A pesquisa enfoca os séculos XII e XIII, conhecidos como o período do Renascimento Medieval. É a época do auge da produção da arquitetura gótica, onde as inovações construtivas aparecem e se consolidam. É na óptica dos procedimentos práticos e dos conhecimentos geométricos que estão as principais vertentes da pesquisa. O tipo e a profundidade do conhecimento da geometria – que era considerada o coração do ofício do pedreiro medieval – são pesquisados junto às obras de Euclides (Os Elementos) e Vitrúvio (De Architectura), demonstrando a intensidade de sua difusão junto aos mestres por toda a Idade Média. Com os cadernos de Villard de Honnecourt temos a prova da utilização dos manuais da Geometria Prática – Geometria Fabrorum – pelos arquitetos mestres construtores. A formação dos arquitetos se dava fora da educação formal. Era através das tradições do ofício quase sempre ensinadas oralmente e através de textos antigos, acessíveis por traduções em língua vernácula que ela acontecia, principalmente dentro das Corporações. Conhecimentos transmitidos através de clérigos que dominavam o latim, também foram importantes meios para o enriquecimento de procedimentos e habilidades tradicionais, que seguiam sendo disseminadas oralmente. Somente ao final da Idade Média, alguns mestres alemães dispõem-se a escrever e desvelar o segredo dos pedreiros. Todas as escolhas são privativas do arquiteto mestre construtor, o que comprova a existência do projeto medieval que com suas diferentes formas de representação e execução, variados instrumentos e ferramentas, materializou um espaço arquitetônico coerente com o conhecimento geométrico e a tecnologia disponível. / This study concentrates on the XII and XIII century. The period is known as the Medieval Renaissance and is considered the time of the prime production of gothic architecture, with the appearance and consolidation of innovations in construction techniques. The main focus of this research is on practical procedures and know-how on geometry of the period. The type and depth of knowledge in geometry, considered at the time, the heart of the medieval stone masons profession, are studied in conjunction with the writings of Euclid (The Elements) and Vitruvius (De Architectura), showing the extent to which these works were known by masters builders throughout de Middle Ages. In the books of Villard de Honnecourt, proof exists that the manual on Practical Geometry – Geometria Fabrorum – were used by architects masters builders. The training and education of architects at the time was not formal, but occurred through the tradition of practicing skills of the profession, mostly taught orally or through antique texts, available through translations in the vernacular language used mainly in Guilds. Knowledge transmitted by monks or clergy, who dominated Latin, were also important ways of enriching the procedures and traditional skills, spread orally from this source. Only at the end of the Middle Ages, some German masters builders started writing about and revealing the secret of stone masons. Design and construction detailing decisions were private, belonging essentially to the architect master builder, which proves that the medieval design, in its different forms of representation and execution, as well as various uses of tools and instruments, brought about an architectural space coherent with the knowledge of geometry and technologies available at the time.

A pesquisa enfoca os séculos XII e XIII, conhecidos como o período do Renascimento Medieval. É a época do auge da produção da arquitetura gótica, onde as inovações construtivas aparecem e se consolidam. É na óptica dos procedimentos práticos e dos conhecimentos geométricos que estão as principais vertentes da pesquisa. O tipo e a profundidade do conhecimento da geometria – que era considerada o coração do ofício do pedreiro medieval – são pesquisados junto às obras de Euclides (Os Elementos) e Vitrúvio (De Architectura), demonstrando a intensidade de sua difusão junto aos mestres por toda a Idade Média. Com os cadernos de Villard de Honnecourt temos a prova da utilização dos manuais da Geometria Prática – Geometria Fabrorum – pelos arquitetos mestres construtores. A formação dos arquitetos se dava fora da educação formal. Era através das tradições do ofício quase sempre ensinadas oralmente e através de textos antigos, acessíveis por traduções em língua vernácula que ela acontecia, principalmente dentro das Corporações. Conhecimentos transmitidos através de clérigos que dominavam o latim, também foram importantes meios para o enriquecimento de procedimentos e habilidades tradicionais, que seguiam sendo disseminadas oralmente. Somente ao final da Idade Média, alguns mestres alemães dispõem-se a escrever e desvelar o segredo dos pedreiros. Todas as escolhas são privativas do arquiteto mestre construtor, o que comprova a existência do projeto medieval que com suas diferentes formas de representação e execução, variados instrumentos e ferramentas, materializou um espaço arquitetônico coerente com o conhecimento geométrico e a tecnologia disponível. / This study concentrates on the XII and XIII century. The period is known as the Medieval Renaissance and is considered the time of the prime production of gothic architecture, with the appearance and consolidation of innovations in construction techniques. The main focus of this research is on practical procedures and know-how on geometry of the period. The type and depth of knowledge in geometry, considered at the time, the heart of the medieval stone masons profession, are studied in conjunction with the writings of Euclid (The Elements) and Vitruvius (De Architectura), showing the extent to which these works were known by masters builders throughout de Middle Ages. In the books of Villard de Honnecourt, proof exists that the manual on Practical Geometry – Geometria Fabrorum – were used by architects masters builders. The training and education of architects at the time was not formal, but occurred through the tradition of practicing skills of the profession, mostly taught orally or through antique texts, available through translations in the vernacular language used mainly in Guilds. Knowledge transmitted by monks or clergy, who dominated Latin, were also important ways of enriching the procedures and traditional skills, spread orally from this source. Only at the end of the Middle Ages, some German masters builders started writing about and revealing the secret of stone masons. Design and construction detailing decisions were private, belonging essentially to the architect master builder, which proves that the medieval design, in its different forms of representation and execution, as well as various uses of tools and instruments, brought about an architectural space coherent with the knowledge of geometry and technologies available at the time.

En s'appuyant sur les développements conceptuels apportés à la théorie de l'activité par la psychologie du travail, cette recherche se propose d'explorer la genèse et les fonctions des instruments dans la conduite des activités des sujets malades. La recherche s'appuie sur l'analyse de quatorze entretiens conduits auprès de personnes affectées par une ou plusieurs maladies chroniques sévères. Elle explore comment le sujet malade chronique déploie des " agir sur soi " au travers de ses activités. Elle démontre comment le sujet s’approprie et utilise pour ce faire, des artefacts et des instruments, élabore des stratégies et met en place des dispositifs pour étayer son travail quotidien et sa présence au monde. En s'appuyant sur les concepts de la théorie instrumentale élargie (Rabardel), sur l'activité médiatisée (Vygotski) et sur l’activité au service du maintien de soi en vie en santé (Tourette-Turgis), l'analyse des matériaux identifie trois catégories d'instruments (matériels, non matériels et mixtes) utilisés par les participants de l'étude. Ces instruments semblent remplir des fonctions d'organisateurs d'activités et de transformations des activités et des sujets. / Based on the conceptual developments brought to the theory of the activity by occupational psychology, this research explores the genesis and the functions of the instruments used by the subjects living with a chronic disease in their daily life given that patient ‘s participation in their own care is conceived as a work. The research is based on analysis of fourteen interviews conducted with people affected by one or more severe chronic diseases. It explores and analyses different situations describing how the subject affected by a chronic disease creates, invents different means to « act on oneself » in order to stay alive . This research describes how participants living with one or several chronic diseases use artefacts, tools, instruments , strategies to maintain active the multiple dimensions of their involvement with the world. Using different conceptual frameworks of research on work such as extended instrumental theory ( Rabardel), mediated activity ( Vygotski), the patient’s work ( Tourette-Turgis), content analysis of interviews shows three different categories of instruments ( material, intangible, mixted ) used by the participants of the study. These instruments seem to fulfill the functions of organizers of activities and transformations of the activities and the subjects.