Durante o processo de usinagem, o conhecimento da temperatura é um dos fatores mais importante na análise do estado da ferramenta. Permite o controle dos fatores mais importantes que influenciam, no uso, na vida e no desgaste da ferramenta. A temperatura na região de contato entre a peça e a ferramenta é resultante do processo de remoção de material durante a operação de corte e é difícil de se obter uma vez que, ou a peça, ou a ferramenta estão em movimento. Uma maneira de se medir a temperatura nessa situação é detectando a radiação de infravermelho. Este trabalho tem objetivo de apresentar uma nova metodologia de diagnóstico e monitoramento de operações de usinagem com o uso de imagens de infravermelho. A imagem de infravermelho fornece um mapa em tons de cinza da temperatura dos elementos participantes do processo: ferramenta, peça e cavaco. Cada tom de cinza na imagem corresponde a uma temperatura para cada material. A correspondência entre tons de cinza e a temperatura é dada pela prévia calibração da câmera de infravermelho para os materiais participantes do processo. O sistema desenvolvido neste trabalho usa uma câmera de infravermelho, uma frame grabber e um software composto por 3 módulos: o primeiro módulo faz a aquisição da imagem de infravermelho e o processamento; o segundo módulo faz a extração e o cálculo do vetor de características das imagens. Finalmente o terceiro módulo usa um algoritmo fuzzy e fornece como saída o diagnóstico do estado da ferramenta. / During machining process the temperature knowledge is one of the most important factors in tool analysis. It allows to control main factors that influence tool use, life time and wear. The temperature in the contact area between the work piece and the tool is resulting from the material remova! in cutting operation and it is too difficult to be obtained because the tool, or the work piece is in motion. One way to measure the temperature in this situation is detecting the infrared radiation. This work presents a new methodology for diagnosis and monitoring of machining processes with the use of infrared images. The infrared image provides a map in gray tones of the elements temperature in the process: tool, work piece and chips. Each gray tone corresponds to a certain temperature for each one of those materials and the relationship between the gray tones and the temperature is goven by previous infrared camera calibration. The system developed in this work uses an infrared camera, a frame grabber board and a software composed by three modules. The first module provides the image acquisition and processing. The second one does the image feature extraction and calculates the feature vector. Finally, the third module uses fuzzy logic to evaluate the feature vector and to supply the tool state diagnostic as output.

O custo de qualquer produto forjado para indústria automobilística é altamente influenciado pelos custos envolvidos durante o projeto e construção das ferramentas de conformação. Idealmente, essas ferramentas devem durar um número significativo de ciclos de conformação, de forma a diluir seu custo no maior número de peças possível. Diversos parâmetros afetam o comportamento do desgaste das ferramentas, sendo que as indústrias de forjados abordam as questões tribológicas de formas distintas. Além disso, um mal entendimento desses parâmetros pode levar a um desgaste de ferramenta prematuro. Esse trabalho analisa o efeito da rugosidade no desgaste de punções de conformação a frio. O tribossistema adotado é a segunda operação de uma prensa mecânica horizontal e consiste em um punção de aço M2 endurecido em movimento relativo contra uma peça de aço SAE 10B22 normalizado. Foram fabricados quinze punções com três níveis de rugosidade e seus desgastes foram medidos após 52.000 e 102.000 ciclos de conformação. Um perfilômetro óptico 3D e um microscópio eletrônico de varredura foram utilizados para acessar as características superficiais dos punções, antes e após dos lotes de produção. Também foram realizadas análises na contra-peça e no meio interfacial \"óleo\". Os resultados obtidos mostraram que os punções de maior rugosidade falharam prematuramente enquanto os punções polidos e os de rugosidade intermediária apresentaram desgaste equivalentes. Considerando que o processo de polimento contribui significativamente para o custo de fabricação dos punções, espera-se que uma forjaria que consuma tais ferramentas em larga escala obtenha grandes benefícios econômicos com o presente trabalho. / The cost of any forged product for the automotive industry is highly influenced by the costs involved during the design and manufacturing of the forging tools. Ideally, these tools shall withstand a significant number of forging cycles, in order to distribute their manufacturing cost in as many parts as possible. There are several parameters that affect the tool wear behavior and forging companies have different approaches to address the tribological issues. Moreover, a misunderstanding of these parameters may lead to an undesirable premature tool wear. This work analyses the effect of roughness on the wear of cold forming punches. The adopted tribosystem is the second stage of a horizontal press and consists of a punch of M2 hardened steel in relative movement against a working piece of SAE 10B22 normalized steel. Fifteen punches were manufactured with three roughness levels and their wear was measured after 52.000 and 102.000 forging cycles. A 3D optical profiler and a Scanning Electronic Microscope (SEM) were used to access the surface characteristics of the punches before and after the production batches. Analysis of the counter body as well as of the interfacial element (oil) were also conducted. The results showed that all punches with higher roughness failed prematurely, while the polished ones as well as the intermediate ones presented equivalent wear. Considering that the polishing process contributes significantly to the manufacturing cost of the punches, it is expected that a forgery that consumes those tools in large-scale can get great economic benefits with this work.

Orientador: Anselmo Eduardo Diniz / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-17T14:51:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Pires_BrunoJorge_M.pdf: 4048093 bytes, checksum: 91ac8c1d8bef0f7903675a183371c8bc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: Ligas de titânio já apresentam um papel de grande importância na indústria aeroespacial, petroquímica e de biomateriais. A combinação de alta resistência mecânica, baixa densidade, resistência à corrosão, biocompatibilidade, boa tolerância tecidual e manutenção de suas características em altas temperaturas, configuram o titânio como um material excepcional para projetistas de diversas áreas. Infelizmente, estas boas qualidades não se refletem na sua usinabilidade. Uma vasta lista de problemas devem ser contornados durante a usinagem de ligas de titânio dentre os quais, altas temperaturas e pressões de corte, baixo módulo de elasticidade (incentivador de vibrações), alta afinidade química com os materiais das ferramentas e problemas com integridade superficial das peças usinadas. Com o objetivo de aprimorar o entendimento da usinagem de ligas de titânio, em especial do processo de fresamento frontal da liga Ti-6Al-4V, o presente trabalho teve como enfoque tecnológico a influência do material do porta-ferramenta (haste de aço e de metal duro) e a geometria do inserto de corte (ângulo de saída neutro e positivo) sobre a vida da ferramenta e forças de usinagem (Força Radial, Tangencial e Axial). Análises de espectrometria de energia dispersiva foram conduzidas a partir de microscopia eletrônica dos insertos desgastados, permitindo a identificação dos elementos químicos presentes e avaliação dos mecanismos de desgaste predominantes. O principal resultado obtido indica que a utilização de ferramentas com haste de metal duro não representou benefícios em termo de vida da ferramenta, apresentando desempenho muito próximo das ferramentas com haste de aço / Abstract: Titanium alloys play a major role in the aerospace, petrochemical and biomaterials industry. The combination of mechanical strength, low density, corrosion resistance, biocompatibility and maintenance of these characteristics at high temperatures, shape titanium as a exceptional material for designers from different areas. Unfortunately, these impressive qualities reflect negatively on its machinability. A substantial list of problems must be overcome during the machining of titanium alloys, among them high temperatures and pressures of cut, low elasticity modulus (which is a motivational factor for vibrations), high chemical affinity with almost all tools materials and problems with surface integrity of machined parts. In order to improve the understanding of titanium alloys machining, in particular front milling of Ti-6Al-4V, the present thesis focused the influence of the tool holder material (steel and carbide) and the cutting insert geometry (neutral and positive rake angle) on the tool life and machining forces (Radial, Axial and Tangencial Forces). Analysis of energy dispersive spectroscopy were also conducted from scanning electron microscopy of wear inserts, allowing the identification of chemical elements and evaluation of wear mechanisms predominate. The main result indicates that the use of carbide tool holders not represent benefits in terms of life tool, with performance very close to the steel tool holders / Mestrado / Materiais e Processos de Fabricação / Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica

Orientador: Anselmo Eduardo Diniz / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecanica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-12T21:04:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Antonialli_ArmandoItaloSette_M.pdf: 4713382 bytes, checksum: def6e55af0d1c4dc5c508bbe6440464c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Resumo: As ligas de titânio apresentam baixa usinabilidade devido à reduzida condutividade térmica, à manutenção de suas propriedades mecânicas em altas temperaturas, à elevada afinidade química com os materiais de ferramentas e ao baixo módulo de elasticidade. Esta última característica promove instabilidade da espessura de corte, o que se traduz em altos níveis de vibração, especialmente em processos de usinagem caracterizados por corte interrompido. Este trabalho trata da otimização do fresamento frontal da liga de titânio Ti-6Al-4V a partir da minimização da vibração da ferramenta através de variações do ângulo de posição da ferramenta e do ângulo de contato entre o inserto e o corpo de prova. Os resultados mostram que a utilização de um ângulo de posição reduzido prolonga a vida da ferramenta por associar a maior parte do carregamento radial a freqüências muito baixas, nas quais a ferramenta se comporta como um corpo rígido. O emprego de um ângulo de contato reduzido, por outro lado, é extremamente danoso à vida da ferramenta, pois a entrada do inserto no corpo de prova se dá em condições adversas. Attrition seguido de microlascamentos da aresta, nas condições em que houve vibração excessiva ou intenso choque na entrada do inserto, e difusão, nas condições dinamicamente mais estáveis, foram os principais mecanismos de desgaste de ferramenta verificados neste trabalho / Abstract: Titanium alloys present poor machinability because of their low thermal conductivity, their ability to keep good mechanical properties at high temperatures, their high chemical affinity to tool materials and their low Young modulus. This last characteristic generates instabilities of cutting thickness, which means high vibration levels, especially in machining processes involving interrupted cutting. This work studies Ti-6Al-4V titanium alloy face milling optimization by tool vibration reduction using different tool entering angles and different radial immersion angles between tool and workpiece. Results show that using low entering angle do extends tool life due to associating most radial load with very low frequencies, in which tool behaves like a rigid body. On the other hand, using low radial immersion angle extremely impairs tool life, as tool insert enters the workpiece on adverse conditions. Attrition followed by cutting edge microchipping, on experiments in which high vibration levels or intense shock on tool insert enter where found, and diffusion, on experiments dynamically more stable, were the main tool wear mechanisms observed in this work / Mestrado / Materiais e Processos de Fabricação / Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica

Orientador: Anselmo Eduardo Diniz / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecanica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-08T23:12:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Oliveira_AdilsonJosede_D.pdf: 5045036 bytes, checksum: f173982d932402dfe8a6935cdb29b638 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / Resumo: Normalmente, os componentes dos moldes e matrizes responsáveis pela forma das peças manufaturadas têm complexas geometrias e são confeccionados em materiais de elevada dureza, o que torna a atividade de usinagem mais difícil. A utilização do Fresamento com Altas Velocidades tem sido um caminho para a usinagem destes componentes. Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo melhorar a compreensão do desempenho e dos mecanismos de desgaste das ferramentas no Fresamento com Altas Velocidades de aços endurecidos utilizados nos moldes e matrizes. Em operação de semi-acabamento, avaliou-se a utilização de fresas de topo toroidal de metal duro e de cermet em diferentes condições de fresamento no aço ABNT H13 com 50 HRC de dureza. Em operação de acabamento, avaliou-se a utilização de fresas de topo esférico de metal duro sólido e de pastilhas intercambiáveis montadas em porta-ferramentas de aço e de metal duro no fresamento do aço ABNT D2 com 61 HRC de dureza. Os principais resultados em operação de semi-acabamento demonstram que a utilização de ferramentas de metal duro com cobertura promove uma maior vida de ferramenta, a inclinação da parede usinada tem forte influência na vida da ferramenta e que o desgaste das ferramentas envolve diferentes mecanismos: no início da vida, principalmente a abrasão, a difusão e/ou ¿attrition¿; e no final da vida, as adesões e os microlascamentos. Em operação de acabamento, os resultados demonstram que a utilização de porta-ferramentas de metal duro proporciona os melhores resultados de vida de ferramenta quando comparada à utilização de porta-ferramentas de aço. Entretanto, os resultados de vida de ferramentas com a utilização de porta-ferramentas de metal duro são inferiores à utilização de fresas de metal duro sólido. O desgaste das ferramentas nas operações de acabamento foi caracterizado por adesões de material da peça na aresta de corte e por microlascamentos / Abstract: Usually, the die and moulds components, which are responsible for the part forms, have complex geometries and are made of high hardness materials, what cause difficulties for their machining. High Speed Milling has become an alternative for machining these components. This work aims to broaden the performance understanding and the wear mechanisms on tools used in High Speed Milling of hardened steels for dies and moulds. In semi-finishing operation, it was analyzed the use of cemented carbide and cermet tools in different cutting conditions in milling of ABNT H13 steel with 50 HRC of hardness. In finishing operation, it was analysed the use of ball nose solid tools of cemented carbide and indexable inserts assembled on steel and cemented carbide toolholder in milling of ABNT D2 steel with 61 HRC of hardness. The main results in semi-finishing operation showed that the use of coated cemented carbide tool exhibited longer life, the machined surface inclination has a strong influence on tool life, and the tool wear involves different mechanisms: in the beginning of tool life, mainly abrasion and diffusion and/or attrition, and in end of tool life, adhesions and micro chipping. In finishing operation, the results showed that the use of cemented carbide toolholder causes longer tool life than the use of steel toolholder. However, tool life using cemented carbide toolholder is shorter than the using solid tools of cemented carbide. The tool wear in finishing operation was characterized by adhesions of part material and by microchipping / Doutorado / Materiais e Processos de Fabricação / Doutor em Engenharia Mecânica

A viabilização do conceito de manufatura enxuta depende da redução da necessidade de intervenções do operador no processo. Na usinagem dos metais, uma das principais situações onde está a intervenção se faz necessária é a determinação da condição de fim de vida das ferramentas de corte, a qual é muitas vezes subjetiva e não pode ser prescrita com segurança. Sendo a emissão acústica (EA) um sinal gerado pelos principais fenômenos envolvidos na usinagem, um sistema de monitoramento de desgaste de ferramentas baseado neste tipo de sinal foi avaliado em operação de torneamento de eixo de saída de transmissão mecânica caracterizado por geometria complexa. Verificou-se que há uma relação entre a trajetória da ferramenta e a \"assinatura\" do processo (tensão RMS plotada contra o tempo). Além disso, há uma forte correlação destes mais a adesão de material da peça à ferramenta determinaram pequena diferença de amplitude do sinal entre os estágios iniciais e finais de vida das ferramentas. Além disso, a influência do sistema de fixação na EA mostrou-se diversas vezes maior que a influência do desgaste. Portanto, um sistema de monitoramento de desgaste baseado apenas em emissão acústica não seria adequado para a situação estudada. / The Lean Manufacturing concept depends on the reduction of the necessity of interventions in the process by the operators. ln metal machining, one situation where these interventions are necessary is the determination of tool life, which is subjective. Besides that, the toollife prediction is not reliable. Acoustic emission signals are generated by many activities involved in machining. Therefore an acoustic emission based tool wear monitoring system was evaluated in a turning operation of a mechanical transmission main shaft characterised by complex geometry. lt was found that there is a relationship between the tool track and the AE \"signature\" of the process (RMS voltage plotted versus time). Furthermore, there is a strong correlation between crater and flank tool wear and the AE signal, but the combination of them plus adhesion phenomena determine low amplitudes between initial and final stages of the tool life. Besides that, the influence of the fixture system was found to be several times higher than the influence of the wear. Therefore, a tool wear monitoring system based on acoustic emission only would not be adequate for this application.

Les difficultés majeures rencontrées en production des pièces mécaniques métalliques sont dues aux conditions de chargements extrêmes appliqués lors de la mise en forme ainsi qu'au problème de l'usure prématurée des outils de coupe de coupe. Dans ce cadre, les travaux de thèse sont centrés sur la mise en évidence et la compréhension des mécanismes physiques mis en jeu lors de l'usure des outils de coupe depuis l'échelle de la microstructure jusqu'à celle du système usinant, en passant par l'échelle de la pointe de l'outil (échelle mésoscopique). A cet effet, Un modèle analytique permettant de décrire l'usure par abrasion et de prédire la durée de vie des outils a été développé sur la base d'une approche statistique rendant compte de l'hétérogénéité des particules pouvant être à l'origine de la dégradation de l'outil. La prise en compte de la nature du contact collant-glissant et de l'effet du coefficient de frottement via des résultats de la littérature couplés au modèle proposé ont permis de mettre en évidence l'influence des paramètres opératoires de la coupe des métaux sur le volume d'usure enlevé par abrasion. A la suite ce modèle a été confronté à des résultats expérimentaux préalablement réalisé dans le cadre de la coupe orthogonale. En parallèle une analyse inclusionnaire est réalisée pour l'identification et la quantification des inclusions non métallique jugées responsable de l'usure par abrasion. Les résultats obtenue via des observations MEB et microscopique ainsi que des traitements d'images a permis d'alimenter en données le modèle prédictif / Tool wear and tool failure are critical problems in the industrial manufacturing field since they affect the quality of the machined workpiece (unexpected surface finish or dimensional tolerance) and raise the production cost. Improving our knowledge of wear mechanisms and capabilities of wear prediction are therefore of great importance in machining. The three main wear modes usually identified at the tool/chip and the tool/workpiece interfaces are abrasion, adhesion and diffusion. Besides the fact that understanding mechanisms that govern these wear mechanisms are still incomplete, the experimental analysis is very difficult because friction interface features (such as temperature, pressure, particles embedded in the contact …) are not easily measurable. The objective of this research work is to understand the physical mechanisms governing the tool wear by taking into account the sensibilities to scale going from the microscopic scale (microstructure scale) to the macroscopic scale (scale of the manufacturing operation) passing by the mesoscopic scale (tool tip scale). For this purpose, an analytic wear model was developed to describe the abrasive wear and to predict the cutting tool life. The proposed model is based on a tribological approach including a statistical description of the distribution of particles seen as non-metallic inclusions. The latter are assumed embedded at the interface of contact and having a conical shape characterized by two main parameters in the present approach: the corresponding size and apex angle. The volume of the removed material per unit time is chosen in this study as the main parameter to describe the abrasive wear mode. Coupled with literature results, the developed model is able to take into account the nature of the sticking-sliding contact and the effect of the friction coefficient on the rake face of the cutting tool. In order to identify all the material's parameters of the predictive model, a study of non-metallic inclusion considered responsible of the abrasive wear was performed on the 42CD4 steel. The determination of inclusion type and inclusion morphology was assessed qualitatively and quantitatively through microscopic and MEB observations as well as image processing. Finally, the volume removed by abrasion given by the model was compared to the experimental results previously achieved under orthogonal cutting.

Nowadays technology development places increasing demands on miniature and micro components and products, and micro-milling is one of the most flexible machining processes in manufacturing 3D structures and complex structured surfaces. A thorough and scientific understanding on fundamentals of the micro-milling process is essential for applying it in an industrial scale. Therefore, in-depth scientific understanding of the micro-cutting mechanics is critical, particularly on size effect, minimum chip thickness, chip formation, tool wear and cutting temperature, etc. so as to fulfil the gap between fundamentals and industrial scale applications. Therefore, three key fundamental research topics are determined for this research, and a comprehensive study on those topics is conducted by means of modeling, simulation, experiments. The topics include chip formation process in micro-milling, novel cutting force modeling in multiscale and study on the tool wear and process monitoring. The investigation into chip formation process in micro-milling consists of three stages; the micro-cutting process is firstly simulated by means of FEA with a primary focus on finding the minimum chip thickness for different tool/material pair and explaining the size effect; the simulation results are then validated by conducting micro-cutting experiment on the ultra-precision lathe. Experiments are carried out on aluminium 6082-T6 with both natural diamond and tungsten carbide tool. By knowing the minimum chip thickness for different tool/material pair, the chip formation process is investigated by performing comparative study by using the diamond and tungsten carbide micro-milling tools. As the minimum chip thickness for diamond micro-milling tool is smaller than that for tungsten carbide tool compared to nominal chip thickness, MCT is ignored in diamond micro-milling. Thus the comparative study is conducted by utilizing both tools with perfectly sharpened cutting edge and tools with the rounded cutting edge in micro-milling. The chips are inspected and associated with cutting force variations in the micro-milling process. The findings are further consolidated by comparing with research results by other researchers. The cutting force modeling is developed in three different aspects, e.g. cutting force on the unit length or area and cutting force on the unit volume in order to better understand the micro-cutting mechanics in aspects of size effect, tool wear mechanism and the cutting energy consumption. The mathematical modeling firstly starts with a novel instantaneous chip thickness algorithm, in which the instantaneous chip thickness is computed by taking account of the change of tool geometry brought about by the tool runout; then the collected cutting forces are utilized to calibrate the model coefficients. For accurate measurement on cutting forces, the Kalman Filter technique is employed to compensate the distortion of the measured cutting force. Model calibration is implemented using least-square method. The proposed cutting force model is then applied in micro-milling to represent the conditions of tool wear and the cutting energy consumption. Further study on the surface generation simulation is based on force model and its comparison with the machined surface is also performed. Cutting experiments using the new tungsten carbide tool are carried out and the tool wear is monitored offline at different machining stages. The dominant tool wear types are characterised. Tool wear is investigated by mainly analysing cutting force at different tool wear status. Frequency analysis by Fourier Transform and Wavelet Transform are carried out on the force signals, and features closely related to the tool wear status are identified and extracted. The potential of applying these features to monitoring the tool wear process is then discussed. Experimental studies to machine the structured surface and nano-metric level surface roughness are presented, the machining efficiency, dimensional accuracy and tool-path strategies are optimised so as to achieve the desired outcomes. Moreover, investigation on cutting temperature in micro-cutting is also studied to some extent by means of simulation; the influence of cutting edge radius on cutting temperature is particularly investigated. Investigation on above aspects provides systematic exploration into the micro-milling process and can contribute substantially to future micro-milling applications.

Orientador: Anselmo Eduardo Diniz / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-22T01:55:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 KullNeto_Henrique_M.pdf: 6161142 bytes, checksum: 4f755b77cb291982660eff8091931b82 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: O titânio e suas ligas são considerados materiais de baixa usinabilidade devido a diversas propriedades inerentes ao material. Dentre elas pode-se citar a alta resistência mecânica em altas temperaturas, a baixa condutividade térmica, a alta reatividade química com os materiais de ferramentas e o baixo módulo de elasticidade (que é um fator incentivador de vibrações). Devido à alta tendência à vibração que a usinagem (principalmente o fresamento) de titânio tem para se usinar da maneira mais produtiva possível ligas de titânio, há que se lidar com a vibração da ferramenta e/ou da peça. O presente trabalho busca aprofundar o estudo do fresamento frontal da liga Ti-6Al-4V, tendo como objetivos: encontrar material de haste da ferramenta que diminua a vibração no processo de usinagem, para com isso aumentar a vida da ferramenta de corte, e encontrar condições de usinagem (velocidade de corte e avanço por dente) que proporcionem maior vida da ferramenta. As hastes de aço furada e preenchida com poliuretano proporcionaram aumento da frequência natural do porta-ferramentas. Entretanto, foi verificada uma redução da rigidez do porta-ferramentas, que gerou grande variação dos esforços de corte e maior carregamento radial. Os resultados mostraram que quando se utiliza baixas rotações, portanto baixa frequência de entrada de dentes, a deflexão da ferramenta passa a ser o fator de maior contribuição para o fim de vida da ferramenta e, portanto, as hastes de aço furada e preenchida com poliuretano proporcionaram menores vidas da ferramenta que as hastes comerciais de aço maciça e de metal duro. O principal mecanismo de desgaste verificado em todos os testes foi o attrition, com microlascamento da aresta de corte. Quando se verificou a influência da velocidade de corte, do avanço por dente e do material da haste da fresa (aço ou metal duro) na vida da fresa medida em volume de cavaco removido por aresta, constatou-se que o único parâmetro que influenciou a vida da ferramenta foi à velocidade de corte / Abstract: Titanium and its alloys are known as difficult to machine materials because of their unique combination of properties, such as high strength at elevated temperatures, low thermal conductivity, high chemical reactivity with almost all tool materials and low modulus of elasticity (which favors vibration). Because of the high tendency of vibration in titanium milling, it is necessary to keep vibration under control in order to achieve high productivity. This work focused on the study of tool life, cutting forces and work piece roughness in the end milling of Ti-6Al-4V alloy. The main objectives were to find a tool holder material that provides reduction of vibration in the milling process, increasing tool life, and to find cutting parameters (cutting speed and feed per tooth) that provide longer tool lives. The bored tool holder and the tool holder filled with polyurethane exhibited higher natural frequency. However, it was noticed a decrease in the tool holder stiffness, which caused variation of cutting force and higher axial load. Results showed that at low cutting speeds (with low cutting frequency), tool holder deflection is the main factor affecting tool life and, therefore, the bored and the polyurethane filled tool holders generated shorter tool lives than the commercial tool holders of steel and cemented carbide. Attrition was the main wear mechanism in all tests. The influence of cutting speed, feed per tooth and tool holder material (steel and cemented carbide) on the tool life (measured in terms of volume of chip removed per cutting edge) was analyzed. It could be seen that the only parameter which had any influence on tool life was the cutting speed / Mestrado / Materiais e Processos de Fabricação / Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica

Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) systems were developed to evaluate the integrity of a system during operation, and to quickly identify the maintenance problems. They will be used in future aerospace vehicles to improve safety, reduce cost and minimize the maintenance time of a system. Many SHM systems were already developed to evaluate the integrity of plates and used in marine structures. Their implementation in manufacturing processes is still expected. The application of SHM methods for complex geometries and welds are two important challenges in this area of research. This research work started by studying the characteristics of piezoelectric actuators, and a small energy harvester was designed. The output voltages at different frequencies of vibration were acquired to determine the nonlinear characteristics of the piezoelectric stripe actuators. The frequency response was evaluated experimentally. AA battery size energy harvesting devices were developed by using these actuators. When the round and square cross section devices were excited at 50 Hz frequency, they generated 16 V and 25 V respectively. The Surface Response to Excitation (SuRE) and Lamb wave methods were used to estimate the condition of parts with complex geometries. Cutting tools and welded plates were considered. Both approaches used piezoelectric elements that were attached to the surfaces of considered parts. The variation of the magnitude of the frequency response was evaluated when the SuRE method was used. The sum of the square of the differences was calculated. The envelope of the received signal was used for the analysis of wave propagation. Bi-orthogonal wavelet (Binlet) analysis was also used for the evaluation of the data obtained during Lamb wave technique. Both the Lamb wave and SuRE approaches along with the three methods for data analysis worked effectively to detect increasing tool wear. Similarly, they detected defects on the plate, on the weld, and on a separate plate without any sensor as long as it was welded to the test plate.