International Telemetering Conference Proceedings / October 20-23, 2003 / Riviera Hotel and Convention Center, Las Vegas, Nevada / Security hardware based on asymmetric algorithm is the key component of Public Key Infrastructure (PKI), which decides the safety and performance of system. Security device in server or client have some common functions. We designed the client token and cryptographic server to improve the performance of PKI, and got obvious effect.

Many different versions of the original Token Test (De Renzi and Vignolo, 1962) have been available to speech language pathologists as a language assessment tool with various populations. The most recently adapted version of the Token Test is the Token Test for Children developed by DiSimoni (1978) as a measure to detect subtle receptive language abilities in children. The purpose of this study was to determine ii a significant difference existed between reading disabled and normal readers on syntactic and memory abilities on the Token Test for Children and if a difference existed between reading disabled students in grades 3 - 6 and dyslexic adolescents in grades 7 - 12 from the Whitehouse (1983) study.

This study examined the relationship between performance in a leveled token economy for emotionally disturbed adolescents and posttreatment level of functioning six months after discharge from the target program. The target program for the study is an acute care psychiatric hospital which specialized in the treatment of adolescents with both emotional and substance abuse problems. Previous literature on the outcome of token economy treatment programs however for they adolescents have generally been favorable have typically not examined level of functioning as an outcome criteria.

This study evaluated the use of a tok en, operant conditioning technique as a treatment procedure in a group setting with chronic, hospitalized, psychiatric patients. Fifteen patients were randomly assigned to two experimental groups and to one control group; each group included five patients. The two experimental groups received tokens during phases of contingent reinforcement for "Therapeutic Responses" and under a yoked-control phase of non-contingent token reinforcement; the sequence of these phases was the major difference between the two experimental groups. The control group met under conditions of no tokens, and the frequency of "Therapeutic Responses" was recorded on those subjects. "Therapeutic Responses" were characterized as open, confrontive, and problem-solving oriented interaction among group members as defined by Quadrant IV of the Hill Interaction Matrix (HIM). Results clearly supported the hypotheses that therapeutic responses did occur significantly more frequently and for longer durations in both the experimental groups in the following predicted directions: (1) under conditions of contingent token reinforcement as compared to conditions of non-contingent token reinforcement and to baseline and extinction phases; (2) in both of the experimental groups as compared to the control group. Reversal procedures demonstrated the expected extinction effects. Also, all three groups were compared on follow-up outcome data which included: (1) pre- and post-test ratings by hospital attendants of the group member's behavior changes on the ward as measured by The Behavioral Adjustment Scale; (2) pre- and post-test scores on the HIM-B (an unpublished instrument based on the HIM measuring attitudes toward group interaction). There were no differential effects among the three groups' MACC Behavioral Adjustment Scale and HIM-B posttest scores. These results were discussed in respect to the implications of applied research in the area of verbal conditioning, and implications for the treatment of chronic psychiatric patients. Recommendations for future research to examine possible generalization effects were offered.

Adults with intellectual disabilities (ID) are at risk for negative health conditions due to high levels of sedentary behavior. Walking and cycling are the most common forms of physical activity engaged in by adults with ID. Research is limited in evaluating physical activity interventions for this population. The purpose of this study will be to evaluate the effectiveness of a token reinforcement intervention to increase distance walked for adults with mild to moderate ID at adult day training centers.

Using a reversal design with two primary school aged children, the effectiveness in producing on-task behaviour was compared for a token system and a cognitive behaviour system. In the token system, points were earned for on-task behaviour at school which could be exchanged for rewards chosen by the pupil and parents at home. The cognitive program was conducted on an individual withdrawal basis during which time the child was taught to "stop, look, listen and think." With one child the token system preceded the cognitive and with the other child the order of the conditions was reversed. In both studies the token programs proved to be more effective than the cognitive programs in bringing about rapid and dramatic increase in on-task behaviour. When introduced first, the cognitive program appeared to produce better maintenance than when it followed the token program. Additionally, the programs helped to shift two of the teachers' attitudes towards the students from being fairly negative to more positive, as recorded on a Teachers Checklist.

The shapes of naturally occurring objects characteristically involve spatial events occurring at many scales. This paper offers a symbolic approach to constructing a primitive shape description across scales for 2D binary (silhouette) shape images: grouping operations are performed over collections of tokens residing on a Scale-Space Blackboard. Two types of grouping operations are identified that, respectively: (1) aggregate edge primitives at one scale into edge primitives at a coarser scale and (2) group edge primitives into partial-region assertions, including curved- contours, primitive-corners, and bars. This approach avoids several drawbacks of numerical smoothing methods.

Vehicular communication has been an emerging topic among current wireless research. The vehicular communication can be classified to Inter-Vehicle Communication (IVC) and Road-to-Vehicle Communication (RVC). IVC and RVC support applications mainly on two aspects: safety applications aiming to reduce dangers on the road, and data applications aiming to provide information and entertainment to people on traveling. Vehicles nearby form Vehicular Ad hoc Networks (VANETs) without any fixed infrastructures. Due to the characteristics of vehicular networks such as quickly changing and unstable network topology, IVC has special requirements to the network protocols. Several MAC protocols have been appeared or improved based on previous work for IVC. But these protocols are designed either for QoS guaranteed data service or for reliable message broadcast. There is not a protocol including both application requirements and inexpensive to implement as well. MAC protocol for vehicular communication hasn’t been finalized. In this thesis, an overlay token ring protocol (OTRP) is proposed which can work on MAC layer with broadcast function and taking into the IVC features into consideration. In OTRP, vehicles are grouped to overlapped rings with a token passed in each ring as the sole right for transmission. The ring is dynamically updated in a distributed manner based on smart algorithm at each node. OTRP provides bounded delay by assigning maximum token holding time for each node. It also reduces collisions by decreasing the number of contention nodes by times of ring size. Fair and high throughput is obtained as well. Furthermore, it provides reliable and prompt broadcast of emergency messages by pre-emptively transmitting while applying the token as an acknowledgement. The time nodes reliably receive the message is within limit. Theoretical analysis is provided and simulation results are given to evaluate the performance of OTRP under saturated traffic conditions both in safety and data applications.

Vehicular communication has been an emerging topic among current wireless research. The vehicular communication can be classified to Inter-Vehicle Communication (IVC) and Road-to-Vehicle Communication (RVC). IVC and RVC support applications mainly on two aspects: safety applications aiming to reduce dangers on the road, and data applications aiming to provide information and entertainment to people on traveling. Vehicles nearby form Vehicular Ad hoc Networks (VANETs) without any fixed infrastructures. Due to the characteristics of vehicular networks such as quickly changing and unstable network topology, IVC has special requirements to the network protocols. Several MAC protocols have been appeared or improved based on previous work for IVC. But these protocols are designed either for QoS guaranteed data service or for reliable message broadcast. There is not a protocol including both application requirements and inexpensive to implement as well. MAC protocol for vehicular communication hasn’t been finalized. In this thesis, an overlay token ring protocol (OTRP) is proposed which can work on MAC layer with broadcast function and taking into the IVC features into consideration. In OTRP, vehicles are grouped to overlapped rings with a token passed in each ring as the sole right for transmission. The ring is dynamically updated in a distributed manner based on smart algorithm at each node. OTRP provides bounded delay by assigning maximum token holding time for each node. It also reduces collisions by decreasing the number of contention nodes by times of ring size. Fair and high throughput is obtained as well. Furthermore, it provides reliable and prompt broadcast of emergency messages by pre-emptively transmitting while applying the token as an acknowledgement. The time nodes reliably receive the message is within limit. Theoretical analysis is provided and simulation results are given to evaluate the performance of OTRP under saturated traffic conditions both in safety and data applications.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--West Virginia University, 2003. / Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains vi, 108 p. : ill. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 63-72).