Made available in DSpace on 2016-01-26T12:51:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 vaniapiatto_dissert.pdf: 265912 bytes, checksum: d6bd354613ca0a9752b4acad6612d8cd (MD5) Previous issue date: 1998-12-18 / The aim of this study was to evaluate the hearing and the prevalence of hearing impairment among children, in the age groups of 3 to 6 years old, from Municipal Nursery and Pre-schools of São José do Rio Preto, S.P. At first stage, audiometries in a free field were performed for screening in 103 children, both sexes in 8 Nursery and 8 Pre-schools previously selected. At second stage, the ones who presented audiometric alterations were referred to the Phonoaudiological Service of FAMERP to perform conventional pure tone audiometer. The classification of hearing impairment in relation to grade was made according to W.H.O. approaches. A male child (0.97%) was found with light grade of conductive hearing impairment in the left ear ( LE=35 dB). There was no significant difference among the ratio of hearing impairment in both sexes (p=1.00). Nine children (8.73%) showed alterations in the hearing thresholds by air conduction in 4000, 6000 and/or 8000 Hz sharp frequencies. The ratio among alterations in these frequencies was not statistically significant in both sexes (p=1.00). There is need of further studies to evaluate the result found in children with alterations in those sharp frequencies. The found prevalence of hearing impairment in this studied population can chek the need of use of prevention programs and earlier diagnosis of hearing impairments. / Este estudo teve como objetivo realizar a avaliação da audição e o levantamento da prevalência de deficiência auditiva em amostra de crianças, na faixa etária de 3 a 6 anos, em creches e pré-escolas municipais de São José do Rio Preto, etapa, em 103 crianças de ambos os sexos, na referida faixa etária, em 8 creches e 8 pré-escolas previamente selecionadas. As crianças que apresentaram alterações audiométricas na triagem, foram encaminhadas ao ambulatório de fonoaudiologia da famerp para realização de audiometria tonal convencional, em uma segunda etapa. A classificação da deficiência auditiva, em relação ao grau, foi feita segundo os critérios da oms. Foi encontrado uma criança do sexo masculino (0,97%) com deficiência auditiva condutiva de grau leve na orelha esquerda (m oe=35 db). Não houve diferença significativa entre as proporções de deficiência auditiva em ambos os auditivas, por via aérea, nas freqüências agudas de 4000, 6000 e/ ou 8000 hz. Nota de Resumo Não foi estatisticamente significante a diferença entre as proporções de alterações nas freqüências acima descritas em ambos os sexos (p=1,00). Há necessidade de posteriores estudas para avaliação do resultado encontrado em relação ás crianças com alterações nas referidas freqüências agudas. A prevalênciaencontrada de deficiência auditiva na população do estudo, pode comprovar a necessidade da implantação de programas de prevenção e diagnóstico precoce da deficiência auditiva. Unitermos: surdez- métodos de avaliação, classificação; crianças- pré-escolares; audiometria-tonal, da fala.

La schizophrénie (SZ) est une pathologie psychiatrique chronique et invalidante dont les conséquences fonctionnelles sont principalement liées à des déficits cognitifs. Ceux-ci sont étroitement associés à des déficits de perception auditive précoce d’informations de bas niveaux telle que la hauteur sonore. La perception auditive précoce peut s’évaluer avec un paradigme comportemental simple appelé « tone-matching » (appariement tonal AT), dans le lequel les sujets doivent discriminer activement entre deux sons courts (300-ms) d’une même paire séparés par un intervalle bref (500-ms). Les performances d’AT reflètent un processus cognitif de comparaison préattentionnelle se déroulant au sein du système auditif central (SAC). Le SAC est constitué du noyau géniculé médian du thalamus (MGN), de l’aire corticale auditive précoce (EA) et de l’aire corticale auditive associative (AA). Cependant, les dysfonctionnements du SAC sous-tendant les déficits d’AT dans la SZ restent mal connus. De plus, ces déficits sont élevés mais hétérogènes selon les cohortes. Ce travail de thèse propose de caractériser le fonctionnement du SAC associé aux performances d’AT chez les sujets SZ afin de mieux comprendre la physiopathologie du trouble et de développer des traitements ciblés. L’hypothèse guidant les 4 études expérimentales de ce travail est que des altérations psychophysiques et neurophysiologiques spécifiques du SAC sont impliquées dans les déficits d’AT dans la SZ. Nos études psychophysiques utilisant différents paradigmes de « tone-matching » ont montré 1) un déficit d’AT de magnitude croissante pour l’intensité, la hauteur et la longueur des stimuli auditifs chez les sujets SZ (n=29), 2) un déficit d’appariement de trios de sons médiant une corrélation entre les déficits d’appariement de paires de sons (AT proprement dit) et l’identification de phrases émotionnelles (n=27). Ces résultats démontrent que les sujets SZ présentent différents niveaux de déficits d’AT selon le type de caractéristique acoustique, ainsi que des niveaux de déficits hiérarchiquement organisés entre les types de complexité des stimuli auditifs perçus. 3) Nos approches neurophysiologiques ont montré une distribution bimodale des performances d’AT chez les sujets atteints de SZ (n=310) avec un 1er groupe présentant une réduction significative de ces performances associée à une réduction de la connectivité fonctionnelle de repos à l’IRM entre les différentes régions du SAC (MGN-EA, MGN-AA et EA-AA impliquant particulièrement des sous-régions AA adjacentes à l’EA) et un 2nd ne présentant pas de déficits d’AT mais une réduction plus modérée de la connectivité uniquement entre EA-AA. Ces résultats démontrent que les performances d’AT permettent de séparer deux sous-types de SZ présentant des patterns topographiques spécifiques de dysconnectivité fonctionnelle de repos au sein du SAC. 4) Les résultats préliminaires de l’étude de l’effet d’une procédure de stimulation électrique transcrânienne non invasive (tES) ciblant le SAC gauche (2mA, 10x20min) montrent une modulation significative des performances d’AT après la procédure de stimulation chez les sujets SZ (n=2). Cela suggère que les déficits d’AT pourraient être dépendants de mécanismes d’excitabilité et de plasticité des neurones du SAC modulables par tES. Pris ensembles, ces résultats confirment l’influence d’altérations mécanistiques du SAC sur les déficits d’AT dans la SZ, dont les spécificités anatomo-fonctionnelles seront à confirmer par des études de validation et des explorations neurophysiologiques « temps réel » du SAC en situation d’AT. En perspective, comme les paradigmes de « tone-matching » peuvent être implémentés facilement en pratique clinique, ces nouvelles donnés pourront permettre de différencier facilement des sous-types physiopathologiques de patients, et de développer des approches thérapeutiques ciblées sur le SAC à la fois en tES et en entraînement cognitif sensoriel / Schizophrenia (SZ) is a chronic brain disorder with outcome primarily driven by deficits in cognition. These have been related to impaired discrimination of basic auditory information such as pitch, as assessed in tone-matching behavioral paradigms in which subjects are asked to actively discriminate between two short pure tones (300-ms) following a brief delay (500-ms). More specifically, tone-matching indexes early, pre-attentive comparison mechanisms occurring in the central auditory system (CAS, divided into thalamic medial geniculate nucleus (MGN), early auditory (EA) and association auditory (AA) cortical areas). Therefore, characterisations of the CAS functioning associated with tone-matching abilities in SZ individuals may be useful drivers for pathophysiology understanding and therapeutic development. First, we aimed at exploring tone-matching abilities in SZ across major acoustic features (length, pitch, intensity) and different levels of complexity (2-tones, 3-tones, emotional sentences) using psychophysical testing. We predicted that patients would display differential deficits across acoustic features, and present a mediated relationship between tone-matching levels of complexity. Second, we investigated the CAS functioning associated with tone-matching at a neurophysiological level, using resting-state functional connectivity MRI (rsFC-MRI) and CAS-targeted transcranial electrical stimulation (left fronto-temporal tES, 2mA, random noise current, ten 20-min twice-daily sessions). We predicted that functional dysconnectivity within the CAS would be associated with tone-matching impairments, and that tES would significantly modulate these impairments in patients. As complementary, we reviewed historical aspects of basic auditory explorations in SZ and studies investigating basic auditory-training approaches as a potential remediative treatment. Psychophysical studies demonstrated more prominent deficits for length than pitch and, in turn, than intensity (n=29), and showed that 3-tones discrimination mediates the correlation between 2-tones and auditory emotion recognition deficits (n=27). Neurophysiological approaches showed that tone-matching performances are bimodally distributed across SZ subjects (n=310), with one group (SZ-) showing significant reductions in both tone-matching and rsFC-MRI in regions of the bilateral CAS (i.e., between MGN and both EA and AA, as well as reductions between EA and AA, particularly involving parcels which are immediately adjacent to EA), and one group (SZ+) showing intact tone-matching and significant reductions only in EA-AA connectivity. The investigation of CAS-targeted tES impact on tone-matching abilities in patients is still ongoing, but preliminary results demonstrated significant modulations of tone-matching scores after the tES procedure (n=2). Our results demonstrate that SZ individuals present with different patterns of tone-matching deficits across acoustic features, but similar yet hierarchical levels of impairments for processing of simple vs. more complex auditory stimuli. Nevertheless, both feature- and complexity- dependant tone-matching deficits might be associated with different types of anatomo-functional underpinnings in the CAS. In addition, we showed that tone-matching measure segregates between discrete SZ subgroups presenting distinct topographic patterns of functional dysconnectivity in the CAS. Finally, tone-matching deficits might be related to neuronal excitability and plasticity mechanisms in the SAC that are modulated by tES. As tone-matching paradigms can be readily implemented within routine clinical settings, these experimental results may be useful to permit differentiation of discrete subtypes of SZ and to develop both non-invasive brain stimulation and remediative approaches

本文以優選理論的觀點分析美濃客語的陰平變調。討論可分為兩部分，首先，針對於變調的範疇，文章從句法與音韻的介面關係探討陰平變調的範疇，結果顯示陰平變調是以語調詞組(Intonational Phrase)作為變調的範疇，而這也為韻律結構的存在提供了證據。語調詞組的形成與感知單位(Sense Unit Condition)和重組(Restructuring)有密切的關係。另外，也探討了語調詞組中的特殊結構，發現語料支持Nespor & Vogel (1986)的假設，即特殊結構可以先形成一個獨立的語調詞組。 探討完變調範疇之後，將以優選理論進行分析。本文提出兩組制約:聲調制約和韻律制約。聲調制約著重在解釋變調的運作，而韻律制約則負責解釋變調範疇的劃分，這兩組制約不僅能解釋一般句子的變調，亦能對特殊結構的變調現象予以充分的說明。針對於變讀的情形，本文以並存音韻理論(Cophonology Theory)來作解釋，藉由*IP和ALIGN-R (Non-adjunct XP, IP)兩個制約的重新排序，得到變調與不變調兩種讀法的範疇的劃分。 / This thesis is aimed at analyzing Yinping tone sandhi in Meinong Hakka from the perspective of Optimality Theory. The discussion is divided into two parts. First, this thesis explores the tonal domain in terms of the interface of syntax and phonology. The analysis indicates that the tonal domain is founded on an intonational phrase. The formation of an intonational phrase is based on the Sense Unit Condition (Selkirk, 1984) and is closely related to restructuring (Nespor and Vogel, 1986). The special constructions of IPs are also investigated. The data supports the hypothesis proposed by Nespor and Vogel (1986), namely, that these special constructions have the privilege to form an isolated intonational phrase. Secondly, Optimality Theory is adopted to analyze the data after exploring the tonal domain. Two set of constraints are proposed in this thesis. One is that of tonal constraints, which are mainly concerned with the processing of tone sandhi. The other is that of prosodic constraints, which are responsible for explaining the delimitation of the tonal domains of the data. The two sets of constraints can be used to account for the operation of the sandhi phenomena in ordinary sentences and also in special constructions. The alternative readings are explained by means of the re-ranking of *IP and ALIGN-R (Non-adjunct XP, IP) from the perspective of Cophonology Theory.

Abstract The salt print is an important part of photography, both in its historic value and in the tonal range it can provide. This tonal range is greater than any other photographic printing process available to date attributed to the inherent masking ability of the metallic silver. However the intrinsic production problems have made it a 'forgotten' process. There are five key problems. 1. The difficulties in achieving the potential extensive tonal range. 2. The varying colour of the print. 3. Staining that appears in the print, during and after processing. 4. Instability and longevity of the salt print. 5. Contradictory and inaccurate information in material published on the salt print. Although the emphasis of the research is on exploring and controlling the colour and tonal range, the staining problems and stability of the print are also addressed. The materials used for contact negatives today vary in both capture and output, from analogue film processed in the traditional wet darkroom to a variety of transparent film printed from digital files. Inadequate density and tonal range can affect all types of negatives. To provide sufficient exposure time for the salt prints extended tonal range adjustments to the negative were necessary. These long exposures then converted sufficient silver salts to the image making metallic silver, utilising the intrinsic self-masking process. Ultimately this research has uncovered ways to control colour and tonal range and certain aesthetic qualities of the salt print, while simultaneously resolving some of the conflicts in published information. Accurate and consistent methods of processing eliminate staining, providing some stability to the print. The activities and steps carried out to make a salt print are manual; precise duplication is therefore almost unattainable. Nevertheless, although tests on a densitometer may display numeric differences, visual differences are barely noticeable.

The purpose of the study was to investigate the effect of 10 minutes of daily exposure for 10 weeks to a Chinese Music Curriculum and its effect on generating positive cultural attitudes towards the Chinese people, improving tonal discrimination skills, singing accuracy of tonal patterns, and accuracy of singing Chinese lyrics for third-, fourth-, and fifth-grade students, compared to a comparison group not receiving the Chinese Music Curriculum. In an elementary school in Miami-Dade County, Florida, 6 third-, fourth-, and fifth-grade classes were chosen and randomly assigned to either an intervention or a comparison group. A Chinese Music Curriculum was developed for the intervention group and implemented by classroom teachers. Meanwhile, the comparison group received normal academic instruction and a weekly music class by a music specialist. Pre- and post-tests were administered to both the intervention and comparison groups: (1) Children's Attitudes toward Chinese (CATC), (2) Intermediate Measures of Music Audiation-Tonal (IMMA, Gordon, 1982), and (3) Tonal Pattern Performance Measure (TPPM). The Chinese Song Performance Measure (CSPM) was administered to the intervention group only in order to measure students' abilities for accurately singing the Chinese lyrics of a simple Chinese song, "Little Rat." Data were subjected to a mixed Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA) statistical analysis, item analysis, and Pearson Product-Moment correlation. The results demonstrated that the CATC survey was a reliable and valid measure to assess children's attitudes toward Chinese people. The overall effect of the Chinese Music Curriculum was significant in combination of the three outcome measures: CATC, IMMA, and TPPM. The follow-up individual examination revealed that children's attitudes toward Chinese people and tonal pattern singing accuracy were significantly improved, but tonal discrimination skills did not improve. Grade was found to influence children's singing accuracy of tonal patterns with fifth graders outperforming the third and fourth graders. All participants in the intervention group were able to sing a Chinese song with over 70% accuracy of the Chinese lyrics.

在前人的研究中，已透過音韻規則的角度分析梅縣客語 (Meixian Hakka) 和曼谷客語 (Bangkok Hakka)， 但仍有部分疑問未獲得合理解釋。諸如：部分聲調不會受變調規則(Tone sandhi)的影響、變調的觸發條件以及本調 (Citation tone) 和變調間結構上的關係等。 有鑒於此，本研究透過優選理論 (Optimality theory, OT) 重新分析梅縣客語和曼谷客語。 上述兩個方言有兩種變調的方式 : 同化(assimilation)和異化(dissimilation)。在此基礎上，為了更準確的描述變調現象，本研究在分析上主要採用必要性起伏原則 (obligatory contour principle) 和避免起伏原則 (no-jumping principle)，並應用聯合制約 (Constraint Conjunction approach) 的概念。採取此分析方式的理由在於分析對象的變調具有相當有標(marked)且受限於中心詞(head)右端音節的聲調。此外，本研究也採用一部分比聲調結構性制約(tonal markedness constraint)更高排序的信實性制約(faithfulness constraint)。這些制約會導致部分聲調或變調結構不受變調規則影響，例如：調域 (register) 和聲調的起點 (initial target) 將保留原始樣貌。 研究結果指出，聲調結構性制約和數個排序最高的聲調信實性制約能更準確地呈現梅縣客語和曼谷客語在變調時，輸入值與輸出值之間的對應關係 (input-output correspondence)。在論文結尾，筆者將綜覽本研究並提出未來可繼續延伸的相關議題。 / The grammar of Meixian and Bangkok Hakka tone sandhi has been analyzed from a rule based approach. Nevertheless, there are some questions and details that could not be solved by the analysis, such as the status of tones that do not undergo sandhi, triggers of the tone sandhi, and the structural relation between citation tones and their sandhi counterparts. Thus, the purpose of this study is to re-analyze the tone sandhi in Meixian and Bangkok Hakka under the constraint based framework, Optimality Theory (OT). There are two mechanisms of tonal alternations in the two dialects’ tone sandhi: assimilation, and dissimilation. So in order to capture the tonal alternations, the current analysis applies the concepts of the Obligatory Contour Principle, and the No-Jumping Principle. The constraints generated according to these principles work well with the application of the Constraint Conjunction approach. The conjoined constraints are needed since the tone alternations are highly marked, and depend a lot on the head/right syllable tone. Furthermore, this thesis also posits several faithfulness constraints that rank higher than the tone sandhi markedness constraint. The high ranked faithfulness constraints govern the preservation of several tones from any alternation, and preservation of some structures of the citation tones when they become sandhi tones (i.e. register and initial target). In conclusion, the positing of tone sandhi markedness constraints and undominated identity constraints presents a better input-output correspondence relation of the tone sandhi phenomena in Meixian and Bangkok Hakka. To conclude the thesis, a brief summary of the study and possible further issues are presented.

Este trabalho consiste em investigar as tendências pandiatônicas na obra "Preamble for a Solemn Occasion" para órgão (1953) de Aaron Copland (1900-1990). A análise inclui a busca pelos conteúdos intervalares mais recorrentes, a interação entre a tonalidade harmônica e a tonalidade melódica, e os centros tonais. Os referenciais teóricos utilizados foram os livros Tonality, Atonality e Pantonality de Rudolph Reti (1958), que fundamenta o conceito de pantonalidade, e Analytic Approaches to Twentieth-Century Music de Joel Lester (1989), que elucida acerca da teoria dos conjuntos. / The purpose of this research is to investigate the pandiatonic tendencies of the "Preamble for a Solemn Occasion" for organ (1953) by Aaron Copland (1900-1990). The analysis inc1udes a search for the most recurrent interval collections, the interaction between the harmonic and melodic tonalities, and the tonal centers. The theoretical framework inc1udes the works by Rudolph Reti: Tonality, Atonality e Pantonality (1958) where pantonality is defined, and Analytic Approaches to Twentieth-Century Music by Joel Lester (1989) for set theory analysis.

Este trabalho consiste em investigar as tendências pandiatônicas na obra "Preamble for a Solemn Occasion" para órgão (1953) de Aaron Copland (1900-1990). A análise inclui a busca pelos conteúdos intervalares mais recorrentes, a interação entre a tonalidade harmônica e a tonalidade melódica, e os centros tonais. Os referenciais teóricos utilizados foram os livros Tonality, Atonality e Pantonality de Rudolph Reti (1958), que fundamenta o conceito de pantonalidade, e Analytic Approaches to Twentieth-Century Music de Joel Lester (1989), que elucida acerca da teoria dos conjuntos. / The purpose of this research is to investigate the pandiatonic tendencies of the "Preamble for a Solemn Occasion" for organ (1953) by Aaron Copland (1900-1990). The analysis inc1udes a search for the most recurrent interval collections, the interaction between the harmonic and melodic tonalities, and the tonal centers. The theoretical framework inc1udes the works by Rudolph Reti: Tonality, Atonality e Pantonality (1958) where pantonality is defined, and Analytic Approaches to Twentieth-Century Music by Joel Lester (1989) for set theory analysis.

Este trabalho consiste em investigar as tendências pandiatônicas na obra "Preamble for a Solemn Occasion" para órgão (1953) de Aaron Copland (1900-1990). A análise inclui a busca pelos conteúdos intervalares mais recorrentes, a interação entre a tonalidade harmônica e a tonalidade melódica, e os centros tonais. Os referenciais teóricos utilizados foram os livros Tonality, Atonality e Pantonality de Rudolph Reti (1958), que fundamenta o conceito de pantonalidade, e Analytic Approaches to Twentieth-Century Music de Joel Lester (1989), que elucida acerca da teoria dos conjuntos. / The purpose of this research is to investigate the pandiatonic tendencies of the "Preamble for a Solemn Occasion" for organ (1953) by Aaron Copland (1900-1990). The analysis inc1udes a search for the most recurrent interval collections, the interaction between the harmonic and melodic tonalities, and the tonal centers. The theoretical framework inc1udes the works by Rudolph Reti: Tonality, Atonality e Pantonality (1958) where pantonality is defined, and Analytic Approaches to Twentieth-Century Music by Joel Lester (1989) for set theory analysis.

‘Richte mich, Gott' exemplifies Jaakko Mäntyjärvi's pluralistic compositional approach through an interlaced organization of tonal and non-tonal pitch content. The development of ideas in the text of Psalm 43 and the concluding doxology is depicted across both layers of pitch organization and governed by specific structural pitch collections: (0145) and (0257). Moreover, the organic transformation of these structural pitch collections' intervallic content emerges as a fundamental means of progression throughout the work, in turn influencing the intervallic content of surrounding tonal material. This process of transformation and its relationship to the text is revealed through tonal and pitch-class analysis; a flexible approach to segmentation; and an exploration of two-way and three-way symmetry, and the disruption thereof, in pitch space and pitch-class space. An understanding of the interrelationship between pitch material from the tonal and non-tonal layers of pitch organization can aid singers, conductors, and analysts in the efficacy of their study, preparation, and performance of the psalm. The accompanying appendix of targeted choral warm-ups in this document offers choirs a practical method for studying, internalizing, and performing the non-tonal pitch content in the work.