Diss. (sammanfattning) Linköping : Linköpings universitet, 2007. / Härtill 5 uppsatser.

Human palatine tonsil lymphocytes, when compared with peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL), were in an activated state, even though there was no in vitro stimulation. When these tonsil lymphocytes were cultured in the absence of serum and polyclonal mitogens or antigens, the supernatant fluid often inhibited the proliferative response of target PBL to concanavalin A. The extent of this suppression ranged from 22% to 84%, and target cell viability was 90% or greater. There was no evidence for the presence of immunoglobulins or α2-macroglobulin in whole supernatant fluids. The suppressor was partially denatured at 80°C and was rendered completely inactive upon exposure to 100°C for 5 min. It was trypsin-sensitive, and had an apparent molecular weight of 100,000 or greater. The protein adhered strongly to DE-52, and the most active material was eluted with 0.4–0.6 M NaCl. Only one component was detected in this fraction by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The suppressor had an isoelectric point of 5.0 ± 0.6.

Terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) analysis and pyrosequencing were used to characterize the microbiota of the tonsil of the soft palate of 126 unfit and 18 healthy pigs. The T-RFLP analysis method was first optimized for the study of the pig tonsil microbiota and the data compared with culture-based identification of common pig pathogens. Putative identifications of the members of the microbiota revealed that the phyla Firmicutes, Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes were the most prevalent. A comparison of the T-RFLP analysis results grouped into clusters to clinical conditions revealed paleness, abscess, PRRS virus, and Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae to be significantly associated with cluster membership. T-RFLP analysis was also used to select representative tonsil samples for pyrosequencing. These studies confirmed Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, Fusobacteria, and Proteobacteria to be the core phyla of the microbiota of the tonsil of the soft palate of pigs. / OMAFRA Animal Health Strategic Investment

Crianças com aumento do volume de tonsilas palatinas e faríngeas, freqüentemente apresentam anormalidades respiratórias tais como roncar, respiração oral e apnéia do sono, assim como atraso no crescimento, alterações físicas e emocionais. Sabe-se que a obstrução de vias aéreas superiores e conseqüentemente a respiração oral podem resultar em problemas pulmonares. A obstrução de vias aéreas superiores também pode conduzir a alterações na mecânica respiratória e evoluir para alterações no equilíbrio das forças musculares, causando disfunções faciais, torácicas e dos eixos posturais. As alterações na função pulmonar (Pressão Inspiratória Máxima, Pressão Expiratória Máxima e Volume Pulmonar) foram avaliadas em 32 crianças (6-13 anos, M: F) com aumento do volume de tonsilas que seriam submetidas a cirurgia de Adenoamigdalectomia na Divisão de Otorrinolaringologia da Universidade de São Paulo. Todas as crianças foram avaliadas no pré e pósoperatório (3 e 6 meses) de adenotonsilectomia. A pressão Inspiratória e expiratória máxima foram medidas com o uso de um manovacuômetro. O volume pulmonar foi medido através do uso de um Inspirômetro de Incentivo infantil. Os perímetros torácicos e abdominais foram obtidos através de uma fita métrica comum. No pré-operatório os seguintes valores foram obtidos: pressão inspiratória máxima média de 24,72 cm/H2O, pressão expiratória máxima média de 37,50 cm/H2O, volume pulmonar médio de 682,81ml, perímetro torácico com média de 69,25cm e o perímetro abdominal com média de 67,50 cm. Todos os valores analisados apresentaram-se maiores no pós-operatório, sendo os resultados mais significantes a pressão inspiratória máxima com o valor de 28,62 cm/H2O no pós-operatório de 3 meses e 32,52 cm/H2O em seis meses. O volume pulmonar também apresentou um ganho de 265,47 ml no pós-operatório de seis meses em relação ao valor obtido no pré-operatório. Concluímos que a pressão inspiratória máxima apresentou um aumento significativo em seus valores no pós-operatório de 3 e 6 meses o que denota um ganho na força da musculatura respiratória inspiratória o que propiciou o aumento no volume pulmonar. Verificamos um aumento gradativo em todos os parâmetros estudados nos resultados obtidos no pós-operatório de 3 meses para os 6 meses. Os resultados comparativos entre os tamanhos das tonsilas (grau 3 e 4) não demonstraram diferença significativa. / Children with enlarged tonsils and pharynx, often exhibit respiratory abnormalities such as snoring, mouth breathing and sleep apnea, as well as delay in growth, physical and emotional changes. It is known that the upper airway obstruction and consequent mouth breathing may lead to lung problems. The obstruction of upper airway can also lead to changes in respiratory mechanics and evolve to changes in the balance of forces muscle, causing facial disorders, thoracic and axes posture. The changes in lung function (maximal inspiratory pressure, maximal expiratory pressure and lung volume) were evaluated in 32 children (6-13 years old, M: F) with enlarged tonsils who would be subjected to surgery for adenotonsillectomy at Division of Otorhinolaryngology, University of São Paulo. All children were evaluated in the preoperative and postoperative (3 and 6 months) of adenotonsillectomy. The maximal inspiratory and expiratory pressures were measured using a manometer. The lung volume was measured by using a volumetric incentive spirometer. The thoracic and abdominal perimeters were obtained through a common tape. Preoperatively the following values were obtained: mean maximal inspiratory pressure of 24.72 cm/H2O, mean maximal expiratory pressure of 37.50 cm/H2O, mean pulmonar volume of 682.81 ml. Mean girth of 69.25 cm and mean Abdominal Perimeter of 67.50 cm. All figures analyzed were higher in the postoperative period, and the more significant result was maximal inspiratory pressure with a value of 28.62 cm/H2O the postoperative 3-month and 32.52 cm/H2O in six months. The lung volume also showed a gain of 265.47 ml in the postoperative period of six months from the value obtained preoperatively. We conclude that the maximal inspiratory pressure showed a significant increase in their values in the postoperative period of 3 and 6 months which indicates a gain in respiratory muscle strength which allowed the increase in lung volume. Noticed a gradual increase in all parameters studied the results in the postoperative period of 3 months to 6 months. The comparative results between the size of tonsils (grade 3 and 4) showed no significant difference.

O objetivo deste estudo foi o de avaliar a eficiência da aderência de produtos de exclusão competitiva e de probiótico sobre a tonsila cecal de frangos SPF, com idade de um a doze dias. Através da microscopia eletrônica de varredura, verificou-se a ação destes produtos comerciais com relação a proteção ao epitélio, quando desafiados com Salmonella Enteritidis. O delineamento experimental foi dividido em cinco (05) grupos, sendo o grupo T1 o controle negativo, o grupo T2 recebeu o produto de exclusão competitiva Aviguard, o grupo T3 recebeu o produto de exclusão competitiva Broilact, o grupo T4 recebeu o probiótico Biotop e o grupo T5 o controle positivo. Após 12 horas do tratamento com os produtos de exclusão competitiva ou probiótico as aves foram infectadas, por via oral, com S. Enteritidis. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que os produtos de exclusão competitiva e probiótico apresentaram uma maior eficiência em estabelecer uma microbiota protetora contra S. Enteritidis, e que a adição destes pode produzir um efeito de melhor índice zootécnico, quando comparado com as aves que foram desafiadas com S. Enteritidis e que apresentaram um ganho de peso inferior. / The aim of this study was to evaluate the ultra structure of the cecal tonsil in SPF chicks using scanning electron microscopy, determining the efficacy of competitive exclusion products and probiotic and its protection in cecal epithelium against an oral challenge with Salmonella Enteritidis. The experimental design included five groups: T1 negative control, T2 chicks treated with Aviguard, T3 chicks treated with Broilact, T4 chicks treated with Biotop, and, T5 positive control. After 12 hours of treatment with competitive exclusion products or probiotic the chicks were infected orally with S. Enteritidis. Results showed that treated groups had a protective effect stimulating the establishment of the resident microflora against pathogenic bacteria. Treated chicks showed high weight gain when compared to chicks challenged.

Rinovírus (RV) é freqüentemente detectado nos tecidos tonsilares e nas secreções de nasofaringe de pacientes com doença adenotonsilar crônica, sem sintomas de infecção respiratória aguda (IRA). O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a infecção por rinovírus em tonsilas humanas, com base em dois aspectos: infecção in vivo de células linfóides de tonsilas humanas naturalmente infectadas; e infecção ex vivo de células dissociadas desses tecidos inoculadas com rinovírus, visando a contribuir para elucidar possíveis mecanismos de infecção em amígdalas palatinas e adenóides humanas. De um total de 104 pacientes com doenças adenotonsilar crônicas, 21.1% (22/104) e 42.3% (44/104) apresentaram respectivamente amígdalas palatinas e adenóides positivas para RV por PCR. A replicação viral foi confirmada por hibridização in situ com sonda para intermediário replicativo nas regiões internas e externas aos folículos linfóides de amígdalas e adenóides, bem como em porções do epitélio ciliado de adenoides, e apenas raramente nas células epiteliais escamosas de tonsilas palatinas. A presença e distribuição de proteína estrutural do capsídeo viral foi detectada por imunohistoquímica (IHQ), utilizando anticorpos contra proteínas estruturais virais VP1 e VP2 nas tonsilas positivas para RV por qPCR. Os resultados indicaram marcação positiva tanto na superfície (epitélio), quanto em regiões extrafoliculares e centros germinativos. Em seguida, foi possível verificar a co-localização da marcação positiva da proteína estrutural VP2 de RV com marcadores linfocitários de membrana. Células CD4 + e CD20 + apresentaram marcação positiva para VP2 verificada usando estratégia de \'sequential immuno-peroxidase labelling and erasing\' (SIMPLE). Culturas primárias de células linfomononucleares (CLMN) de tonsilas sabidamente negativas para RV por PCR, foram infectadas in vitro, com RV (MOI=1). A replicação de RV foi titulada por TCID50, mostrando aumento inicial (24 h) e subsequente queda após 48 horas. Por IF observamos que os fenótipos de CLMN infectadas com RV in vitro foram células T CD4 + e B, mas também com células CD8 +, CD56 + e CD33 +. RV não infectou células CD123 +. RV foi isolado em WI- 38 e HeLa a partir de tecidos e secreções de nasofaringe de pacientes com hipertrofia tonsilar sem sintomas de infecção respiratória aguda. Nossos resultados confirmam que tonsilas de pacientes sem sintomas respiratórios agudos podem ser reservatórios de RV, que infecta não somente epitélio, mas também CLMN (frequentemente linfócitos T CD4 + e linfócitos B). A detecção de RNA intermediário replicativo e proteínas estruturais VP1 e VP2 nas tonsilas hipertróficas, além do isolamento de vírus infeccioso a partir de tecidos e secreções nasofaríngeas, classificam tonsilas hipertróficas como sítios de infecção e replicação de RV, e sugerem que esses indivíduos hipertróficos são portadores assintomáticos de RV persistente, e podem ser importantes fontes de transmissão de RV na comunidade. / The chronic adenotonsillar diseases are frequent otorhinolaryngologic conditions caused by chronic inflammation of adenoids and palatine tonsils. Rhinovirus (RV) is highly frequently detected in secretions, and tonsillar tissues from patients experience chronic tonsillar hypertrophy without symptoms of ARI, and our goal is to full understanding of viral infections in hypertrophic tonsillar tissues by RV. Of 104 enrolled patients with adenotonsillar chronic diseases, 21.1% (22/104) and 42.3% (44/104) had palatine tonsils and adenoids positive for RV by qPCR, respectively. RV Viral replication was confirmed by in situ hybridizations. Minus-strand RNA were detected in all tested samples (7 tonsils and 9 adenoids), and positive reactions were seen inside and outside of lymphoid follicles from tonsils and adenoids, in the ciliated epithelium of the adenoids and rarely in positive squamous epithelium cells from tonsils. The presence of viral structural protein VP1 and VP2 was detected within and outside of the lymphoid follicles from tonsils and adenoids, and also in epithelial cells from adenoids by immunohistochemistry (IHC). Later, by sequential immuno-peroxidase labelling and erasing protocol (SIMPLE), we saw co-localization of RV VP2 capsid protein staining with CD4 positive cells and CD20 positive cells. We confirmed that RV could infect primary culture of tonsilar mononuclear cells (TMNCs). Additionally, intracellular replication of RV in TMNCs, measured by TCID50 in HeLa cells, had an initial increase in the first 24 hours, and dropped at 48 hours post infection. Immunolocalization staining with anti-RV and TMNCs surface markers indicated that phenotypes of susceptible cells were T-cells both CD4+ and CD20+, but also, we saw co-localization of VP-2 protein with CD8+ cells, CD56+ cells and CD33+ cells. RV-16 couldn\'t infect CD123+ cell in our experiments. Finally, we were able to recover 4 rhinoviruses by inoculating WI-38 fibroblast cells and HeLa cells, confirming by the cytopathic effect and immunofluorescence positive staining with anti-VP1 antibody. Taken together, our results indicate that tonsils and adenoids of patients without ARI may be reservoirs of replicating human rhinovirus, infecting manly Tcells CD4+ and CD20+ B-cells. The high-frequency detection of RNA (-) and VP1 expression in tissues from patients with chronic adenotonsillar diseases, plus the isolation of infectious viral particles, suggests that these detected agents replicate in the adenotonsillar tissues and this specific sites may be important sources of transmission of RV in the community.

Tonsillectomy is one of the most frequently performed surgical procedures in children and youths. The aim of this thesis was to study children and youths in relation to tonsil surgery with the goal of improving the care, and to describe partial tonsillectomy/tonsillotomy (TT) using radiofrequency technique (RF) (Ellman International) in comparison with the more commonly used total tonsillectomy (TE). The thesis covers studies of wo age-groups with obstructive problems, with or without recurrent tonsillitis. Randomization to surgery was done from the existing waiting list; 92 children, 5-15 years old to 49/TT and 43/TE, (I-III) and 76 youths, 16-25 years old to 32/TT and 44/TE (IV-V). The first purpose (I, IV) was to compare the two surgical techniques with respect to pain and postoperative morbidity. Pain measures were for the children the Face Pain Scale and for the youths and parents and staff a verbal-pain-rating-scale. From the first day, the TT-groups scored significantly less pain than the TE-groups. The doses of pain-killing drugs (paracetamol and diclofenac) taken were significantly less for the children and youths receiving the TT-surgery, they could stop taking pain-killers sooner, and were back to normal activity three (5-15yrs) or four (16-25yrs) days earlier compared with TE-groups. Paper II focused on the child’s behavior (Child Behavior Checklist/CBCL), experience of pain, anxiety (State-Trait-Anxiety Inventory for Children /STAIC), previous experiences of surgery/tonsillitis, and the management of pain. The children scored higher on CBCL than a normative group before surgery, but no connection was observed between CBCL rating and experience of pain reported post surgically. There was no relation between preoperative anxiety and reported pain, but the postoperative anxiety level correlated with pain. The Egroup scored higher anxiety after surgery. Previous experience of surgery or tonsillitis did not influence the postoperative pain. The nurses scored pain lower than the parents/children and under-medicated. The second purpose was to compare the long-term effects of TT and TE-surgery after one and three years (5-15yrs) and one year (16-25yrs) (III, IV). The effect on snoring was the same for both TT and TE-groups and the rate of recurrence of throat infections was low after both surgical techniques. After one year, all children (TT/TE) showed improvements on CBCL to the same degree and there was no longer a difference between total behavior and normative values. They also scored improvements in health-related quality of life (HRQL) with Glasgow-Children-Benefit-Inventory. For both TT and TE, the older group reported lower HRQL preoperatively on all dimensions of Study-Short-Form (SF-36) compared with a normal population. After one year, a large improvement was found in HRQL in both groups and there were no differences compared with a normal population. Conclusion: Preoperative obstructive problems, in combination with recurrent tonsillitis have a negative impact on HRQL. Both after TE and TT there are large improvements in HRQL, infections, obstructive, and behavior problems one to three years after surgery, indicating that both surgical methods are equally effective. With fewer postoperative complications, less pain, shorter recovery time, and lower cost, TT with RF should be considered as method of choice.

Thesis--University of Oklahoma. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 39-41).

Orientador: Ary dos Santos Pinto / Banca: Dirceu Barnabé Raveli / Banca: Lídia Parsekian Martins / Banca: Anibal Benedito B. Arrais T. de Castro / Banca: Jorge Abrão / Resumo: O propósito desta pesquisa foi avaliar, neste grupo de indivíduos, se ocorreram mudanças no padrão respiratório e na porcentagem do espaço aéreo livre bucofaringeano e nasofaringeano, bem como, se existia alguma relação entre a resistência nasal total e o espaço livre da bucofaringe e da nasofaringe, e entre os dados obtidos pela visão endoscópica clínica e o programa de análise de imagem da via aérea superior, após o tratamento ortopédico com o aparelho bionator de Balters. A amostra constou de 13 pacientes leucodermas, do sexo feminino e masculino, na faixa etária de 8 a 12 anos, com dentadura mista e má oclusão de Classe II divisão 1ª de Angle, do Departamento de Clínica Infantil da Faculdade de Odontologia de Araraquara (UNESP) e que não tinham sido submetido a tratamento ortodôntico. A resistência nasal foi avaliada, por meio da rinomanometria anterior ativa, já a bucofaringe e a nasofaringe foram avaliadas, por meio da nasofibroscopia. Para calcular o espaço aéreo total e livre bucofaringeano e nasofaringeano foi utilizado o programa UTHSCSA desenvolvido pelo "Departament of Dental Diagnostic Science at The University of Texas Health Science Center". As médias e o desvio padrão de cada variável estudada foi obtida utilizando o teste t de Student ou de Wilcoxon. / Abstract: 1. The aim of this work was to evaluate the occurrence of changes in the respiratory pattern; in the free buccopharyngeal and nasopharyngeal airspace, if there was any relation between the total nasal resistance and the free buccopharyngeal and nasopharyngeal airspace, and if there was any relation between the data obtained by the clinical endoscopic view and the image analysis software of the upper airway after orthopedic treatment with Balters' bionator in this group of individuals. The sample was composed of 13 patients Caucasian descendents, both male and female between 8 and 12 years old, with mixed denture and Angle Class II Division 1 malocclusion, from the Infant Clinic Department of Araraquara School of Dentistry (UNESP), and that had not been submitted to orthodontic treatment. The nasal resistance was measured by active anterior rhinomanometry, and the bucopharynx and nasopharynx were measured by nasofibroscopy. In order to calculate the total and the free buccopharyngeal and nasopharyngeal airspace, it was analised the nasofibroscopy image using the software Image Tools, developed by the Department of Dental Diagnostic Science at The University of Texas Health Science Center. The averages and standard deviation of each variable studied were obtained using the Student-t test or the Wilcoxon test. / Doutor

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:33:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2006-09-06Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:24:52Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 jorge_ep_dr_arafo.pdf: 956678 bytes, checksum: 56fb6882a71abaef28653b2264869b8c (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O propósito desta pesquisa foi avaliar, neste grupo de indivíduos, se ocorreram mudanças no padrão respiratório e na porcentagem do espaço aéreo livre bucofaringeano e nasofaringeano, bem como, se existia alguma relação entre a resistência nasal total e o espaço livre da bucofaringe e da nasofaringe, e entre os dados obtidos pela visão endoscópica clínica e o programa de análise de imagem da via aérea superior, após o tratamento ortopédico com o aparelho bionator de Balters. A amostra constou de 13 pacientes leucodermas, do sexo feminino e masculino, na faixa etária de 8 a 12 anos, com dentadura mista e má oclusão de Classe II divisão 1ª de Angle, do Departamento de Clínica Infantil da Faculdade de Odontologia de Araraquara (UNESP) e que não tinham sido submetido a tratamento ortodôntico. A resistência nasal foi avaliada, por meio da rinomanometria anterior ativa, já a bucofaringe e a nasofaringe foram avaliadas, por meio da nasofibroscopia. Para calcular o espaço aéreo total e livre bucofaringeano e nasofaringeano foi utilizado o programa UTHSCSA desenvolvido pelo Departament of Dental Diagnostic Science at The University of Texas Health Science Center. As médias e o desvio padrão de cada variável estudada foi obtida utilizando o teste t de Student ou de Wilcoxon. / The aim of this work was to evaluate the occurrence of changes in the respiratory pattern; in the free buccopharyngeal and nasopharyngeal airspace, if there was any relation between the total nasal resistance and the free buccopharyngeal and nasopharyngeal airspace, and if there was any relation between the data obtained by the clinical endoscopic view and the image analysis software of the upper airway after orthopedic treatment with Balters' bionator in this group of individuals. The sample was composed of 13 patients Caucasian descendents, both male and female between 8 and 12 years old, with mixed denture and Angle Class II Division 1 malocclusion, from the Infant Clinic Department of Araraquara School of Dentistry (UNESP), and that had not been submitted to orthodontic treatment. The nasal resistance was measured by active anterior rhinomanometry, and the bucopharynx and nasopharynx were measured by nasofibroscopy. In order to calculate the total and the free buccopharyngeal and nasopharyngeal airspace, it was analised the nasofibroscopy image using the software Image Tools, developed by the Department of Dental Diagnostic Science at The University of Texas Health Science Center. The averages and standard deviation of each variable studied were obtained using the Student-t test or the Wilcoxon test.