Nanoparticles possess unique characteristics that make them well suited for molecular imaging. Particles can be synthesized in a systematic fashion with tight control over diameter and surface chemistry. Contrary to existing gadolinium-based MRI contrast agents, nanoparticle MRI contrast agents circulate in the blood for long periods of time, offer higher sensitivity, and exhibit little known toxicity. The qualities of nanoparticles are also well suited to the design of PET probes. Because of their large surface area nanoparticles can be radiolabeled at high specific activity, increasing the sensitivity of detection as well as the payload of therapeutic isotopes. The work presented here focuses on the development and biological application of novel radiolabeled magnetic nanoparticles for multimodal PET/MRI imaging. The nanoparticle probes contained crystalline iron oxide cores capable of producing strong MRI contrast. Cores were coated with either a micelle composed of functionalized PEGylated lipids, or a cross-linked dextran shell modified with heterobifuntional PEG polymers. For PET imaging, magnetic nanoparticles were labeled with the radionuclide 64Cu. Copper‐64 is a cyclotron produced positron emitter used for PET imaging. With a 12.7 hour half-life, 64Cu can be used to image particles in vivo for up to 48 hr and can be used to evaluate ex vivo biodistribution for 72 hours. 64Cu nuclides also undergo β‐ decay, making it a useful isotope for radiotherapy. Nanoparticles were labeled with 64Cu and PET and MRI contrast and evaluated using phantoms. Pharmacokinetic information was measured using in vivo small animal PET/CT and ex vivo biodistribution at multiple time points. Particles were targeted to the angiogenesis marker αvβ3 integrin using a cyclized arginine-glycine-aspartic acid (RGD) peptide with high affinity for αvβ3 and tested in two tumor models. A unilateral tumor model was constructed using the αvβ3-positive U87MG glioblastoma line, and a bilateral model was constructed using the M21 (αvβ3 positive) and M21L (αvβ3 negative) melanoma lines. In vivo PET/CT and MRI showed that targeted nanoparticles produced both PET and MRI contrast in tumors. In conclusion, we report the development of magnetic nanoparticles for dual‐PET/MR imaging. These findings provide insight into the design and development of future multimodality PET/MRI probes.

This thesis is an exploratory study of the factors that account for the construction of a local social world around a frontier medical technology. The analysis is based on participant-centred accounts of the structuring of a PET world in the MNI&H. According to local actors, the following factors can be identified to have played a role in the birth, promotion, structuring, and maintenance of the local PET world: the personalities; the institution; the resulting tradition; the assessment of PET; the sense of quality; the size of the local PET world and of the institution; elements of the environment such as cost, finding sources, and manufacturers. The data show that the structuration of the PET world in this elitist research cum hospital institution cannot serve as a model for the diffusion of this frontier technology, although the demarcated pattern exhibits some characteristics common with those described in the literature for similar innovations.

Fluorescence tomography (FT) is an emerging non-invasive in vivo molecular imaging modality that aims at quantification and three-dimensional (3D) localization of fluorescent tagged inclusions, such as cancer lesions and drug molecules, buried deep in human and animal subjects. Depth-resolved 3D reconstruction of fluorescent inclusions distributed over the volume of optically turbid biological tissue using the diffuse fluorescent photons detected on the skin poses a highly ill-conditioned problem, as depth information must be extracted from boundary data. Due to this ill-posed nature of FT reconstructions, noise and errors in the data can severely impair the accuracy of the 3D reconstructions. Consequently, improvements in the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the data significantly enhance the quality of the FT reconstructions. Furthermore, enhancing the SNR of the FT data can greatly contribute to the speed of FT scans. The pivotal factor in the SNR of the FT data is the power of the radiation illuminating the subject and exciting the administered fluorescent agents. In existing single-point illumination FT systems, the illumination power level is limited by the skin maximum radiation exposure levels. In this research, a multiplexed architecture governed by the Hadamard transform was conceptualized, developed, and experimentally implemented for orders-of-magnitude enhancement of the SNR and the robustness of FT reconstructions. The multiplexed FT system allows for Hadamard-coded multi-point illumination of the subject while maintaining the maximal information content of the FT data. The significant improvements offered by the multiplexed FT system were validated by numerical and experimental studies carried out using a custom-built multiplexed FT system developed exclusively in this work. The studies indicate that Hadamard multiplexing offers significantly enhanced robustness in reconstructing deep fluorescent inclusions from low-SNR FT data.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karolinska institutet, 2002. / Härtill 6 uppsatser.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karol. inst., 2004. / Härtill 6 uppsatser.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Umeå : Univ., 2006. / Härtill 5 uppsatser.

This work discusses the role of CT in the etection and quantification of chronic allograft rejection in patients after lung transplantation and provides solutions to the technical challenges involved with this approach. / Doctorat en Sciences médicales / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

No description available.

This study examined the effect of neurotoxic chemical exposures on brain processes using Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT). A control group carefully screened for good health and minimal chemical exposures was compared to two groups of patients diagnosed with health problems following exposure to pesticides or to organic solvents.

O glioma de grau IV (geralmente chamado de Glioblastoma Multiforme - GBM) é o tumor mais agressivo e maligno do sistema nervoso central. A elevada mortalidade e baixa expectativa de vida proporcionado por esta doença, tem direcionado os esforços de muitos pesquisadores no desenvolvimento de novas formas de diagnóstico precoce, assim como a busca por terapias inovadoras. A galectina-3, uma proteína ligante de glicanas, é expressa diferencialmente em tecido normal vs. neoplásico e possui um papel importante na adesão, diferenciação, imunomodulação, apoptose, ciclo celular, assim como processos de transformação e progressão neoplásica. Diversos estudos têm demonstrado que a interferência nas funções exercidas pela galectina-3 pode representar uma estratégia promissora no tratamento de vários tipos de tumores, incluindo o glioblastoma. De fato, tem se verificado que a administração da forma truncada de galectina-3 em modelos experimentais murinos, possui um efeito antitumoral significativo quando administrada em conjunto com quimioterápicos. No entanto, ainda não se encontra esclarecido se a interferência com as funções da galectina-3 endógena são exercidas diretamente no microambiente tumoral ou de maneira sistêmica. Dessa forma, neste trabalho buscou-se um entendimento mais profundo e completo sobre o papel anti-tumoral de galectina-3 nativa e truncada em associação com o quimioterápico temozolamida num modelo de glioblastoma humano. Adicionalmente, as ferramentas de PET-SPECT, assim como imagem molecular ótica por fluorescência ou bioluminescênca foram utilizadas para se avaliar a biodistribuição da galectinas-3 em camundongos Balb/c nude inoculados com tumor. Inicialmente demonstrou-se que, nas células U87 de glioblastoma humano, a galectina-3 nativa e não a galectina-3 truncada apresenta efeito antitumoral in vitro quando associada com temozolamida com valores de IC50 de 0.008 mM e 1.893 mM respectivamente. Os testes in vivo foram dessa forma prosseguidos com a galectina-3 nativa. Através da técnica de imagem ótica por bioluminescência, observou-se que o tratamento simultâneo de galectina-3 com temozolamida levou a uma redução do crescimento do tumor gerado pelas células U87-Luc2 (U87 transfectadas com o gene reporter da luciferase) em camundongos Balb/c nude. Esta redução foi observada mesmo após a parada do tratamento (período de acompanhamento). Curiosamente, no tratamento com apenas galectina-3 observou-se uma redução do crescimento tumoral das células U87-luc2 cujo efeito foi anulado após a suspensão do tratamento. Através de análises por PET-SPECT avaliou-se a biodistribuição da galectina-3 marcada com 99mTc (99mTc-HYNIC/Gal-3) em camundongos Balb/c nude previamente inoculados com a linhagem U87. Demonstrou-se que esta proteína migra principalmente para os rins e, em menores quantidades para o baço, não ligando todavia no tumor. Devido à meia-vida do 99mTc-HYNIC/Gal-3 não permitir estudos prolongados, a galectina-3 conjugada com VivoTag 680XL foi utilizada para se avaliar a biodistribuição por 48h, 96h e 14 dias em camundongos Balb/c nude inoculados com a linhagem de glioblastoma U87. Além de se confirmar o padrão de distribuição acima descrito, observou-se que a galectina-3 não liga no tumor independentemente do modelo tumoral utilizado. Os resultados obtidos neste estudo demonstram que galectina-3 possui um efeito antiproliferativo quando administrada em conjunto com temozolamida num modelo de glioblastoma humano (células U87). Surpreendentemente, foi possivel observar pela primeira vez que o efeito antiproliferativo de galectina-3 não se deve à sua atuação direta no tumor. Nossos dados sugerem que, quando administrada in vivo, a galectina-3 atua em locais distintos do microambiente tumoral como os rins e baço, afetando portanto de maneira indireta o crescimento tumoral / Grade IV glioma or glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most aggressive and malignant tumor of the central nervous system. The high mortality and low life expectancy provided by this disease have directed the efforts of many researchers to develop innovative therapeutic strategies and early diagnosis tools. Galectin-3 is a glycan-binding protein differentially expressed in normal and neoplastic tissue and has an important role in adhesion, differentiation, immune modulation, apoptosis, cell cycle, tumor transformation and neoplastic progression. Several studies have shown that interference with the functions performed by galectin-3 could represent a promising strategy in the treatment of several kinds of tumors, including glioblastoma. Indeed, it has been found that galectin-3 truncated form has a significant antitumor effect when associated with chemotherapy in murine experimental models. However, it\'s not clear yet whether the interference with galectin-3 endogenous functions is performed directly in the tumor microenvironment or systemically. Thus, this study aimed to understand the anti-tumor effect of truncated and native galectin-3 in combination with temozolomide chemotherapy in a human glioblastoma model. Additionally, PET, SPECT and bioluminescence tools were used to evaluate the biodistribution of galectin-3 in Balb / c nude mice inoculated with the U87 glioblastoma cell line. Here it was shown that in U87 cells, native galectin-3 and not the truncated form has anti-tumor effect in vitro when associated with temozolomide with IC50 values of 0.008 mM and 1.893 mM, respectively. Therefore the in vivo studies were pursued with native galectin-3. Using the optical bioluminescence technique, it was observed that the simultaneous treatment of galectin-3 with temozolomide led to a reduction of tumor growth generated by U87- Luc2 cells (U87 cells transfected with the luciferase reporter gene) in Balb / c nude. This reduction was observed even after stopping treatment (follow-up period). Interestingly, treatment of U87-Luc2 derived-tumor with only galectin-3 led to a reduction of tumor growth whose effect was abolished after discontinuation of treatment. The biodistribution of 99mTc labeled-galectin-3 (99mTc-HYNIC / Gal-3) was performed by molecular image tools (PET-SPECT scan) in mice BALB/c nude previously inoculated with the U87 line. It was shown that this protein migrates primarily to the kidneys and, in a smaller amount to the spleen, but doesn\'t bind the tumor. Because the half-life of 99m Tc-HYNIC / 3-Gal doesn\'t allow prolonged studies, galectin-3 conjugated with VivoTag 680XL was used to assess in vivo biodistribution at 48h, 96h and 14 days in Balb / c nude mice inoculated with the human glioblastoma cell line U87. Besides confirming the distribution pattern described above, it was found that galectin-3 doesn\'t bind to the tumor, regardless the tumor model. This study shows that galectin-3 has an antiproliferative effect when associated with temozolomide in the human glioblastoma model U87. Surprisingly, it was observed, that the in vivo antiproliferative effect of galectin-3 is not due to its direct binding to tumor cells. Our data suggest that when administered in vivo, galectin-3 acts in distinct locations of the tumor microenvironment such as the kidneys and spleen, thus indirectly affecting tumor growth