ranging (SASS-TWR) and asymmetric double-sided two-way ranging (ADS-TWR) were compared to each other as well as two MAC protocols, CSMA/CA and the token ring protocol. Results showed that SASS-TWR and ADS-TWR had similar precision, but SASS-TWR was faster, making it the preferred option in a positioning system. For the MAC protocols, simulations showed that the token ring protocol outperformed CSMA/CA but had a major flaw in its current implementation with the lack of recoverability in cases where devices in the network stops functioning or leaves. The conclusion is that both ranging techniques are viable options, and for the MAC protocols, CSMA/CA could be used but lacks scalability. The token ring protocol outperformed CSMA/CA in speed and scalability but requires improvements in recoverability before it could be used in a positional system intended for the industrial workplace.

The use of computer aided design (CAD) tools has catalyzed the growth of IC design techniques. The rapid growth in transistor count for synchronous digital circuits has increased circuit complexity. This growing complexity of synchronous circuits has exposed design issues such as clock skew, increased power consumption, increased electromagnetic interference and worst case performance. The increasing number of challenges posed by synchronous designs has encouraged researchers to explore asynchronous design techniques as an alternative methodology. Asynchronous circuits do not use a global clock signal that is the primary cause of many design challenges faced by synchronous designers. It has also been shown in some designs that asynchronous circuits consumes less power, and exhibits better average case performance than synchronous circuits. Asynchronous design techniques, even with their various advantages over synchronous systems, are not widely accepted by logic designers. This is due to the shortcomings of asynchronous design methodologies, primarily, the limited availability of CAD tool support and the use of proprietary specification languages. To overcome the shortcomings of current asynchronous design techniques, this research uses a methodology for designing asynchronous circuits starting from clocked RTL design. This research extends the concepts of Phased Logic (PL) and marked graphs to quasi-delay insensitive gates (QDI) gates to create an asynchronous PL-QDI methodology. The PL methodology is easy to use as it maps conventional RTL designs into delay insensitive PL circuits using commercial CAD tools. Caltech?s QDI gates exhibit fast forward latency, but the use of Caltech?s methodology requires a user skilled in the pecurialities of the Caltech design methodology. This research uses best of Caltech?s QDI circuit methodology and the PL methodology to come up with a new asynchronous PL-QDI methodology. It also presents a synthesis algorithm that uses commercially available synchronous CAD tools to map clocked designs to PL-QDI systems. Results of this research show that third-party clocked RTL codes including intellectual property (IP) cores can be converted to asynchronous PL-QDI systems using the PL-QDI CAD tools presented in this research. This work shows how mature synchronous CAD tools can be used to design clockless circuits.

Time-out, an effective way of controlling undesirable behavior in children, is considered to potentially yield limited effectiveness for individuals over the age of 11 due to their maturation and their parents’ ability to physically enforce time-out. A practical alternative to time-out for adolescents is Job Card Grounding. Job Card Grounding possesses the same behavioral components of time-out in that it provides a system through which parents can deliver consistent discipline and the adolescent has control over the frequency and duration of the consequence. This study is unique in that Job Card Grounding has not yet been empirically validated in the published literature, though researchers have believed for quite some time that it would be an effective means of managing behavior. Furthermore, recent publications indicate that Job Card Grounding would be an effective behavior management program for individuals ages 11-18 years because it has the recommended qualities of successful behavior management plans such as stability, consistency, and opportunities for positive reinforcement. The current study also explored the effectiveness of Job Card Grounding used in conjunction with a token economy. The effect of Job Card Grounding alone and in combination with a token economy to address the behavior of adolescent males who were wards of the state and resided in a therapeutic group home was assessed across two consecutive summers. In Year 1, an ABB+CA design was utilized to assess the effectiveness of the treatments. The second A phase in Year 1 was a natural withdrawal initiated by the adolescents’ caregiver. In Year 2, an AB design was utilized. The investigators were invited back in Year 2 to re-implement the treatment due to a return of undesirable behaviors. Job Card Grounding alone and with a token economy was found to be effective behavior management tools for this population across both years. The findings of this study may be useful for individuals who work with children and adolescents who have become too old or intellectually advanced for time-out procedures. Limitations and recommendations for future research are discussed in this paper.

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Väl etablerade normativa data för äldre individer är av stor betydelse för att särskilja mellan normalt åldrande och tecken på demenssjukdom. Kortversioner av Boston Naming test och Token test ingår i screeningbatterier och används ofta vid neuropsykologiska undersökningar. Dock är befintliga normativa data för BNT30 och Token test begränsade vad gäller antalet individer över 80 år och inbegriper endast optimalt friska deltagare med hög utbildningsgrad. Denna tvärsnittsstudie inkluderar 213 kognitivt intakta 85-åringar. Syftet var att undersöka resultaten av benämningsförmåga och språkförståelse mätt med kortversioner av Boston Naming test (BNT30) och Token test (deltest V) samt att jämföra resultaten från denna studie med befintliga normativa data för BNT30 och Token test. Alla deltagare rekryterades ursprungligen till Linköping Screening Assessment (ELSA-85) projektet, en populationsbaserad studie med 85-åriga invånare i Linköping, Sverige. De resultat som erhållits i den aktuella studien avseende BNT30 (M = 24,71 ±3,13) och Token test (M = 4,88  ±1,05), visar på lägre resultat, med större variation, än vad som rapporteras i befintliga normativa data. Samband mellan demografiska variabler och prestation på testen undersöktes också. Data tyder på att utbildning och genus påverkar benämningsförmågan, mätt med BNT30. De normativa data från denna studie omfattar det hittills största urvalet individer över 80 år och är mer demografiskt varierade än i tidigare studier. Därför är de normer som denna studie presenterar mer representativa för kognitivt intakta 85-åringar. Dock ifrågasätter vi validiteten av den version av Token test som ingår i KSB (Kognitiva Screening Batteriet). / Well-established normative data for elderly adults is of great importance in order to distinguish between normal aging and signs of dementia. Short versions of Boston Naming test and Token test are included in screening batteries and frequently used in neuropsychological examinations. However, existing normative data for BNT30 and Token test include few individuals aged 80 years and above and are limited regarding to only include optimally healthy participants with high education level. This cross-sectional study includes 213 cognitively intact 85-year-olds. The aim was to examine their results of naming performance and language comprehension measured with short versions of Boston Naming test (BNT30) and Token test, subtest V, then to compare the results of the present study with existing normative data for BNT30 and Token test. All participants were initially recruited in the Elderly in Linköping Screening Assessment (ELSA-85) project, a population-based study of 85-year-old residents of Linköping, Sweden. The results obtained in the present study regarding BNT30 (M = 24.71 ±3.13) and Token test (M = 4.88 ±1.05), show lower test scores with greater variance than those reported in existing normative data. Association between demographic variables and performance on the tests was also examined. Data presented in the study revealed that education and gender influence naming performance measured with BNT30. The normative data gathered from this study includes the largest sample so far of individuals over the age of 80 and is more demographically diverse than in previous studies. Therefore the norms provided in this study are more representative for cognitively intact 85-year-olds. However, we question the validity of the version of Token test included in CAB (Cognitive Assessment Battery). / Elsa85

This thesis investigates the emerging phenomenon of Initial Token Offerings, which is a tool for capital procurement for ventures being built using token ecosystems within their products. Through a series of interviews with representatives from venture capital, blockchain specialized venture capital, investors, and academia, the author connects the sentiments held by those representatives to the existing literature of behavioral economics. The sentiments expressed mainly focus on: the role of regulations; the development of investors during capital procurement; and the potential for experimentation in the field of token economies. The thesis discusses the implications of the technologies and potential future outcomes. The author also raises the question of whether this is the first non-regulated financial ecosystem that could provide an interesting perspective for behavioral economists as future research is done on the effects of regulations. / Den här uppsatsen undersöker det nya fenomenet Intial Token Offerings, ett verktyg för kapitalanskaffning för bolag som bygger produkter med en kryptografisk token ekonomi som en del av sin plattform. Genom en serie intervjuer med representanter från riskkapital, blockkedjespecialiserat riskkapital, investerare och forskare försöker författaren koppla de koncept och tendenser som tas upp i intervjuerna till fältet beteendeekonomi. The koncept som tog upps består till största del av: den roll regulatoriska aspekter kan spela; utvecklingen av investerarens roll vid kapitalanskaffning; och vikten av fortsatt experimentation gällande finansieringsmodeller inom krypografiska tillgångar och plattformar. Uppsatsen diskuterar också implikationer och möjliga framtida resultat. Författaren lyfter också frågan om kryptografiska tillgångar ger forskare en unik möjlighet att studera effekterna av individers tendenser och regulatorisk påverkan ur ett beteendeekonomiskt perspektiv.

<p>The purpose of this paper is to present a possible understanding of why the company Tekola is segregated according to sex. In accordance to this purpose, an understanding of how the segregation affects the employees in relation to power, values and possibilities is discussed. The theoretical understanding is that the organization of men and women within Tekola is done in close connection to creation of the meaning of gender in Tekola. This, in turn, affects and is affected by the recruitment to and within the company. Through the study of statistics from a survey, five interviews with employees and former employees and Tekolas’ equality plan, we are able to see the possible existence of a glass ceiling, and a culture of homosociality, which affects the possibilities of women to enter the company and also to gain full entrance to power-positions in a negative way. There is also a possibility that sexual harassment exists in Tekola. There is a clear feminization of one of the departments, a phenomenon that affects acts directed at and around that department. Also, we are able to see that there is a gap between the actual segregation between men and women in Tekola, and the employees’ perception of their possibilities.</p> / <p>Syftet med denna undersökning är att presentera en möjlig förståelse av varför företaget Tekola är könssegregerat. I linje med detta skapas även en förståelse av vad könssegregeringen betyder för medarbetarna i företaget i relation till makt, värderingar och möjligheter. Utgångspunkten för förståelsen av företagets organisering av kön är att könssegregeringen hänger samman med hur kön skapas i företaget, samt att detta påverkar och har samband med den interna och externa rekryteringen av män och kvinnor. Materialet som studeras består av statistik som skapats genom bearbetning av en enkätundersökning på företaget, fem djupintervjuer med anställda och före detta anställda samt Tekolas jämställdhetsplan. Analysen av materialet visar bland annat tendenser till förekomsten av ett glastak och en homosocial kultur vilket negativt påverkar kvinnors möjligheter att ta sig in på företaget samt att avancera. Det förekommer även troligtvis könsmässiga trakasserier. Samtidigt sker en tydlig märkning av en avdelning som kvinnlig, vilket påverkar olika handlingar riktade mot och kring denna avdelning. Det verkar även ha skapats en förståelse av att alla har samma möjligheter, något som motsägs av hur könsfördelningen faktiskt ser ut.</p>