O LED infravermelho tem sido considerado uma alternativa efetiva para o laser na bioestimulação. Entretanto, o efeito na remodelação óssea durante o movimento ortodôntico ainda deve ser esclarecido. Oitenta ratos machos com 10 semanas de idade, foram divididos em dois grupos de 40 animais cada: grupo LED (GLED) e grupo controle (GCON), e tiveram seu 1ºmolar superior esquerdo submetido a força de 10 g com uma mola helicoidal fixada entre o 1ºmolar superior esquerdo e incisivo superior esquerdo. Durante os primeiros cinco dias de movimentação dentária foi aplicada a luz infravermelha LED (850nm, 30mW) durante 5 minutos no GLED. O GCON não foi irradiado. Em 0, 7, 14 e 21 dias, 5 animais de cada grupo foram submetidos a microtomografia computadorizada. Para a avaliação histológica, todos os ratos foram subdivididos em subgrupos de 20 animais cada de acordo com a o dia da eutanásia 4, 7, 14 e 21 dias e as maxilas foram dissecadas e processadas para a microscopia de luz (HE e TRAP). A quantidade de movimento, segundo as microtomografias computadorizadas, foi maior no grupo LED em T1 (intervalo entre os dias 0 e 7) e em T3 (intervalo entre os dias 14 e 21). No dia 4 foi observada hialinização na área de pressão em ambos os grupos; nos períodos posteriores, 7, 14, a área hialina foi vista apenas no grupo controle. A reabsorção radicular ocorreu em ambos os grupos após o dia 7. A fototerapia LED melhora a movimentação dentária e minimiza a hialinização durante o movimento ortodôntico. Entretanto, não reduz o risco de reabsorção da superfície radicular. / Infrared LED has been considered an effective alternative to infrared LASER for biostimulation purposes. However, its effect on bone remodeling during orthodontic tooth movement (OTM) is unknown. Eighty 10 week-old male Wistar rats were divided into two groups of forty animals each: LED group (GLED) and control group (GCON) and had a coiled spring bonded to the first upper molar and upper incisor exerting 10g force to mesially move the molar. During the first five days of OTM the maxillae were daily irradiated with infrared LED (850nm, 30mW) during 5 minutes (LED group). The controls were not irradiated (GCON). At 0, 7, 14 and 21 days, 5 LED group and 5 CON group rats were submitted to ?CT. For the histological study, all rats were subvided into subgroups of 20 animal each according to the euthanasia day 4, 7, 14 e 21 days. The rats were euthanized after 4, 7, 14 and 21 days and the maxillae were processed to light microscopy and TRAP histochemistry. The amount of tooth movement was greater in the GLED on days 7 and 14. At 4 day, hyalinization was seen at the pressure areas in both groups; on the subsequent days it was seen only in the GCON. Root resorption occurred in both groups after 7 days. LED phototherapy enhances early tooth movement and minimizes periodontal hyalinization during OTM. However, it does not reduce the risk of tooth resorption.

O objetivo deste ensaio clínico foi avaliar a velocidade do movimento dentário durante o fechamento dos espaços das extrações dos pré-molares com a mecânica de deslize e avaliar tridimensionalmente as diferenças entre os grupos que foram submetidos à mecânica tradicional ou às micro-osteoperfurações para aceleração do movimento. Foram selecionados 24 pacientes, com idades entre 18 e 36 anos, portadores de discrepância maxillomandibular indicativa à cirurgia ortognática, que possuíam todos os dentes e apresentavam boa saúde e higiene oral, não fumantes, e que não usavam corticoides ou bifosfonatos. Os pacientes foram alocados aleatoriamente aos grupos controle e experimental. A retração anterior para o fechamento dos espaços foi realizada com a mecânica de deslize ativada sobre dispositivos de ancoragem temporária e a intervenção para aceleração do movimento, as microosteoperfurações, realizada nas sessões de ativação enquanto houvesse espaço disponível e seguro para as mesmas. Moldagens foram realizadas a cada uma das sessões de ativação até o fechamento completo dos espaços. Exames de tomografia computadorizada do feixe cônico foram feitos ao início do tratamento e ao fechamento do espaço das extrações. Para a avaliação da taxa de fechamento dos espaços, os modelos de gesso foram digitalizados e medida linear entre os dentes canino e segundo pré-molar foram feitas no programa de código aberto SlicerCMF. Para a avaliação tridimensional, modelos de superfície foram confeccionadas a partir de reconstruções 3D por meio de mapas coloridos, em seguida foram feitas sobreposições destes modelos entre os tempos, para avaliar os deslocamentos obtidos com o tratamento. Os dados foram analisados usando teste paramétrico t- Student e foi aplicado modelo linear ANCOVA para avaliar a dependência entre as variáveis. Dezoito pacientes completaram o estudo, incluindo 11 do sexo feminino e 7 do sexo masculino, com idade média de 25 anos. Os participantes do grupo experimental eram mais velhos que os do grupo controle (20,4 anos e 27,8 anos, respectivamente). O tempo médio para fechamento dos espaços foi de 247 dias. Não foram encontradas diferenças estatisticamente significantes (p=0,492) na comparação entre as taxas de fechamento dos espaços das extrações (0,614 mm/mês para o grupo controle e 0,672 mm/mês para o experimental). Na análise tridimensional, o grupo controle apresentou maior movimentação coronária para mesial nos segundos pré-molares (direito p=0.024 e esquerdo p=0.018); já o grupo experimental apresentou maior movimentação coronária para o incisivo central direito (p=0,006). Não se observou resultado estatisticamente significante para as outras variáveis analisadas. Neste ensaio clínico a hipótese nula foi aceita, as microosteoperfurações não induziram a aceleração do movimento dentário durante a retração anterior com a mecânica de deslize. Na análise tridimensional, foram encontradas diferenças entre os grupos para os segundos pré-molares, que apresentaram maior movimentação coronária para a mesial no grupo controle, e para o incisivo central direito, que teve maior movimentação coronária para o grupo experimental. / The objective of this \"2-arm parallel\" trial was to assess the rate of tooth movement and three-dimensional differences between patients who were designated for premolar extraction and decompensation and sliding mechanics for anterior retraction with conventional procedure or micro-osteoperforations for accelerated orthodontics. Patients assigned for ortho-surgical treatment and pre-molar extraction were randomly allocated to anterior retraction performed with conventional implant-assisted sliding mechanics or with micro-osteoperforations performed previously to the anterior retraction. CBCT was done pre-treatment and after space closure for threedimensional analysis; Dental impressions were performed every activation session and plaster models were digitally converted in three-dimensional models for rate of tooth movement assess. Patients with maxillomandibular discrepancy indicative for orthognathic surgery, no previous dental extractions, good oral and general health, non-smokers, and no use of systemic corticosteroids or bisphosphonates were eligible for inclusion. The primary outcome was micro-osteoperforations accelerate tooth movement for the experimental group. Randomization was accomplished using Microsoft Excel random numbers function. Blinding was not applicable to outcome assessment. Data were analyzed using t-Student test, and general linear model, ANCOVA was used to evaluate variables dependency. 18 patients were allocated to the orthodontic treatment, including 11 female and 7 male patients with the mean age of 25 years. Subjects from experimental group were older than the control group (20.4 and 27.8). The average follow-up period for this assessment was 247 days. For rate of tooth movement assessment, groups were categorized equally, with 0.614 mm/month for the control group and 0.672 mm/month for the experimental group (EG) with no statistically differences (p=0.492). For three-dimensional analysis, control group showed higher crown movement for the second premolars (right p=0.024 and left p=0.018), and the experimental group presented greater crown movement for the right central incisive (p=0.006). Micro-osteoperforations were inefficient to accelerated tooth movement during anterior retraction for the experimental group. Threedimensional differences were found for the second premolars in the crown movement, showing greater values for the control group, and central incisors which had more lingual movement for the experimental group.

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a influência da força de intrusão na ocorrência da reabsorção radicular dos incisivos superiores, de pacientes tratados com extrações de pré-molares. Para tanto, foram selecionados 56 pacientes com sobressaliência acentuada, tratados com extrações pela técnica Edgewise simplificada, sendo que metade deles apresentava concomitantemente sobremordida profunda, corrigida com arcos de nivelamento incorporando acentuação e reversão da curva de Spee, sendo este último denominado Grupo 1. Essa amostra foi obtida no arquivo da disciplina de Ortodontia da Faculdade de Odontologia de Bauru - USP, sendo que o Grupo 1 possuía 28 pacientes com sobremordida e sobressaliência acentuadas com médias de 4,78 ± 1,18 mm e 6,48 ± 2,52 mm, respectivamente, apresentando idade média de 13,41 ± 2,38 anos. O Grupo 2 contava também com 28 pacientes apenas com a sobressaliência acentuada, com média de 5,67 ± 2,73 mm, sobremordida normal, com média de 1,12 ± 0,97 mm e apresentando idade média de 13,27 ± 1,85 anos, ao início do tratamento. Utilizaram-se radiografias periapicais pré e pós-tratamento para avaliar o grau de reabsorção radicular classificando-a nos escores de Malmgren, e comparou-se entre os dois grupos pelo teste Mann-Whitney. Além disso, verificou-se a correlação entre o grau de reabsorção com os trespasses iniciais, com a quantidade de correção desses trespasses, com as quantidades de movimentação apical vertical e horizontal, obtidos pela avaliação das telerradiografias iniciais e finais, e o tempo de tratamento, utilizando o coeficiente de correlação de Spearman. Também uma comparação entre os incisivos centrais e laterais foi executada, em ambos os grupos, para definir qual foi mais afetado, utilizando-se o teste de Wilcoxon. Os resultados revelaram maior reabsorção no grupo tratado com mecânica intrusiva, uma correlação estatisticamente significante da reabsorção com a quantidade de sobremordida inicial e com seu grau de correção, e diferente grau de reabsorção entre os incisivos apenas no grupo 2, onde os incisivos laterais apresentaram-se mais afetados, porém com diferença estatística não significante. / The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of intrusion force in the occurrence of root resorption in the maxillary incisors, in 56 patients treated with premolars extraction in the Edgewise technique. The sample was retrospectively selected from the files of the Orthodontic Department at Bauru Dental School, University of São Paulo. Group 1 comprised 28 patients with accentuated overbite and overjet (4.78 ± 1.18 mm and 6.48 ± 2.52 mm, respectively). Group 2 also was composed by 28 patients and presented accentuated overjet (5.67 ± 2.73 mm), but with normal overbite (1.12 ± 0.97 mm). The initial mean ages were 13.41 ± 2.38 and 13.27 ± 1.85 years, respectively. Periapical radiographs from the pre and post treatment period were used to evaluate the amount of root resorption, according to the method of Malmgren. The groups were compared with the nonparametric Mann-Whitney test. The correlation between the degree of root resorption with the initial overjet, the amount of overjet correction, the amount of vertical and horizontal movement of the root apex, obtained in the cephalograms, and the treatment time were evaluated with the Spearman correlation coefficient. A comparison of the degree of root resorption between the central and lateral incisors, to define which was the most affected, was performed with the Wilcoxon test. The results showed a greater amount of root resorption in the group of patients treated with both retraction and intrusion mechanics. The amount of root resorption was statistically significant correlated with the initial overbite and with the amount of its correction. The maxillary central and lateral incisors were similarly affected in the amount of root resorption.

Orientador: Marcos Rogério Mendonça / Coorientador: Osmar Aparecido Cuoghi / Banca: André Pinheiro de Magalhães Bertoz / Banca: Luhana Santos Gonzales Garcia / Resumo: Introdução: O tratamento da má oclusão Classe III em pacientes em crescimento é um desafio pela estabilidade e colaboração do paciente. A etilologia da Classe III pode ser por natureza esquelética, genética e fatores ambientais. Os aspectos encotrados são deficiência maxilar com mandíbula bem posicionada ou protruída da sua base ósseas, maxila bem posicionada com prognatismo mandibular ou a combinação de retrognatismo maxilar com prognatismo mandibular. A deficiência de maxila é frequentemente encontrada em pacientes com má oclusão Classe III sendo o tratamento indicado, a protração maxilar. Material e métodos: Foram selecionadas 8 crianças na faixa etária de 7 a 10 anos, com características faciais e esqueléticas para Classe III. Como terapêutica ortopédica, foi utilizado o aparelho expansor tipo Hyrax modificado com ganchos soldados na mesial dos segundos molares decíduos e primeiros molares permanentes. Para o inferior foi um arco lingual de Nance modificado com ganchos soldados na altura de caninos e segundos molares decíduos. O protocolo para disjunção maxilar com dois quartos de volta por dia em média de 7 a 10 dias, em seguida indicado o uso de elásticos para Classe III 3/16" de força média na primeira semana e a partir da segunda semana, elásticos 1/8" médio de cada lado da arcada até a correção da mordida cruzada anterior. Para a análise dos efeitos dentoesqueléticos foram usadas as teleradiografias iniciais (T1), as obtidas após a correção da MCA (T2) e as telerradi... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Introduction: Treatment of Class III malocclusion in growing patients is a challenge for patient stability and collaboration. Class III etiology may be by skeletal, genetic, and environmental factors. The aspects found are maxillary deficiency with well positioned or protruding mandible of its base bone, maxilla well positioned with mandibular prognathism or the combination of maxillary retrognathism with mandibular prognathism. Jaw deficiency is often found in patients with Class III malocclusion and the indicated treatment is maxillary protraction. Material and methods: We selected 8 children aged 7 to 10 years, with facial and skeletal characteristics for Class III. As an orthopedic therapy, the modified Hyrax type expander was used with welded hooks in the mesial of the second deciduous and first permanent molars. For the lower one was a lingual arch of Nance modified with welded hooks at the height of deciduous canines and second molars. The protocol for maxillary disjunction with two quarters of a turn in a mean of 7 to 10 days, then indicated the use of Class III 3/16 "elastic force in the first week and from the second week, elastic 1 / 8 "on each side of the arcade until the correction of the anterior crossbite. The initial teleradiographs (T1), those obtained after correction of the MCA (T2) and the cephalograms performed three months after the correction (T3) were used to analyze the dento-skeletal effects. Results: According to the proposed mechanics and applied m... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Biological responses to orthodontic forces involve various cell types, these include fibroblasts, endothelial cells, blood vessels and sensory nerves in the periodontal ligament as well as osteoblasts, osteoclasts and cementoblasts in roots and bone surfaces. Neurotrophins are believed to interact with these cells to initiate the process of bone resorption particularly during orthodontic tooth movement. Neuropeptides released from sensory neurons have been shown to modulate the tissue inflammatory responses. In addition, neurotrophins, including nerve growth factor (NGF), play an important role in neural cell differentiation and survival. The exact localization and function of neurotrophins and neurotrophic receptors in the dento-alveolar complex remains unclear. Moreover, the identity and distribution of structures expressing neurotrophins and neurotrophic receptors has yet to be fully determined. It is reasonable to propose that periodontal ligament and alveolar bone remodelling may be influenced by NGF. In addition, anti-NGF may block neurochemical changes and, hence, inhibit orthodontic tooth movement. The aims of this research were to investigate the cells responsible for NGF secretion within the periodontal ligament (PDL), pulp and bone, and the effect that anti-NGF might have on orthodontic tooth movement. 28, 8 week-old, male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into control and experimental groups. Fourteen experimental animals had anti-NGF injected paradentally. Animals were sacrificed at 7 and 14 days. Sections from an earlier study were examined and stained using TRAP for osteoclast identification and analysed histomorphometrically to enable comparisons between control and experimental groups. The findings of this investigation indicated that injections of anti-NGF did not significantly affect the rate of tooth movement with the use of different tooth movement measurement methods. TRAP staining proved to be a useful and reliable marker of osteoclasts. TRAP-positive osteoclastic cells were detected in both anti-NGF and control groups. However, the TRAP-positive cells were not stained intensely with NGF immunolabelling. On the other hand, cells that were stained intensely with NGF, were TRAP-negative. The results suggested that both sympathetic and nociceptive nerves might function in counter balance to modulate bone resorption, and osteoclasts might not be directly responsible for NGF secretion within the PDL and bone. Further studies to determine the effect of NGF on tooth movement are warranted to more clearly identify the NGF expressing cells within the rat dento-alveolar complex and possible role played by NGF in orthodontic tooth movement. / http://library.adelaide.edu.au/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=1297498 / Thesis (D.Clin.Dent.)-- School of Dentistry, 2007

歯科基礎医学会, 金子 知生 = Tomoo Kaneko, 歯に矯正力を加えた際の圧迫側歯周組織の三次元的様相について = Three-dimensional situation of periodontal tissue at pressure side incident to orthodontic tooth movement, 歯科基礎医学会雑誌, 36(2), APR 1994, pp.170-186 / Hokkaido University (北海道大学) / 博士 / 歯学

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Florida, 2003. / Title from title page of source document. Includes vita. Includes bibliographical references.

Increasing the rate of orthodontic tooth movement (OTM) can reduce risks such as periodontal disease and caries. This study investigated whether light emitting diode (LED) phototherapy could accelerate the rate of OTM. Orthodontic patients with bilaterally symmetric extraction of premolars were recruited. During space closure, LED phototherapy was applied to one side of the dental arch for a specified time and the contralateral side acted as the control. Space closure was measured immediately prior to, during and later in space closure. All 11 patients were compliant with LED application. The results revealed no significant changes in the rate of OTM with LED phototherapy over 3 months of extraction space closure. The findings were contrary to previous findings with laser phototherapy and could be related to the dosage or method of LED phototherapy delivery. Further investigations are needed to determine whether LED phototherapy application can influence the rate of OTM.

Increasing the rate of orthodontic tooth movement (OTM) can reduce risks such as periodontal disease and caries. This study investigated whether light emitting diode (LED) phototherapy could accelerate the rate of OTM. Orthodontic patients with bilaterally symmetric extraction of premolars were recruited. During space closure, LED phototherapy was applied to one side of the dental arch for a specified time and the contralateral side acted as the control. Space closure was measured immediately prior to, during and later in space closure. All 11 patients were compliant with LED application. The results revealed no significant changes in the rate of OTM with LED phototherapy over 3 months of extraction space closure. The findings were contrary to previous findings with laser phototherapy and could be related to the dosage or method of LED phototherapy delivery. Further investigations are needed to determine whether LED phototherapy application can influence the rate of OTM.

Biological responses to orthodontic forces involve various cell types, these include fibroblasts, endothelial cells, blood vessels and sensory nerves in the periodontal ligament as well as osteoblasts, osteoclasts and cementoblasts in roots and bone surfaces. Neurotrophins are believed to interact with these cells to initiate the process of bone resorption particularly during orthodontic tooth movement. Neuropeptides released from sensory neurons have been shown to modulate the tissue inflammatory responses. In addition, neurotrophins, including nerve growth factor (NGF), play an important role in neural cell differentiation and survival. The exact localization and function of neurotrophins and neurotrophic receptors in the dento-alveolar complex remains unclear. Moreover, the identity and distribution of structures expressing neurotrophins and neurotrophic receptors has yet to be fully determined. It is reasonable to propose that periodontal ligament and alveolar bone remodelling may be influenced by NGF. In addition, anti-NGF may block neurochemical changes and, hence, inhibit orthodontic tooth movement. The aims of this research were to investigate the cells responsible for NGF secretion within the periodontal ligament (PDL), pulp and bone, and the effect that anti-NGF might have on orthodontic tooth movement. 28, 8 week-old, male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into control and experimental groups. Fourteen experimental animals had anti-NGF injected paradentally. Animals were sacrificed at 7 and 14 days. Sections from an earlier study were examined and stained using TRAP for osteoclast identification and analysed histomorphometrically to enable comparisons between control and experimental groups. The findings of this investigation indicated that injections of anti-NGF did not significantly affect the rate of tooth movement with the use of different tooth movement measurement methods. TRAP staining proved to be a useful and reliable marker of osteoclasts. TRAP-positive osteoclastic cells were detected in both anti-NGF and control groups. However, the TRAP-positive cells were not stained intensely with NGF immunolabelling. On the other hand, cells that were stained intensely with NGF, were TRAP-negative. The results suggested that both sympathetic and nociceptive nerves might function in counter balance to modulate bone resorption, and osteoclasts might not be directly responsible for NGF secretion within the PDL and bone. Further studies to determine the effect of NGF on tooth movement are warranted to more clearly identify the NGF expressing cells within the rat dento-alveolar complex and possible role played by NGF in orthodontic tooth movement. / http://library.adelaide.edu.au/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=1297498 / Thesis (D.Clin.Dent.)-- School of Dentistry, 2007